1 -  Maladjusted  African  Economies  and Globalisation

Thandika Mkandawire

doi:10.4314/ad.v30i1.22210

Numéro

Vol. 30 No 1-2 (2005): Afrique et développement

Issue Published : janvier 28, 2022

1 - Maladjusted African Economies and Globalisation

https://doi.org/10.4314/ad.v30i1.22210

Thandika Mkandawire

Corresponding Author(s) : Thandika Mkandawire

no-reply@codesria.org

Afrique et développement, Vol. 30 No 1-2 (2005): Afrique et développement
Article Published : janvier 19, 2005

Résumé

Mots-clés

Mondialisation économies africaines croissance commerce politiques d'ajustement structurel (PAS).

[1]

Thandika Mkandawire 2005. 1 - Maladjusted African Economies and Globalisation . Afrique et développement. 30, 1-2 (janv. 2005). DOI:https://doi.org/10.4314/ad.v30i1.22210.

Télécharger la référence bibliographique

Les références

Adelman, I., & Yeldan, E., 2000, 'Is This the End of Economic Development?' Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 11, 95—109. Akyüz, Y., 1996, 'The Investment-Profit Nexus in East Asian Industrialisation', World Development 24 (3), pp. 461-470.
Amsden, A., 1999, 'Industrialisation Under New WTO Law', UNCTAD XHigh Level Round Table on Development: Directions for the Twenty-First Century, Bangkok.
Aryeetey, E., Harrigan, J., & Nissanke, M., 2000, Economic Reforms in Ghana: The Miracle and the Mirage, London: James Currey.
Bangura, Y.,2001, 'Globalisation and African Development', inR. Suttner (Ed.), Africa in the New Millennium, Oslo: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.
Bauer, P., 1981, Dissent on Development, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Bauer, P., 1984, Reality and Rhetoric: Studies in the Economics of Development, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Bhattachrya, O., Montiel, P., & Sharma, S., 1997, 'Can Sub-Saharan Africa Attract Private Capital Flows?', Finance and Development, 3-6. Bird, G, 2001, 'IMF Programmes: Do They Work? Can They Be Made to Work Better?', World Development, 29, 1849-1865.
Africa Development, Vol. XXX, Nos. 1 & 2, 2005 Boyce, J. K., & Ndikumana, L., 2000, 'Is Africa a Net Creditor? New Estimates of Capital Flight from Severely Indebted Sub-Saharan African Countries, 1970—1996', Political Economy Research Institute, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts. Bradford Jr., C. I., 1990, Policy Interventions and Markets: Development Strategy: Typologies and Policy Options, in G. Gereffi and D. Wyman (eds.) Manufacturing Miracles: Paths of Industrialisation in Latin America and East Asia, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press:32-51. Clague, C., 1997, 'Introduction', in C. Clague (Ed.), Institutions and Economic Development: Growth and Governance in Less-Developed and Post-Socialist Countries, Baltimore, MA: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 1-9. Coe, D.,&Hoffmaister,A., 1999, 'North-South Trade: Is Africa Unusual?' Journal of African Economies: 8, 228-256. Collier, P., & Gunning, J. W., 1997, Explaining African Economic Performance, Oxford: Centre for the Study of African Economies.
Collier, P., Hoeffler, A., & Patillo, C., 1999, Flight Capital as Portfolio Choice, Washington DC: International Monetary Fund. Devajaran, S., Easterly, W., & Pack, H., 1999, 'Is investment in Africa Too Low or Too High? Macro and Micro Evidence', Working Paper 2519, Banque mondiale, novembre. Easterly, W., 2000, 'The Lost Decades: Developing Countries Stagnation in Spite of Policy Reform', 1980—1998, Journal of Economic Growth, 6.
Elbadawi, I., & Mwega, F. M., 2000, 'Can Africa's Saving Collapse Be Reversed?' The World Bank Economic Review, 14,415-43.
Fischer, S., Hernàndez-Catà, E., & Khan, M. S., 1998, Africa: Is this the Turning Point? Washington DC: World Bank. Foroutan, F., & Pritchet, L., 1993, 'Intra-Sub-Saharan African Trade', Journal of African Economies, 74—105.
Fry, M., 1988, 'Models of Financially Repressed Developing Countries', World Development, 10. Green, R. H., & Allison, C., 1986, 'The World Bank's Agenda for Accelerated Development: Dialects, Doubts and Dialogues', In J. Ravenhill (Ed.), Africa in Economic Crisis, London: Macmillan, pp. 60—84.
