2 - Weakened States and Market Giants: Neoliberalism and Democracy in Niger and West Bengal
Corresponding Author(s) : Rahmane Idrissa
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 43 No 3 (2018): Afrique et développement
Résumé
Cet article affirme que la coïncidence de la « troisième vague de démocratisations » avec la « deuxième vague de libéralisations » – néolibéralisme – a bouleversé les promesses de démocratie dans les pays du Sud. Alors que la littérature traditionnelle considère que la démocratie et la promotion d'économies de marchés ouverts se renforcent mutuellement, nous pensons qu'en réalité, elles s’affrontent sur les rôles de l'État, que la démocratie et le néolibéralisme tentent de réformer, mais dans des directions opposées. La démocratie nécessite un système étatique élargi et réactif, assurant la médiation entre les classes sociales, tandis que, généralement, la réforme néolibérale rétrécit le système étatique et le façonne selon les préférences des classes élitistes. Dans cet article, cette thèse est explorée de manière historique et comparative. Nous construisons un cadre analytique en comparant la révolution nationale bolivienne de 1952 aux réformes démocratiques entreprises sous Evo Morales. Utilisant cet outil, nous comparons les difficiles relations du Niger avec le géant nucléaire français, Areva, et celles du Bengale occidental avec le géant industriel indien Tata. Ces comparaisons, développées à la suite de descriptions de contextes historiques, justifient la constitution d’un programme central de recherche sur l’épineuse question de la réforme de l’État si nous voulons saisir les conditions fondamentales des perspectives de la démocratie dans les pays du Sud.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- Ananth, K., 2010, India since Independence, New Delhi: Pearson Education India.
- Arze, C. and Kruse, T., 2004, ‘The Consequences of Neoliberal Reform’, NACLA Report on the Americas, November–December, pp. 23–28.
- Bandhyopadhyay, T., and Dinda, S., 2013, Neo-Liberalism and Protest in West Bengal: An Analysis through the Media lens, Munich Personal RePEc Archive Paper, May.
- Baumik, S., 2011, ‘The Singur controversy: a causal analysis’, 16 April, http://www.mightylaws.in/450/singur-controversy-causal-analysis.
- Beckman, B., 1991, ‘Empowerment or repression: the World Bank and the politics of African adjustment’, African Development 16 (1): 45–72.
- Constitution de la 7ème République, Niger.
- Corbridge, S., Harriss, J. and Jeffrey, C., 2013, India Today: Economy, Politics and Society, Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Cunha Filio, C.M., Gonçalves, R.S. and Dalla Déa, A., 2010, ‘The National Development Plan as a political economy strategy in Morales’s Bolivia: accomplishments and limitations’, Latin American Perspectives 37 (4): 177–96.
- Diamond, L., Linz, J.J. and Lipset, S.M., 1989, Democracy in Developing Countries: Asia. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publisher.
- Farthing, L., 2010, ‘Controlling state power: an interview with Vice-President Álvaro García Linera’, Latin American Perspectives 37 (4): 30–3.
- García Linera, Á., 2006, ‘State Crisis and Popular Power’, New Left Review 37: 73–85.
- García Linera, Á and Ortega Breña, M., 2010, ‘The state in transition: power bloc and point of bifurcation’, Latin American Perspectives 37 (4): 34–47.
- Gervais, M., 1992, ‘Les enjeux politiques des ajustements structurels au Niger’, Canadian Journal of African Studies/Revue Canadienne des Etudes Africaines 26 (2): 226–49.
- Gervais, M., 1995, ‘Structural adjustment in Niger: implementations, effects and determining political factors’, Review of African Political Economy 22 (63): 27–42.
- Gervais, M., 1997, ‘Niger: regime change, economic crisis and perpetuation of privilege’, in J.F. Clark and D.E. Gardinier, eds, Political Reform in Francophone Africa, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
- Haarstad, H. and Andersson, V., 2009, ‘Backlash reconsidered: neoliberalism and popular mobilization in Bolivia’, Latin American Politics and Society 51 (4): 1–28.
