6 - Conflict between National Interest and Human Rights: Britain’s Policy towards African Immigrants, 1960 – 2013
Corresponding Author(s) : James Olusegun Adeyeri
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 41 No 4 (2016): Afrique et développement
Résumé
Depuis bien longtemps, l'intérêt national reste fondamental dans les relations intergroupes et interétatiques. Dans le système international moderne contemporain, l'intérêt national est devenu la pierre angulaire de la formulation de la politique étrangère et des actions des États souverains. Toutefois, dans la poursuite des objectifs nationaux, chaque État est sensé se conformer à certaines normes et standards de comportement. L'un d'eux est le respect des droits humains fondamentaux, notamment la liberté de mouvement, d'association et d'autres expressions socio-économiques. L'expérience a montré que la défense de l'intérêt national tout en préservant les droits humains fondamentaux peut constituer une tâche ardue pour l'État en raison de considérations politiques, sécuritaires, économiques et sociales. Le présent article est une analyse historique des postures conflictuelles de la politique africaine britannique qui, d’une part, défend et affirme un engagement en faveur des droits de l'homme, notamment la liberté de mouvement et d'association, mais d’autre part, sape ces mêmes droits à travers certaines politiques et pratiques d'immigration. L’article cherche à interroger la base, les manifestations et les implications de la politique d'immigration britannique sur les immigrants africains entre 1960 et 2013.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
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- Church, W.F., 1973, Richelieu and Reason of State, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Enemuo, F., 1999, ‘Democracy, Human Rights and the Rule of Law’ in R. Anifowoshe & F. Enemuo (eds.) Elements of Politics, Lagos: Sam Iroanusi Pub.
- Flowers, N., 1998, ‘From Concept to convention: How Human Rights Law Evolves’ in N. Flowers (ed.) Human Rights Here and Now: Celebrating the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, www.umn.edu/humanrts/hreduseries/hereandnow/pa Retrieved 11-07-2014
- Galtung, J., 1994, Human Rights in Another Key, Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Hampshire, J., 2009, ‘Immigration Policy in the United Kingdom’, Migration Citizenship Education, www.migrantioneducation.org/4-9.o.html, Retrieved 27-07-2014.
- Henry, Z., 1985, ‘The New Commonwealth Migrations 1945-62’, History Today, Vol. 35, issue12. Immigration Act 2014 – UK Parliament, ‘Summary of the Immigration Act 2014’, http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2013-14/immigration.html, Retrieved 30-07-2014.
- Isakuwa, K.I., 2013, ‘What is National Interest?’, www.gamji.com/article..... Retrieved 30 October.
- Kaplan, M.A., 1961, ‘The National Interest and other Interests’ in J.N. Rosenau (ed.) International Politics and Foreign Policy: A Reader in Research and Theory. New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, Inc.
- Larison, D., 2013, ‘Realism and National Interest’ www.theamericanconservative.com, Retrieved 31 October, 2013.
- Merriam-Webster, 2013, ‘National Interest’, Encyclopedia Britannica Company.
- Mitton, L. & Aspinall, P., 2010, Black Africans in the UK: Integration or Segregation?
- MPI, 2009, ‘United Kingdom: A Reluctant Country of Immigration’, Ontario: Migration Policy Institute.
- Nuechterlein, D.E., 1976, ‘National Interest and Foreign Policy: A Conceptual Framework for Analysis and Decision Making’, British Journal of International Studies, Vol. 2, No.3.
- Obaseki, A., 1992, ‘The Judiciary and Human Rights’ in A.U. Kalu & Y. Osinbajo (eds.) Perspective on Human Rights, Lagos: Federal Ministry of Justice.
- Qasim, W., 2013, ‘Will the UK Ever Give Up on its Racist Immigration Policy?’, http://africasacountry.com/ will-the-uk-ever-give-up-on-its-racist-im---, Retrieved 17-07-2014.
- Rahman, H., 2013, ‘The Politics of Immigration and Xenophobia’, Keynote Speech by Habib Rahman, Chief Executive, JCWI, Oxford Migration Studies Society Conference, 4 May 2013.
- Rourke, J., 2007, International Politics on the World Stage, New York: Mcgraw- Hill.
- Seymour, R., 2010, ‘The Changing Face of Racism’, International Socialism: A Quarterly Journal of Socialist Theory, issue126.
- Sociology Racism Prejudice Essays, 2014, ‘The Racial Prejudice in French and British Immigration Policy, www.123helpme.com/view.asp. Retrieved 20-07-2014.
- Solomos, J., 1993, Race and Racism in Britain, New York: St. Martins Press.