Griffin, K., 2001, 'Macroeconomic Reform and Employment: An Investment-Led Strategy of Structural Adjustment in Sub-Saharan Africa', in T. McKinley (Ed.), Macroeconomic Policy, Growth and Poverty Reduction, London: Palgrave. Helleiner, G. K., 2002a, 'Introduction', in G. K. Helleiner (Ed.), Non-traditional Export Promotion in Africa: Experience and Issues, New York, NY: Palgrave, pp. 1—20.
Helleiner, G K., 2002b, Non-traditional Export Promotion in Africa: Experience and Issues, New York, NY: Palgrave.
Mkandawire: Maladjusted African Economies and Globalisation 31 Hemândez-Cata, E., 2000, 'Raising Growth and Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa: What Can Be Done?,' Finance and Development: A Quarterly Magazine of the IMF, December, Volume 37, No. 4. Hutchful, E., 2002, Ghana's Adjustment Experience: The Paradox of Reform, Geneva and London: UNRISD/James Currey.
IMF, 2004, World Economic Outlook, Washington DC: IMF. Jalilian, H., & Weiss, J., 2000, 'De-industrialisation in sub-Saharan: Myth or Crisis?' In H. Jalilian, M. Tribe & J. Weiss (Eds.), Industrial Development and Policy in Africa, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
Johnson, H. G., 1967, 'A Theoretical Model of Economic Nationalism in New and Developing Countries', in H. G Johnson (Ed.), Economic Nationalism in Old and New States, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 1—16.
Kasekende, L., Kitabire, D., & Martin, M., 1997, 'Capital Inflows and Macroeconomic Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa', in G K. Helleiner (Ed.), Capital Account Regimes, London: Macmillan, pp. 141—183. Killick, T., 1996, 'Principals, Agents and the Limitations ofBWIConditionality', World Economy, 19,211—219. Loayza, N., Schmidt-hebbel, K., & Servén, L., 2000, 'Saving in Developing Countries: An Overview', The World Economy Review, 14,393-414.
Madavo, C., & Sarbib, J.-L., 1997, 'Africa on the Move: Attracting Private Capital to a Changing Continent', The SAIS Review,!, 111-126. McPherson, M. F., & Rakovski, T., 2001, 'Understanding the Growth Process in Sub-Saharan Africa: Some Empirical Estimates', African Economic Policy, Boston, Mass: John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University; Belfer Center for Science & International Affairs.
Mkandawire, T., 1988, 'The Road to Crisis, Adjustment and de-Industrialisation: The African Case', Africa Development, 13. Mkandawire, T., & Soludo, C., 1999, Our Continent, Our Future: African Perspectives on Structural Adjustment, Dakar/Trenton, NJ: CODESRIA/ IDRC, African World Publications.
Mlambo, K., & Oshikoya, T. W., 2001, 'Macroeconomic Factors and Investment in Africa ', Journal of African Economies, 10, 12—47. Mosley, P., Subasat, T., & Weeks, J., 1995, 'Assessing Adjustment in Africa', World Development, 23,1459-1473.
Mwega, F. M., 2002, 'Promotion of Non-traditional Exports in Kenya', in G K. Helleiner (Ed.), Non-traditional Export Promotion in Africa: Experience and Issues, New York, NY: Palgrave, pp. 159-191. Ndulu, B., Semboja, J., & Mbelle, A., 2002, 'Promotion of Non-traditional Exports in Kenya', in G K. Helleiner (Ed.), Non-traditional Export Promotion in Africa: Experience and Issues, New York, NY: Palgrave, pp. 159-191. Ng, F., & Yeats, A., 2000, On the Recent Trade Performance of Sub-Saharan African Countries: Cause for Hope or More of the Same? Washington DC: World Bank.
Africa Development, Vol. XXX, Nos. 1 & 2, 2005 Panchamukhi, V., 1996, WTO and Industrial Policies, Geneva: UNCTAD. Pigato, M., 2000, Foreign Direct Investment in Africa: Old Tales and New Evidence, Washington DC: World Bank. Przeworski, A., & Vreeland, J., 2000, 'The Effects of IMF Programs on Economic Growth', Journal of Development Economics, 62,385-421.
Quattara, A., 1997, 'The Challenges of Globalisation for Africa', Southern African Economic Summit Sponsored by the World Economic Forum, Harare. Rodrik, D., 1997, Trade Policy and Economic Performance in Sub-Saharan Africa, Stockholm: Swedish Foreign Ministry.
