8 - Evolution of Zimbabwe’s Maize Innovation Ecosystems: Building an Institutional Innovation Infrastructure that Supports Food Security
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 47 No 3 (2022): Afrique et développement: Numéro spécial sur Changement agraire, sécurité alimentaire, migration et développement durable au Sénégal et au Zimbabwe
Résumé
Cet article porte sur certaines infrastructures institutionnelles et historiques, d'innovation au Zimbabwe qui ont soutenu la création d'un secteur du maïs dynamique. Il analyse la technologie, la politique, les compétences, le développement de connaissances et les mécanismes de financement à l’aune des institutions qui leur sont associés. Nous discutons des écosystèmes d'innovation dans la culture du maïs dans le pays, en nous focalisant sur les capacités technologiques dans les services de production et de vulgarisation, l'architecture des institutions financières qui soutiennent l'agriculture, et les institutions-relais favorables à l'adoption de la technologie et la diffusion de l'innovation. Cet article met en lumière les éléments de co-évolution, de co-spécialisation, de collaboration et de liens entre les communautés d'innovation pour la culture du maïs, sur les périodes pré- et post-indépendance. Notre argumentation couvre le soutien institutionnel, technologique et financier colonial inégal dont bénéficiaient les exploitations agricoles commerciales appartenant aux blancs et la manière dont, après l’indépendance, le changement d'orientation de la politique gouvernementale et du soutien a entraîné le déplacement du focus vers les agriculteurs communautaires, qui contribuent désormais à l'essentiel de la production de maïs. Nous discutons des rôles importants joués par Agritex (courtier et accélérateur de technologies) et un agent d'approvisionnement de l'État (Grain Marketing Board ) en tant qu'indicateurs et créateurs de marchés, ainsi que de la manière dont le financement agricole spécialisé par l'État et les banques commerciales a soutenu la montée en puissance du maïs en tant que culture de sécurité alimentaire. Notre argument principal est qu'il existait des flux ciblés de connaissances et de technologies entre les institutions gouvernementales de recherche, le secteur privé et d'autres, comme la Seed Maize Association, qui, avant l'indépendance, était impliquée dans la multiplication et la commercialisation de semences auprès des agriculteurs commerciaux blancs. Cette relation a évolué après l'indépendance pour soutenir les petits exploitants, qui sont principalement des agriculteurs noirs.
Mots-clés
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- Alumira, J., and Rusike, J., 2005, The Green Revolution in Zimbabwe, The Electronic Journal of Agricultural and Development Economics, Vol. 2, pp. 50–66.
- Ayele, S., Duncan, A., Larbi, A. and Khanh, T. T., 2012, Enhancing innovation in livestock value chains through networks: Lessons from fodder innovation case studies in developing countries, Science and Public Policy, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 333–346, https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scs022, https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scs022 Banda, G., 2013, Finance as a ‘forgotten technological capability’ for promoting African local pharmaceutical manufacture, International Journal of Technology Management and Sustainable Development, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp.117–35, http://oro.open.ac.uk/38594/Burchi, F., Fanzo, J., and Frison, E., 2011, The Role of Food and Nutrition System Approaches in Tackling Hidden Hunger, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 8, pp. 358–73. DOI:10.3390/ijerph8020358.
- Byerlee, D., and Eicher, C., eds, 1997, Africa’s Emerging Maize Revolution, Boulder,CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
- Byerlee, D., and Heisey, P. W., 1997, Evolution of the African Maize Economy, in Byerlee, D. and Eicher, C. K., eds, Africa’s Emerging Maize Revolution, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
- Charlton, K., 2016, Food Security, Food Systems and Food Sovereignty in the 21st Century: A New Paradigm Required to Meet Sustainable Development Goals, Nutrition & Dietetics, Vol. 73, pp. 3–12, DOI: 10.1111/1747-0080.12264 Chataway, J., Banda, G., Cochrane, G. and Manville, C., 2016, Innovative Procurement for Health and Industrial Development, in Mackintosh, M., Banda, G., Tibandebage, P. and Wamae, W., eds, 2016, Making Medicines in Africa: The Political Economy of Industrialising for Local Health, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-1-137-54647-0 Chimedza, R., 2006, Rural Financial Markets: Historical Overview 1924–1991, in Rukuni, M., Tawonezvi, P., and Eicher, C., eds, Zimbabwe’s Agricultural Revolution Revisited, Harare: University of Zimbabwe Publications, pp. 321–338.