- Huntington, S., 1991, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
- ‘K.B.’, 1985, ‘Indira Gandhi: an attempt at a political appraisal’, Economic and Political Weekly 20 (12).
- Kaup, B., 2010, ‘A neoliberal nationalization? The constraints on natural-gas-led- development in Bolivia’, Latin American Perspective 37 (3): 123–38.
- Klein, H.S., 2011, A Concise History of Bolivia, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Kohl, B. and Farthing, L., 2009, ‘“Less than fully satisfactory development outcomes”: international financial institutions and social unrest in Bolivia’, Latin American Perspectives 36 (3): 59–78.
- Kohl, B., 2010, ‘Bolivia under Morales: a work in progress’, Latin American Perspectives 37 (3): 107–22.
- Kohli, A., 2006, ‘Politics of economic growth in India, 1980–2005: part II: the 1990s and beyond’, Economic and Political Weekly 41 (14): 1361–70.
- Kumar, P., 2012, ‘Tata Nano: a study on business challenges in India’, The Vagabond, 8 January, http://piyusharunkumar.wordpress.com/2012/01/08/tata-nano-a-study-on-business-challenges-in-india/.
- La Roue de l’Histoire, 2014, ‘Affaire des 400 milliards: les divagations de Tandja’, 5 February, http://www.nigerdiaspora.eu/index.php/les-infos-du-pays/politique-niger/politique-niger/item/66331-affaire-des-400-milliards-les-divagations-de-tandja.
- Kozicki, R.J., 1975, ‘The demise of Indian democracy’, Asian Affairs 2 (6): 349–62. Kurien, C.T., 1989, ‘Indian economy in the 1980s and on to the 1990s’, Economic and Political Weekly 24 (15).
- Leon, T., 2010, ‘The State of Liberal Democracy in Africa: Resurgence or Retreat?’, Paper for the Cato Institute’s Center for Global Liberty and Prosperity."
- Maddison, A., 2006 [1971], Class Structure and Economic Growth: India and Pakistan since the Moghuls, Abingdon: Routledge.
- Malloy, J.M., 1970, Bolivia: The Uncompleted Revolution, Pittsburgh, PA: Pittsburgh University Press.
- Mansingh, S., 2006, Historical Dictionary of India, 2nd edition, Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press.
- Milliband, R., 2009 [1969], The State in Capitalist Society, Pontypool, Torfaen: Merlin Press. Mkandawire, T., 2009, ‘Institutional Monocropping and Monotasking in Africa’, Paper No. 1 of UNRISD Governance, Social Policy and Development Programme.
- Parti Nigérien pour la Démocratie et le Socialisme (PNDS), 2011, Niger: La Renaissance.
- Programme PNDS Tarayya.
- Petras, J., 2013, ‘The most radical conservative regime: Bolivia under Evo Morales’, GlobalResearch, 31December, http://www.globalresearch.ca/the-most-radical-conservative-regime-bolivia-under-evo-morales/5363248.
- Raynaut, C., 1999, ‘Trente ans d’indépendance: repères et tendances’, Politique Africaine 38, ‘Le Niger, chroniques d’un Etat’, pp. 3–29.
- Regalsky, P. and Ortega Breña, M., 2010, ‘Political processes and the reconfiguration of the state in Bolivia’, Latin American Perspectives 37 (3): 35–50.
- Roy, D., 2011, ‘Gujarat’s Gain and Bengal’s Loss? “Development”, Land Acquisition in India and the Tata Nano Project: A Comparison of Singur with Sanand’, Paper presented at the International Conference on Global Land Grabbing, 6–8 April, University of Sussex.
- Solo, 1978, ‘The neo-Marxist theory of the state’, Journal of Economic Issues 12 (4): 829–42. Sud, N., 2007, ‘From land to the tiller to land liberalisation: the political economy of Gujarat’s shifting land policy’, Modern Asian Studies 41 (3): 603–37.