Rodrik, D., 2000, 'Saving Transitions', The World Bank Economic Review 14(3): 481-507. Rodrik, D., 2000a, 'Can Integration into the World Economy Substitute for a Developing Strategy?', World Bank's ABCDE-Europe Conference, Paris.
Rodrik, D., 2000b, 'Saving Transitions', The World Bank Economic Review, 14, 481-507. Rodrik, D., 2001, The Global Governance of Trade as If Development Really Mattered, Cambridge, MA. Shaw, E. S., 1973, Financial Deepening in Economic Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Singh, A., 1987, 'Exogenous Shocks and de-Industrialisation in Africa: Prospects and Strategies for Sustained Development', Africa Economic Development: An Agenda for Future. Stein, H., 1992, 'De-industrialisation, Adjustment and World Bank and IMF in Africa', World Development, 20. Stewart, F., 1994, 'Are Short-term Policies Consistent with Long-Term Development Needs in Africa?, in G A.
Cornia & G Helleiner (Eds.), From Adjustment to Development in Africa: Conflict, Controversy, Convergence, Consensus? London: Macmillan, pp. 98-128. Stiglitz, J. E., 1998, More Instruments and Broader Goals: Moving toward the Post-Washington Consensus, Helsinki: The United Nations UniversityAVIDER (World Institute for Development Economics Research).
Subramanian, A., & Tamarisa, N., 2001, Africa's Trade Revisited, Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund. Syrquin, M., 1994, 'Structural Transformation and the New Growth Theory', in L. L. Pasinetti & R. M. Solow (Eds.), Economic Growth and the Structure of Long-Term Development, New York: St. Martin's Press, pp. 3-21. Syrquin, M., 1995, 'Flexibility and Long-Term Economic Development', in T. Killick (Ed.), The Flexible Economy: Causes and Consequences of the Adaptability of National Economies, London: Routledge, pp. 34—63.
The Economist, 2001, Globalisation and its Critics: A Survey of Globalisation, Economist (Special Supplement).
Mkandawire: Maladjusted African Economies and Globalisation 33 UNCTAD, 1995, Foreign Direct Investment in Africa — 1995, Geneva: United Nations.
UNCTAD, 1998, Trade and Development Report, 1998, Geneva: United Nations.
UNECA, 1999, The ECA and Africa: Accelerating a Continent's Development, Addis Ababa: UNECA. UNIDO, 1999, 'Domestic Capacity-Building for Enhancing Productivity and Competitiveness in Africa', in A. Sail (Ed.) Africa. The Future Competitiveness of African Economies, Paris: Karthala. Weisbrot, M., Baker, D., Kraev, E., & Chen, J., 2001, The Scoreboard on Globalisation 1980-2000: Twenty Years ofDiminished Progress, Washington DC: Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR).
Weisbrot, M., Baker, D., Naiman, R., & Neta, G, 2000a, Growth May Be Good for the Poor - But are IMF and World Bank Policies Good for Growth?, Washington, DC: Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR). Weisbrot, M., Naiman, R., & Kim, J., 2000b, 'The Emperor Has No Growth: Declining Economic Growth rates in the Era of Globalisation' http://www.cepr.net/images/IMF/ The_Emperor_Has_No_Growth.htm: Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR).
Wolfensohn, J., 1999, 'A Proposal for a Comprehensive Development Framework', Washington DC: World Bank. Wolfensohn, J. D., 1997, The Challenge of Inclusion, Address to the Board of Governors, Hong Kong, China, pp. 5.
Bank, 1981, Accelerated Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Agenda for Action, Washington, D.C.: World Bank. World Bank, 1994, Adjustment in Africa: Reforms, Results and the Road Ahead, Washington, D. C.: World Bank.
World Bank, 2000, Can Africa? Washington DC: World Bank. World Bank, 2001, Global Economic Prospects, Washington DC: World Bank.
World Bank, 2003, World Bank Africa Database, Washington DC: World Bank. World Bank, 2003, World Development Indicators, Washington DC: World Bank.
Yeats, A. J., A. Amjadi, et al., 1997, Did Domestic Policies Marginalize Africa in World Trade, Washington DC, World.

