2 - Marginal Youths or Outlaws? Youth Street Gangs, Globalisation, and Violence in Contemporary Sierra Leone
Corresponding Author(s) : Ibrahim Abdullah
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 45 No 3 (2020): Afrique et développement: Numéro spécial sur jeunesse africaine et mondialisation
Résumé
Les Sierra-Léonais ont été choqués lorsque des clips vidéos de la prison du Centre correctionnel central ont commencé à circuler sur les réseaux sociaux, à la suite de l’ordre donné par le ministre de l'Intérieur aux autorités pénitentiaires de se préparer à prendre des vies. La déclaration du Ministre fait suite à une série de meurtres présumés liés à des gangs qui ont secoué Freetown en 2016. Quels sont les liens complexes entre violence dans la rue et marginalisation des jeunes? La violence chez les jeunes marginalisés pourrait- elle être liée à l'urbanisation sauvage, à la démission de l'État, au paradigme néolibéral et à l'économie politique en général, autant de pièges dans un processus de mondialisation de l'exclusion qui continue d'évincer ceux qui se trouvent à la périphérie ? Cet article décrit l'appropriation par des acteurs marginaux des influences culturelles mondiales et leur transcription en armes mortelles des faibles dans la poursuite d'un objectif survivaliste ancré dans la citoyenneté. Il est basé sur une recherche de terrain mené dans cinq villes au Sierra Leone (discussions de groupe et entretiens approfondis avec plus de 300 participants, tous s'identifiant comme des gangsters appartenant à l'une des trois fédérations d’équipes/ensembles : Crip, Blood et Black (Black Hood ou Black Game). La problématisation de leur existence quotidienne en Afrique contemporaine soulève des questions fondamentales sur la mondialisation et la citoyenneté dans la fabrication de subjectivités subalternes.
Mots-clés
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- Abdullah, I., 2002, ‘Space, Culture, and Agency in Contemporary Freetown: The Making and Remaking of a Postcolonial City’, in O. Enwezor, ed., Under Siege: Four African Cities: Freetown, Johannesburg, Kinshasa, Lagos, Ostfildren, Germany: Hatje Cantz.
- Abdullah, I., 2005, ‘I am a Rebel: Youth, Culture and Violence in Sierra Leone’, in A. Honwana, and F. De Boeck, eds, Makers and Breakers: Children and Youth in Postcolonial Africa, Oxford: James Currey.
- Abdullah, I. and Rashid, I., eds, 2017, Understanding West Africa’s Ebola Epidemic: Towards a Political Economy, London: Zed Press.
- Brotherton, D.C., 2015, Youth Street Gangs: A Critical Appraisal, London: Routledge.
- Covey, H.C., 2015, Crips and Bloods: A Guide to an American Subculture, New York: Greenwood Press.
- Gunst, L., 2003, Born Fi Dead: A Journey Through the Yardie Underworld, New York: Henry Holt and Company.
- Hagedorn, J.M., 2005, ‘The Global Impact of Gangs’ in J.F. Short and L.A. Hughes, eds, Studying Youth Gangs, Lanham, MD: Altamira Press.
- Hagedorn, J.M., ed., 2007, Gangs in the Global City: Alternatives to Traditional Criminology, Urbana-Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.
- Hagedorn, J.M., 2008, A World of Gangs: Armed Young men and Gangsta Culture, Minneapolis,MN: University of Minnesota Press.
- Hazen, J.M., and Rodgers, D. eds, 2014, Global Gangs: Street Violence Across the World, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
- Harding, S. and Hazel Chandler, H. (eds), 2018. Poems and Stories from the Streets of Sierra Leone, London: Wayout Books.
- Honwana, A., 2012, The Time of Youth: Work, Social Change, and Politics in Africa, Boulder, CO: Kumarian Press.
- Jensen, S., 2014, ‘Intimate Connections: Gang and the Political Economy of Urbanisation in South Africa’ in J.M. Hazen and D. Rodgers, eds, Global Gangs: Street Violence across the World, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
- Philipps, J., 2013, Youth Gangs and Urban Protest in Conakry, Guinea, Paris: L’Harmattan.
- Pinnock, D., 1984, The Brotherhoods: Street Gangs and State Control in Cape Town, Cape Town: David Philip.
- Shakur, S. aka Monster Kody Scott, 1993, Monster: The Autobiography of an LA Gang Member, New York: Grove Press.
- Short, J.F., and Hughes, L.A. (eds), 2006. Studying Youth Gangs, Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.
- Thrasher, F, 1927, The Gang: A Study of 1,313 Gangs in Chicago. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Venkatesh, S. and Kassimir. R. eds, 2007, Youth, Globalisation, and the Law, Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
Les références
Abdullah, I., 2002, ‘Space, Culture, and Agency in Contemporary Freetown: The Making and Remaking of a Postcolonial City’, in O. Enwezor, ed., Under Siege: Four African Cities: Freetown, Johannesburg, Kinshasa, Lagos, Ostfildren, Germany: Hatje Cantz.
Abdullah, I., 2005, ‘I am a Rebel: Youth, Culture and Violence in Sierra Leone’, in A. Honwana, and F. De Boeck, eds, Makers and Breakers: Children and Youth in Postcolonial Africa, Oxford: James Currey.
Abdullah, I. and Rashid, I., eds, 2017, Understanding West Africa’s Ebola Epidemic: Towards a Political Economy, London: Zed Press.
Brotherton, D.C., 2015, Youth Street Gangs: A Critical Appraisal, London: Routledge.
Covey, H.C., 2015, Crips and Bloods: A Guide to an American Subculture, New York: Greenwood Press.
Gunst, L., 2003, Born Fi Dead: A Journey Through the Yardie Underworld, New York: Henry Holt and Company.
Hagedorn, J.M., 2005, ‘The Global Impact of Gangs’ in J.F. Short and L.A. Hughes, eds, Studying Youth Gangs, Lanham, MD: Altamira Press.
Hagedorn, J.M., ed., 2007, Gangs in the Global City: Alternatives to Traditional Criminology, Urbana-Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Hagedorn, J.M., 2008, A World of Gangs: Armed Young men and Gangsta Culture, Minneapolis,MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Hazen, J.M., and Rodgers, D. eds, 2014, Global Gangs: Street Violence Across the World, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Harding, S. and Hazel Chandler, H. (eds), 2018. Poems and Stories from the Streets of Sierra Leone, London: Wayout Books.
Honwana, A., 2012, The Time of Youth: Work, Social Change, and Politics in Africa, Boulder, CO: Kumarian Press.
Jensen, S., 2014, ‘Intimate Connections: Gang and the Political Economy of Urbanisation in South Africa’ in J.M. Hazen and D. Rodgers, eds, Global Gangs: Street Violence across the World, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Philipps, J., 2013, Youth Gangs and Urban Protest in Conakry, Guinea, Paris: L’Harmattan.
Pinnock, D., 1984, The Brotherhoods: Street Gangs and State Control in Cape Town, Cape Town: David Philip.
Shakur, S. aka Monster Kody Scott, 1993, Monster: The Autobiography of an LA Gang Member, New York: Grove Press.
Short, J.F., and Hughes, L.A. (eds), 2006. Studying Youth Gangs, Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.
Thrasher, F, 1927, The Gang: A Study of 1,313 Gangs in Chicago. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Venkatesh, S. and Kassimir. R. eds, 2007, Youth, Globalisation, and the Law, Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.