- Sud, N., 2008, ‘The Nano and good governance in Gujarat’, Economic and Political Weekly 43 (50): 13–14.
- The Free Library/South American Political and Economic Affairs, 2004, http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BOLIVIA%3A+PRESIDENT+CARLOS+MESA+GETS+%22YES%22+VOTE+ON+GAS+REFERENDUM.-a0119912742, 30 July.
- Van Walraven, K., 2013, The Yearning for Relief: A History of the Sawaba Movement in Niger, Leiden: Brill.
- Webber, J., 2011, From Rebellion to Reform in Bolivia: Class Struggle, Indigenous Liberation, and the Politics of Evo Morales, Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books.
- Wolf, J., 2013, ‘Towards post-liberal democracy in Latin America? A conceptual framework applied to Bolivia’, Journal of Latin American Studies 45 (1): 31–59.
Les références
Ananth, K., 2010, India since Independence, New Delhi: Pearson Education India.
Arze, C. and Kruse, T., 2004, ‘The Consequences of Neoliberal Reform’, NACLA Report on the Americas, November–December, pp. 23–28.
Bandhyopadhyay, T., and Dinda, S., 2013, Neo-Liberalism and Protest in West Bengal: An Analysis through the Media lens, Munich Personal RePEc Archive Paper, May.
Baumik, S., 2011, ‘The Singur controversy: a causal analysis’, 16 April, http://www.mightylaws.in/450/singur-controversy-causal-analysis.
Beckman, B., 1991, ‘Empowerment or repression: the World Bank and the politics of African adjustment’, African Development 16 (1): 45–72.
Constitution de la 7ème République, Niger.
Corbridge, S., Harriss, J. and Jeffrey, C., 2013, India Today: Economy, Politics and Society, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Cunha Filio, C.M., Gonçalves, R.S. and Dalla Déa, A., 2010, ‘The National Development Plan as a political economy strategy in Morales’s Bolivia: accomplishments and limitations’, Latin American Perspectives 37 (4): 177–96.
Diamond, L., Linz, J.J. and Lipset, S.M., 1989, Democracy in Developing Countries: Asia. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publisher.
Farthing, L., 2010, ‘Controlling state power: an interview with Vice-President Álvaro García Linera’, Latin American Perspectives 37 (4): 30–3.
García Linera, Á., 2006, ‘State Crisis and Popular Power’, New Left Review 37: 73–85.
García Linera, Á and Ortega Breña, M., 2010, ‘The state in transition: power bloc and point of bifurcation’, Latin American Perspectives 37 (4): 34–47.
Gervais, M., 1992, ‘Les enjeux politiques des ajustements structurels au Niger’, Canadian Journal of African Studies/Revue Canadienne des Etudes Africaines 26 (2): 226–49.
Gervais, M., 1995, ‘Structural adjustment in Niger: implementations, effects and determining political factors’, Review of African Political Economy 22 (63): 27–42.
Gervais, M., 1997, ‘Niger: regime change, economic crisis and perpetuation of privilege’, in J.F. Clark and D.E. Gardinier, eds, Political Reform in Francophone Africa, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Haarstad, H. and Andersson, V., 2009, ‘Backlash reconsidered: neoliberalism and popular mobilization in Bolivia’, Latin American Politics and Society 51 (4): 1–28.
Huntington, S., 1991, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
‘K.B.’, 1985, ‘Indira Gandhi: an attempt at a political appraisal’, Economic and Political Weekly 20 (12).
Kaup, B., 2010, ‘A neoliberal nationalization? The constraints on natural-gas-led- development in Bolivia’, Latin American Perspective 37 (3): 123–38.
Klein, H.S., 2011, A Concise History of Bolivia, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kohl, B. and Farthing, L., 2009, ‘“Less than fully satisfactory development outcomes”: international financial institutions and social unrest in Bolivia’, Latin American Perspectives 36 (3): 59–78.
Kohl, B., 2010, ‘Bolivia under Morales: a work in progress’, Latin American Perspectives 37 (3): 107–22.