Les références

Adelman, I., & Yeldan, E., 2000, 'Is This the End of Economic Development?' Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 11, 95—109. Akyüz, Y., 1996, 'The Investment-Profit Nexus in East Asian Industrialisation', World Development 24 (3), pp. 461-470.

Amsden, A., 1999, 'Industrialisation Under New WTO Law', UNCTAD XHigh Level Round Table on Development: Directions for the Twenty-First Century, Bangkok.

Aryeetey, E., Harrigan, J., & Nissanke, M., 2000, Economic Reforms in Ghana: The Miracle and the Mirage, London: James Currey.

Bangura, Y.,2001, 'Globalisation and African Development', inR. Suttner (Ed.), Africa in the New Millennium, Oslo: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.

Bauer, P., 1981, Dissent on Development, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Bauer, P., 1984, Reality and Rhetoric: Studies in the Economics of Development, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Bhattachrya, O., Montiel, P., & Sharma, S., 1997, 'Can Sub-Saharan Africa Attract Private Capital Flows?', Finance and Development, 3-6. Bird, G, 2001, 'IMF Programmes: Do They Work? Can They Be Made to Work Better?', World Development, 29, 1849-1865.

Africa Development, Vol. XXX, Nos. 1 & 2, 2005 Boyce, J. K., & Ndikumana, L., 2000, 'Is Africa a Net Creditor? New Estimates of Capital Flight from Severely Indebted Sub-Saharan African Countries, 1970—1996', Political Economy Research Institute, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts. Bradford Jr., C. I., 1990, Policy Interventions and Markets: Development Strategy: Typologies and Policy Options, in G. Gereffi and D. Wyman (eds.) Manufacturing Miracles: Paths of Industrialisation in Latin America and East Asia, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press:32-51. Clague, C., 1997, 'Introduction', in C. Clague (Ed.), Institutions and Economic Development: Growth and Governance in Less-Developed and Post-Socialist Countries, Baltimore, MA: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 1-9. Coe, D.,&Hoffmaister,A., 1999, 'North-South Trade: Is Africa Unusual?' Journal of African Economies: 8, 228-256. Collier, P., & Gunning, J. W., 1997, Explaining African Economic Performance, Oxford: Centre for the Study of African Economies.

Collier, P., Hoeffler, A., & Patillo, C., 1999, Flight Capital as Portfolio Choice, Washington DC: International Monetary Fund. Devajaran, S., Easterly, W., & Pack, H., 1999, 'Is investment in Africa Too Low or Too High? Macro and Micro Evidence', Working Paper 2519, Banque mondiale, novembre. Easterly, W., 2000, 'The Lost Decades: Developing Countries Stagnation in Spite of Policy Reform', 1980—1998, Journal of Economic Growth, 6.

Elbadawi, I., & Mwega, F. M., 2000, 'Can Africa's Saving Collapse Be Reversed?' The World Bank Economic Review, 14,415-43.

Fischer, S., Hernàndez-Catà, E., & Khan, M. S., 1998, Africa: Is this the Turning Point? Washington DC: World Bank. Foroutan, F., & Pritchet, L., 1993, 'Intra-Sub-Saharan African Trade', Journal of African Economies, 74—105.

Fry, M., 1988, 'Models of Financially Repressed Developing Countries', World Development, 10. Green, R. H., & Allison, C., 1986, 'The World Bank's Agenda for Accelerated Development: Dialects, Doubts and Dialogues', In J. Ravenhill (Ed.), Africa in Economic Crisis, London: Macmillan, pp. 60—84.