- Eicher, C. K., and Kupfuma, B., 1997, Zimbabwe’s Emerging Maize Revolution, in Byerlee, D. and Eicher, C. K., eds, 1997, Africa’s Emerging Maize Revolution,Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
- Friis-Hansen, E., 1995, Seeds for African Peasants: Peasants’ needs and agricultural research – the case of Zimbabwe, Uppsala and Copenhagen: The Nordic Institute and Centre for Development Research.
- Banda: Zimbabwe’s Maize Innovation Ecosystems Evolution 193
- Gobble, M. M., 2014, Charting the Innovation Ecosystem, Research Technology Management, DOI: 10.5437/08956398X5704005.
- Granstrand, O., and Holgersson, M., 2020, Innovation Ecosystems: A Conceptual Review And A New Definition, Technovation, Vols. 90–91, https://doi. org/10.1016/j.technovation.2019.102098
- Grant, W., Wolfaardt, A. and Louw, A., 2012, Maize Value Chain in the SADC Region, Technical Report for USAID/Southern Africa, https://saiia.org.za/wp- content/uploads/2016/06/001-Maize-Value-Chain-in-the-SADC-Region.pdf Hanyani-Mlambo, B. T., 2002, Strengthening the Pluralistic Agricultural Extension System: A Zimbabwean Case Study, Harare: Agricultural Research Council (ARC), http://www.fao.org/3/ac913e/ac913e00.htm#Contents Accessed 25 June 2020. Helmsing, A. H. J., 1990, Industrialization in Zimbabwe: A non-replicable model? Africa Focus, Vol. 6, pp. 267–282.
- Herbst, J., 1990, State Politics in Zimbabwe, Berkeley: University of California Press, https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520337947 Kassie, G. T., Abdukai, A., Greene, W. H., Shiferaw, B., Abate, T., Tarekegne, A. and Sutcliffe, C., 2017, Modeling Preference and Willingness to Pay for Drought Tolerance (DT) in Maize in Rural Zimbabwe, World Development, Vol. 94, pp. 465–477.
- Klerkx, L., Van Mierlo, B., and Leeuwis, C., 2012, Evolution of Systems Approaches to Agricultural Innovation, in Darnhofer, I., Gibbon, D. and Dedieu, B., eds, Farming Systems Research Into the 21st Century: The New Dynamic, Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 457–483, https://link.springer.com/ chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-4503-2_20 Masters, W., 1994, Government and Agriculture in Zimbabwe, Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
- Mercan, B., and Goktas, D., 2011 Components of Innovation Ecosystems: A Cross-Country Study, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, Vol. 76, pp 102–112.
- Minde, I. J., Mazvimavi, K., Murendo. C. and Ndlovu, V., 2010, Supply and demand trends for fertilizer in Zimbabwe, 1930 to date: Key drivers and lessons learnt, Contributed paper presented at the Joint 3rd African Association of Agricultural Economists (AAAE) and 48th Agricultural
- Economists Association of South Africa (AEASA) Conference, 19-23 September, Cape Town. https:// ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/96179/ Accessed 1 July 2020.
- Oh, D., Phillips, F., Park, S., and Lee, E., 2016, Innovation Ecosystems: A Critical Examination, Technovation, Vol. 54. DOI: 10.1016/j.technovation.2016.02.004. Pandey, I. M. and Ramnarayan, S., 1994, Agricultural Finance Corporation, Zimbabwe, Vikalpa, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 47–61, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0256090919940206 Accessed 3 July 2020.
- Pangeti, E. S., 2000, The Economy Under Siege: Sanctions and the Manufacturing Sector, 1965–1979, in Mlambo, A. S., Pangeti, E. S. and Phimister, I., eds, Zimbabwe: A History of Manufacturing 1890–1995, Harare: University of Zimbabwe Press.