Kohli, A., 2006, ‘Politics of economic growth in India, 1980–2005: part II: the 1990s and beyond’, Economic and Political Weekly 41 (14): 1361–70.
Kumar, P., 2012, ‘Tata Nano: a study on business challenges in India’, The Vagabond, 8 January, http://piyusharunkumar.wordpress.com/2012/01/08/tata-nano-a-study-on-business-challenges-in-india/.
La Roue de l’Histoire, 2014, ‘Affaire des 400 milliards: les divagations de Tandja’, 5 February, http://www.nigerdiaspora.eu/index.php/les-infos-du-pays/politique-niger/politique-niger/item/66331-affaire-des-400-milliards-les-divagations-de-tandja.
Kozicki, R.J., 1975, ‘The demise of Indian democracy’, Asian Affairs 2 (6): 349–62. Kurien, C.T., 1989, ‘Indian economy in the 1980s and on to the 1990s’, Economic and Political Weekly 24 (15).
Leon, T., 2010, ‘The State of Liberal Democracy in Africa: Resurgence or Retreat?’, Paper for the Cato Institute’s Center for Global Liberty and Prosperity."
Maddison, A., 2006 [1971], Class Structure and Economic Growth: India and Pakistan since the Moghuls, Abingdon: Routledge.
Malloy, J.M., 1970, Bolivia: The Uncompleted Revolution, Pittsburgh, PA: Pittsburgh University Press.
Mansingh, S., 2006, Historical Dictionary of India, 2nd edition, Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press.
Milliband, R., 2009 [1969], The State in Capitalist Society, Pontypool, Torfaen: Merlin Press. Mkandawire, T., 2009, ‘Institutional Monocropping and Monotasking in Africa’, Paper No. 1 of UNRISD Governance, Social Policy and Development Programme.
Parti Nigérien pour la Démocratie et le Socialisme (PNDS), 2011, Niger: La Renaissance.
Programme PNDS Tarayya.
Petras, J., 2013, ‘The most radical conservative regime: Bolivia under Evo Morales’, GlobalResearch, 31December, http://www.globalresearch.ca/the-most-radical-conservative-regime-bolivia-under-evo-morales/5363248.
Raynaut, C., 1999, ‘Trente ans d’indépendance: repères et tendances’, Politique Africaine 38, ‘Le Niger, chroniques d’un Etat’, pp. 3–29.
Regalsky, P. and Ortega Breña, M., 2010, ‘Political processes and the reconfiguration of the state in Bolivia’, Latin American Perspectives 37 (3): 35–50.
Roy, D., 2011, ‘Gujarat’s Gain and Bengal’s Loss? “Development”, Land Acquisition in India and the Tata Nano Project: A Comparison of Singur with Sanand’, Paper presented at the International Conference on Global Land Grabbing, 6–8 April, University of Sussex.
Solo, 1978, ‘The neo-Marxist theory of the state’, Journal of Economic Issues 12 (4): 829–42. Sud, N., 2007, ‘From land to the tiller to land liberalisation: the political economy of Gujarat’s shifting land policy’, Modern Asian Studies 41 (3): 603–37.
Sud, N., 2008, ‘The Nano and good governance in Gujarat’, Economic and Political Weekly 43 (50): 13–14.
The Free Library/South American Political and Economic Affairs, 2004, http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BOLIVIA%3A+PRESIDENT+CARLOS+MESA+GETS+%22YES%22+VOTE+ON+GAS+REFERENDUM.-a0119912742, 30 July.
Van Walraven, K., 2013, The Yearning for Relief: A History of the Sawaba Movement in Niger, Leiden: Brill.
Webber, J., 2011, From Rebellion to Reform in Bolivia: Class Struggle, Indigenous Liberation, and the Politics of Evo Morales, Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books.
Wolf, J., 2013, ‘Towards post-liberal democracy in Latin America? A conceptual framework applied to Bolivia’, Journal of Latin American Studies 45 (1): 31–59.