Griffin, K., 2001, 'Macroeconomic Reform and Employment: An Investment-Led Strategy of Structural Adjustment in Sub-Saharan Africa', in T. McKinley (Ed.), Macroeconomic Policy, Growth and Poverty Reduction, London: Palgrave. Helleiner, G. K., 2002a, 'Introduction', in G. K. Helleiner (Ed.), Non-traditional Export Promotion in Africa: Experience and Issues, New York, NY: Palgrave, pp. 1—20.

Helleiner, G K., 2002b, Non-traditional Export Promotion in Africa: Experience and Issues, New York, NY: Palgrave.

Mkandawire: Maladjusted African Economies and Globalisation 31 Hemândez-Cata, E., 2000, 'Raising Growth and Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa: What Can Be Done?,' Finance and Development: A Quarterly Magazine of the IMF, December, Volume 37, No. 4. Hutchful, E., 2002, Ghana's Adjustment Experience: The Paradox of Reform, Geneva and London: UNRISD/James Currey.

IMF, 2004, World Economic Outlook, Washington DC: IMF. Jalilian, H., & Weiss, J., 2000, 'De-industrialisation in sub-Saharan: Myth or Crisis?' In H. Jalilian, M. Tribe & J. Weiss (Eds.), Industrial Development and Policy in Africa, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.

Johnson, H. G., 1967, 'A Theoretical Model of Economic Nationalism in New and Developing Countries', in H. G Johnson (Ed.), Economic Nationalism in Old and New States, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 1—16.

Kasekende, L., Kitabire, D., & Martin, M., 1997, 'Capital Inflows and Macroeconomic Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa', in G K. Helleiner (Ed.), Capital Account Regimes, London: Macmillan, pp. 141—183. Killick, T., 1996, 'Principals, Agents and the Limitations ofBWIConditionality', World Economy, 19,211—219. Loayza, N., Schmidt-hebbel, K., & Servén, L., 2000, 'Saving in Developing Countries: An Overview', The World Economy Review, 14,393-414.

Madavo, C., & Sarbib, J.-L., 1997, 'Africa on the Move: Attracting Private Capital to a Changing Continent', The SAIS Review,!, 111-126. McPherson, M. F., & Rakovski, T., 2001, 'Understanding the Growth Process in Sub-Saharan Africa: Some Empirical Estimates', African Economic Policy, Boston, Mass: John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University; Belfer Center for Science & International Affairs.

Mkandawire, T., 1988, 'The Road to Crisis, Adjustment and de-Industrialisation: The African Case', Africa Development, 13. Mkandawire, T., & Soludo, C., 1999, Our Continent, Our Future: African Perspectives on Structural Adjustment, Dakar/Trenton, NJ: CODESRIA/ IDRC, African World Publications.

Mlambo, K., & Oshikoya, T. W., 2001, 'Macroeconomic Factors and Investment in Africa ', Journal of African Economies, 10, 12—47. Mosley, P., Subasat, T., & Weeks, J., 1995, 'Assessing Adjustment in Africa', World Development, 23,1459-1473.

Mwega, F. M., 2002, 'Promotion of Non-traditional Exports in Kenya', in G K. Helleiner (Ed.), Non-traditional Export Promotion in Africa: Experience and Issues, New York, NY: Palgrave, pp. 159-191. Ndulu, B., Semboja, J., & Mbelle, A., 2002, 'Promotion of Non-traditional Exports in Kenya', in G K. Helleiner (Ed.), Non-traditional Export Promotion in Africa: Experience and Issues, New York, NY: Palgrave, pp. 159-191. Ng, F., & Yeats, A., 2000, On the Recent Trade Performance of Sub-Saharan African Countries: Cause for Hope or More of the Same? Washington DC: World Bank.

Africa Development, Vol. XXX, Nos. 1 & 2, 2005 Panchamukhi, V., 1996, WTO and Industrial Policies, Geneva: UNCTAD. Pigato, M., 2000, Foreign Direct Investment in Africa: Old Tales and New Evidence, Washington DC: World Bank. Przeworski, A., & Vreeland, J., 2000, 'The Effects of IMF Programs on Economic Growth', Journal of Development Economics, 62,385-421.

Quattara, A., 1997, 'The Challenges of Globalisation for Africa', Southern African Economic Summit Sponsored by the World Economic Forum, Harare. Rodrik, D., 1997, Trade Policy and Economic Performance in Sub-Saharan Africa, Stockholm: Swedish Foreign Ministry.