- Africa Development, Volume XLVII, No. 3, 2022
- Papaioannou, T., Wield, D., and Chataway, J., 2009, Knowledge Ecologies and Ecosystems? An Empirically Grounded Reflection on Recent Developments in Innovation Systems Theory, Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 319–339, https://doi.org/10.1068/c0832 Phimister, I., 1988, An Economic and Social History of Zimbabwe, 1890–1948. London: Longman.
- Phimister, I., 2000, The Origins and Development of Manufacturing in Southern Rhodesia, 1894–1939, in Mlambo, A. S., Pangeti, E. S. and Phimister, I., eds, Zimbabwe: A History of Manufacturing 1890–1995, Harare: University of Zimbabwe Press.
- Poulton, C., Rob Davies, R., Matsheb, I., and Ureya, I., 2002, A review of Zimbabwe’s agricultural economic policies: 1980–2000, Imperial College Wye ADU Working Paper 02/01, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Imperial College at Wye, and Department of Economics, University of Zimbabwe.
- Rabelo, R. J., and Bernus P., 2015, A Holistic Model of Building Innovation Ecosystems, IFAC-PapersOnLine, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 2250–2257.
- Riddell, R., 1988, Industrialisation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Country Case Study – Zimbabwe, London, UK: Overseas Development Institute.
- Riddell, R., 1990, Manufacturing Africa: Performance And Prospects Of Seven Countries In Sub-Saharan Africa, London, UK: James Currey.
- Ritala, P., and Almpanopoulou, A., 2017, In defense of ‘eco’ in innovation ecosystem,Technovation, Vols. 60–61, pp 39–42.
- Rhodesian Farmer, 1970, A look at the proposed Agricultural Finance Corporation. Commercial Farmers Union of Zimbabwe, http://www.cfuzim.com/2018/05/04/ a-look-at-the-proposed-agricultural-finance-corporation/ Accessed 3 July 2020.
- Rogers, E., 1962, Diffusion of Innovations, 1st ed., New York: Free Press. Rogers, E. M., 1983, Diffusion of Innovations, New York: Free Press.
- Roseboom, J., Pardey, P., Beintema, N. and Mudimu, G., 1995, Statistical brief on the national agricultural research system of Zimbabwe, Statistical Brief No. 20, The Hague: International Service for National Agricultural Research (ISNAR).
- Rukuni, M., 1994, The Evolution of Agricultural Policy: 1890–1990, in Rukuni, M. and Eicher, C., Zimbabwe’s Agricultural Revolution., Gweru: University of Zimbabwe Publications Office.
- Rusike, J., 1995, An institutional analysis of the maize seed industry in southern Africa, unpublished PhD dissertation, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural Economics.
- Rusike, J., Reardon, T. R., Howard, J. and Kelly, V., 1997, Developing Cereal- based Demand for Fertilizer Among Smallholders in Southern Africa: Lessons Learned and Implications for Other African Regions, Policy Synthesis No. 30, Food Security Project, Michigan State University, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c5c0/805408439a55bc0afcd4fb288329607ae491.pdf?_ ga=2.86605723.2017288966.1593704550-221851164.1593704550 Accessed1 July 2020.
- Banda: Zimbabwe’s Maize Innovation Ecosystems Evolution 195
- Spielman, D., and Birner, R., 2008, How innovative is your agriculture? Using innovation indicators and benchmarks to strengthen national agricultural innovation system, Agriculture and Rural Development Discussion Paper 41, Washington, DC: World Bank, https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documentsreports/documentdetail/696461468316131075/how-innovative-is-your-agriculture-using-innovation-indicators-and-benchmarks-to strengthen-national-agricultural-innovation-systems Accessed 1 July 2020.
- Takavarasha, T., 1995, Small-holder Agricultural Development in Zimbabwe With Particular Reference To The Fertiliser Industry, FSSA Journal, http://www. fertasa.co.za/wpcontent/uploads/2017/03/Takavarasha-Smallholder_agric_ dev_Zimbabwe-fertiliser_industry.pdf Accessed 1 July 2020.