- Thatcher, M., 1978, World in Action. www.imgrantchatcher.or/documents/103485, retrieved 27-07-2014.
- Thuau, E., 1966, Raison D’Etat et Pensee Politique a l’epoque de Richelieu, Paris: Armand Colin.
- Vasilenkov, S., 2013, ‘Britain Suffocates in Immigration Problems’.
- Walters, S. & Bond, A., 2013, ‘New Immigration Clampdown Demands £20,000 Salary for Brits to Marry A Foreigner’, 9 June 2013, Mail Online, www.dailymail.co.uk... Retrieved 29-07-2014.
- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ‘National Interest’, http://en.wikipedia.org/
- wiki/nationalinterest Retrieved 11-07-2014
Les références
Church, W.F., 1973, Richelieu and Reason of State, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Enemuo, F., 1999, ‘Democracy, Human Rights and the Rule of Law’ in R. Anifowoshe & F. Enemuo (eds.) Elements of Politics, Lagos: Sam Iroanusi Pub.
Flowers, N., 1998, ‘From Concept to convention: How Human Rights Law Evolves’ in N. Flowers (ed.) Human Rights Here and Now: Celebrating the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, www.umn.edu/humanrts/hreduseries/hereandnow/pa Retrieved 11-07-2014
Galtung, J., 1994, Human Rights in Another Key, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Hampshire, J., 2009, ‘Immigration Policy in the United Kingdom’, Migration Citizenship Education, www.migrantioneducation.org/4-9.o.html, Retrieved 27-07-2014.
Henry, Z., 1985, ‘The New Commonwealth Migrations 1945-62’, History Today, Vol. 35, issue12. Immigration Act 2014 – UK Parliament, ‘Summary of the Immigration Act 2014’, http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2013-14/immigration.html, Retrieved 30-07-2014.
Isakuwa, K.I., 2013, ‘What is National Interest?’, www.gamji.com/article..... Retrieved 30 October.
Kaplan, M.A., 1961, ‘The National Interest and other Interests’ in J.N. Rosenau (ed.) International Politics and Foreign Policy: A Reader in Research and Theory. New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, Inc.
Larison, D., 2013, ‘Realism and National Interest’ www.theamericanconservative.com, Retrieved 31 October, 2013.
Merriam-Webster, 2013, ‘National Interest’, Encyclopedia Britannica Company.
Mitton, L. & Aspinall, P., 2010, Black Africans in the UK: Integration or Segregation?
MPI, 2009, ‘United Kingdom: A Reluctant Country of Immigration’, Ontario: Migration Policy Institute.
Nuechterlein, D.E., 1976, ‘National Interest and Foreign Policy: A Conceptual Framework for Analysis and Decision Making’, British Journal of International Studies, Vol. 2, No.3.
Obaseki, A., 1992, ‘The Judiciary and Human Rights’ in A.U. Kalu & Y. Osinbajo (eds.) Perspective on Human Rights, Lagos: Federal Ministry of Justice.
Qasim, W., 2013, ‘Will the UK Ever Give Up on its Racist Immigration Policy?’, http://africasacountry.com/ will-the-uk-ever-give-up-on-its-racist-im---, Retrieved 17-07-2014.
Rahman, H., 2013, ‘The Politics of Immigration and Xenophobia’, Keynote Speech by Habib Rahman, Chief Executive, JCWI, Oxford Migration Studies Society Conference, 4 May 2013.
Rourke, J., 2007, International Politics on the World Stage, New York: Mcgraw- Hill.
Seymour, R., 2010, ‘The Changing Face of Racism’, International Socialism: A Quarterly Journal of Socialist Theory, issue126.
Sociology Racism Prejudice Essays, 2014, ‘The Racial Prejudice in French and British Immigration Policy, www.123helpme.com/view.asp. Retrieved 20-07-2014.
Solomos, J., 1993, Race and Racism in Britain, New York: St. Martins Press.
Thatcher, M., 1978, World in Action. www.imgrantchatcher.or/documents/103485, retrieved 27-07-2014.
Thuau, E., 1966, Raison D’Etat et Pensee Politique a l’epoque de Richelieu, Paris: Armand Colin.
Vasilenkov, S., 2013, ‘Britain Suffocates in Immigration Problems’.
Walters, S. & Bond, A., 2013, ‘New Immigration Clampdown Demands £20,000 Salary for Brits to Marry A Foreigner’, 9 June 2013, Mail Online, www.dailymail.co.uk... Retrieved 29-07-2014.
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ‘National Interest’, http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/nationalinterest Retrieved 11-07-2014