Rodrik, D., 2000, 'Saving Transitions', The World Bank Economic Review 14(3): 481-507. Rodrik, D., 2000a, 'Can Integration into the World Economy Substitute for a Developing Strategy?', World Bank's ABCDE-Europe Conference, Paris.

Rodrik, D., 2000b, 'Saving Transitions', The World Bank Economic Review, 14, 481-507. Rodrik, D., 2001, The Global Governance of Trade as If Development Really Mattered, Cambridge, MA. Shaw, E. S., 1973, Financial Deepening in Economic Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Singh, A., 1987, 'Exogenous Shocks and de-Industrialisation in Africa: Prospects and Strategies for Sustained Development', Africa Economic Development: An Agenda for Future. Stein, H., 1992, 'De-industrialisation, Adjustment and World Bank and IMF in Africa', World Development, 20. Stewart, F., 1994, 'Are Short-term Policies Consistent with Long-Term Development Needs in Africa?, in G A.

Cornia & G Helleiner (Eds.), From Adjustment to Development in Africa: Conflict, Controversy, Convergence, Consensus? London: Macmillan, pp. 98-128. Stiglitz, J. E., 1998, More Instruments and Broader Goals: Moving toward the Post-Washington Consensus, Helsinki: The United Nations UniversityAVIDER (World Institute for Development Economics Research).

Subramanian, A., & Tamarisa, N., 2001, Africa's Trade Revisited, Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund. Syrquin, M., 1994, 'Structural Transformation and the New Growth Theory', in L. L. Pasinetti & R. M. Solow (Eds.), Economic Growth and the Structure of Long-Term Development, New York: St. Martin's Press, pp. 3-21. Syrquin, M., 1995, 'Flexibility and Long-Term Economic Development', in T. Killick (Ed.), The Flexible Economy: Causes and Consequences of the Adaptability of National Economies, London: Routledge, pp. 34—63.

The Economist, 2001, Globalisation and its Critics: A Survey of Globalisation, Economist (Special Supplement).

Mkandawire: Maladjusted African Economies and Globalisation 33 UNCTAD, 1995, Foreign Direct Investment in Africa — 1995, Geneva: United Nations.

UNCTAD, 1998, Trade and Development Report, 1998, Geneva: United Nations.

UNECA, 1999, The ECA and Africa: Accelerating a Continent's Development, Addis Ababa: UNECA. UNIDO, 1999, 'Domestic Capacity-Building for Enhancing Productivity and Competitiveness in Africa', in A. Sail (Ed.) Africa. The Future Competitiveness of African Economies, Paris: Karthala. Weisbrot, M., Baker, D., Kraev, E., & Chen, J., 2001, The Scoreboard on Globalisation 1980-2000: Twenty Years ofDiminished Progress, Washington DC: Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR).

Weisbrot, M., Baker, D., Naiman, R., & Neta, G, 2000a, Growth May Be Good for the Poor - But are IMF and World Bank Policies Good for Growth?, Washington, DC: Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR). Weisbrot, M., Naiman, R., & Kim, J., 2000b, 'The Emperor Has No Growth: Declining Economic Growth rates in the Era of Globalisation' http://www.cepr.net/images/IMF/ The_Emperor_Has_No_Growth.htm: Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR).

Wolfensohn, J., 1999, 'A Proposal for a Comprehensive Development Framework', Washington DC: World Bank. Wolfensohn, J. D., 1997, The Challenge of Inclusion, Address to the Board of Governors, Hong Kong, China, pp. 5.

Bank, 1981, Accelerated Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Agenda for Action, Washington, D.C.: World Bank. World Bank, 1994, Adjustment in Africa: Reforms, Results and the Road Ahead, Washington, D. C.: World Bank.

World Bank, 2000, Can Africa? Washington DC: World Bank. World Bank, 2001, Global Economic Prospects, Washington DC: World Bank.

World Bank, 2003, World Bank Africa Database, Washington DC: World Bank. World Bank, 2003, World Development Indicators, Washington DC: World Bank.

Yeats, A. J., A. Amjadi, et al., 1997, Did Domestic Policies Marginalize Africa in World Trade, Washington DC, World.

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