- Tattersfield, R., and Hovazvidi, E., 1994, The development of the seed industry, in Rukuni, M. and Eicher, C., eds, Zimbabwe’s Agricultural Revolution, Harare: University of Zimbabwe Press.
- UNESCO, 2014, Mapping Research and Innovation in the Republic of Zimbabwe, in Lemarchand, G. A. and Schneegans, S., eds, GOSPIN Country Profiles in Science, Technology and Innovation Policy, Vol. 2, Paris: UNESCO.
- Wang, P., 2009, An integrative framework for understanding the innovation ecosystem, Conference on Advancing the Study of Innovation and Globalization in Organizations, 15 March, Nuremberg.
- Wild, V., 1992, An Outline of African Business History in Colonial Zimbabwe, Zambezia, Vol. XIX, No. i, pp. 19–45.
- Yin, K. Y., 2003, Case Study Research Design and Methods, London, UK: Sage Publications.
- Zerbe, N., 2001, Seeds of Hope, Seeds of Despair: Towards a Political Economy of the Seed Industry in Southern Africa, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp.657–673, www.jstor.org/stable/3993361, Accessed 8 June 2020.
Les références
Alumira, J., and Rusike, J., 2005, The Green Revolution in Zimbabwe, The Electronic Journal of Agricultural and Development Economics, Vol. 2, pp. 50–66.
Ayele, S., Duncan, A., Larbi, A. and Khanh, T. T., 2012, Enhancing innovation in livestock value chains through networks: Lessons from fodder innovation case studies in developing countries, Science and Public Policy, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 333–346, https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scs022, https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scs022 Banda, G., 2013, Finance as a ‘forgotten technological capability’ for promoting African local pharmaceutical manufacture, International Journal of Technology Management and Sustainable Development, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp.117–35, http://oro.open.ac.uk/38594/Burchi, F., Fanzo, J., and Frison, E., 2011, The Role of Food and Nutrition System Approaches in Tackling Hidden Hunger, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 8, pp. 358–73. DOI:10.3390/ijerph8020358.
Byerlee, D., and Eicher, C., eds, 1997, Africa’s Emerging Maize Revolution, Boulder,CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Byerlee, D., and Heisey, P. W., 1997, Evolution of the African Maize Economy, in Byerlee, D. and Eicher, C. K., eds, Africa’s Emerging Maize Revolution, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Charlton, K., 2016, Food Security, Food Systems and Food Sovereignty in the 21st Century: A New Paradigm Required to Meet Sustainable Development Goals, Nutrition & Dietetics, Vol. 73, pp. 3–12, DOI: 10.1111/1747-0080.12264 Chataway, J., Banda, G., Cochrane, G. and Manville, C., 2016, Innovative Procurement for Health and Industrial Development, in Mackintosh, M., Banda, G., Tibandebage, P. and Wamae, W., eds, 2016, Making Medicines in Africa: The Political Economy of Industrialising for Local Health, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-1-137-54647-0 Chimedza, R., 2006, Rural Financial Markets: Historical Overview 1924–1991, in Rukuni, M., Tawonezvi, P., and Eicher, C., eds, Zimbabwe’s Agricultural Revolution Revisited, Harare: University of Zimbabwe Publications, pp. 321–338.
Eicher, C. K., and Kupfuma, B., 1997, Zimbabwe’s Emerging Maize Revolution, in Byerlee, D. and Eicher, C. K., eds, 1997, Africa’s Emerging Maize Revolution,Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Friis-Hansen, E., 1995, Seeds for African Peasants: Peasants’ needs and agricultural research – the case of Zimbabwe, Uppsala and Copenhagen: The Nordic Institute and Centre for Development Research.
Banda: Zimbabwe’s Maize Innovation Ecosystems Evolution 193
Gobble, M. M., 2014, Charting the Innovation Ecosystem, Research Technology Management, DOI: 10.5437/08956398X5704005.
Granstrand, O., and Holgersson, M., 2020, Innovation Ecosystems: A Conceptual Review And A New Definition, Technovation, Vols. 90–91, https://doi. org/10.1016/j.technovation.2019.102098
Grant, W., Wolfaardt, A. and Louw, A., 2012, Maize Value Chain in the SADC Region, Technical Report for USAID/Southern Africa, https://saiia.org.za/wp- content/uploads/2016/06/001-Maize-Value-Chain-in-the-SADC-Region.pdf Hanyani-Mlambo, B. T., 2002, Strengthening the Pluralistic Agricultural Extension System: A Zimbabwean Case Study, Harare: Agricultural Research Council (ARC), http://www.fao.org/3/ac913e/ac913e00.htm#Contents Accessed 25 June 2020. Helmsing, A. H. J., 1990, Industrialization in Zimbabwe: A non-replicable model? Africa Focus, Vol. 6, pp. 267–282.
Herbst, J., 1990, State Politics in Zimbabwe, Berkeley: University of California Press, https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520337947 Kassie, G. T., Abdukai, A., Greene, W. H., Shiferaw, B., Abate, T., Tarekegne, A. and Sutcliffe, C., 2017, Modeling Preference and Willingness to Pay for Drought Tolerance (DT) in Maize in Rural Zimbabwe, World Development, Vol. 94, pp. 465–477.
Klerkx, L., Van Mierlo, B., and Leeuwis, C., 2012, Evolution of Systems Approaches to Agricultural Innovation, in Darnhofer, I., Gibbon, D. and Dedieu, B., eds, Farming Systems Research Into the 21st Century: The New Dynamic, Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 457–483, https://link.springer.com/ chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-4503-2_20 Masters, W., 1994, Government and Agriculture in Zimbabwe, Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
Mercan, B., and Goktas, D., 2011 Components of Innovation Ecosystems: A Cross-Country Study, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, Vol. 76, pp 102–112.
Minde, I. J., Mazvimavi, K., Murendo. C. and Ndlovu, V., 2010, Supply and demand trends for fertilizer in Zimbabwe, 1930 to date: Key drivers and lessons learnt, Contributed paper presented at the Joint 3rd African Association of Agricultural Economists (AAAE) and 48th Agricultural
Economists Association of South Africa (AEASA) Conference, 19-23 September, Cape Town. https:// ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/96179/ Accessed 1 July 2020.
Oh, D., Phillips, F., Park, S., and Lee, E., 2016, Innovation Ecosystems: A Critical Examination, Technovation, Vol. 54. DOI: 10.1016/j.technovation.2016.02.004. Pandey, I. M. and Ramnarayan, S., 1994, Agricultural Finance Corporation, Zimbabwe, Vikalpa, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 47–61, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0256090919940206 Accessed 3 July 2020.
Pangeti, E. S., 2000, The Economy Under Siege: Sanctions and the Manufacturing Sector, 1965–1979, in Mlambo, A. S., Pangeti, E. S. and Phimister, I., eds, Zimbabwe: A History of Manufacturing 1890–1995, Harare: University of Zimbabwe Press.
Africa Development, Volume XLVII, No. 3, 2022
Papaioannou, T., Wield, D., and Chataway, J., 2009, Knowledge Ecologies and Ecosystems? An Empirically Grounded Reflection on Recent Developments in Innovation Systems Theory, Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 319–339, https://doi.org/10.1068/c0832 Phimister, I., 1988, An Economic and Social History of Zimbabwe, 1890–1948. London: Longman.
Phimister, I., 2000, The Origins and Development of Manufacturing in Southern Rhodesia, 1894–1939, in Mlambo, A. S., Pangeti, E. S. and Phimister, I., eds, Zimbabwe: A History of Manufacturing 1890–1995, Harare: University of Zimbabwe Press.
Poulton, C., Rob Davies, R., Matsheb, I., and Ureya, I., 2002, A review of Zimbabwe’s agricultural economic policies: 1980–2000, Imperial College Wye ADU Working Paper 02/01, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Imperial College at Wye, and Department of Economics, University of Zimbabwe.
Rabelo, R. J., and Bernus P., 2015, A Holistic Model of Building Innovation Ecosystems, IFAC-PapersOnLine, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 2250–2257.
Riddell, R., 1988, Industrialisation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Country Case Study – Zimbabwe, London, UK: Overseas Development Institute.
Riddell, R., 1990, Manufacturing Africa: Performance And Prospects Of Seven Countries In Sub-Saharan Africa, London, UK: James Currey.
Ritala, P., and Almpanopoulou, A., 2017, In defense of ‘eco’ in innovation ecosystem,Technovation, Vols. 60–61, pp 39–42.
Rhodesian Farmer, 1970, A look at the proposed Agricultural Finance Corporation. Commercial Farmers Union of Zimbabwe, http://www.cfuzim.com/2018/05/04/ a-look-at-the-proposed-agricultural-finance-corporation/ Accessed 3 July 2020.
Rogers, E., 1962, Diffusion of Innovations, 1st ed., New York: Free Press. Rogers, E. M., 1983, Diffusion of Innovations, New York: Free Press.
Roseboom, J., Pardey, P., Beintema, N. and Mudimu, G., 1995, Statistical brief on the national agricultural research system of Zimbabwe, Statistical Brief No. 20, The Hague: International Service for National Agricultural Research (ISNAR).
Rukuni, M., 1994, The Evolution of Agricultural Policy: 1890–1990, in Rukuni, M. and Eicher, C., Zimbabwe’s Agricultural Revolution., Gweru: University of Zimbabwe Publications Office.
Rusike, J., 1995, An institutional analysis of the maize seed industry in southern Africa, unpublished PhD dissertation, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural Economics.
Rusike, J., Reardon, T. R., Howard, J. and Kelly, V., 1997, Developing Cereal- based Demand for Fertilizer Among Smallholders in Southern Africa: Lessons Learned and Implications for Other African Regions, Policy Synthesis No. 30, Food Security Project, Michigan State University, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c5c0/805408439a55bc0afcd4fb288329607ae491.pdf?_ ga=2.86605723.2017288966.1593704550-221851164.1593704550 Accessed1 July 2020.
Banda: Zimbabwe’s Maize Innovation Ecosystems Evolution 195
Spielman, D., and Birner, R., 2008, How innovative is your agriculture? Using innovation indicators and benchmarks to strengthen national agricultural innovation system, Agriculture and Rural Development Discussion Paper 41, Washington, DC: World Bank, https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documentsreports/documentdetail/696461468316131075/how-innovative-is-your-agriculture-using-innovation-indicators-and-benchmarks-to strengthen-national-agricultural-innovation-systems Accessed 1 July 2020.
Takavarasha, T., 1995, Small-holder Agricultural Development in Zimbabwe With Particular Reference To The Fertiliser Industry, FSSA Journal, http://www. fertasa.co.za/wpcontent/uploads/2017/03/Takavarasha-Smallholder_agric_ dev_Zimbabwe-fertiliser_industry.pdf Accessed 1 July 2020.
Tattersfield, R., and Hovazvidi, E., 1994, The development of the seed industry, in Rukuni, M. and Eicher, C., eds, Zimbabwe’s Agricultural Revolution, Harare: University of Zimbabwe Press.
UNESCO, 2014, Mapping Research and Innovation in the Republic of Zimbabwe, in Lemarchand, G. A. and Schneegans, S., eds, GOSPIN Country Profiles in Science, Technology and Innovation Policy, Vol. 2, Paris: UNESCO.
Wang, P., 2009, An integrative framework for understanding the innovation ecosystem, Conference on Advancing the Study of Innovation and Globalization in Organizations, 15 March, Nuremberg.
Wild, V., 1992, An Outline of African Business History in Colonial Zimbabwe, Zambezia, Vol. XIX, No. i, pp. 19–45.
Yin, K. Y., 2003, Case Study Research Design and Methods, London, UK: Sage Publications.
Zerbe, N., 2001, Seeds of Hope, Seeds of Despair: Towards a Political Economy of the Seed Industry in Southern Africa, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp.657–673, www.jstor.org/stable/3993361, Accessed 8 June 2020.