4 - Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) and Africa: New Projected Developmental Paradigms
Corresponding Author(s) : Tukumbi Lumumba-Kasongo
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 40 No 3 (2015): Afrique et développement: Numéro spécial sur Transformer les relations internationales pour un monde juste
Résumé
Cet article se penche sur la dynamique de la politique économique du Brésil, de la Russie, de l’Inde, de la Chine et de l’Afrique du Sud (BRICS) et ses implications dans les efforts continus de l’Afrique pour la recherche de nouveaux paradigmes de développement. Les questions fondamentales abordées dans l’article sont: Que proposent particulièrement les BRICS à l’ordre mondial actuel et aux pays du Sud en matière de paradigmes de développement et de systèmes de gouvernance économique et sociale? Qu’est-ce que ces pays ont-ils en commun? Ce caractère commun peut-il être instrumentalisé et converti en faveur de progrès pour l’Afrique? Quel est le fondement idéologique de leur solidarité? Dans le pragmatisme et l’idéologie liés à cette solidarité, les BRICS proposent-ils de nouveaux schémas de développement pour remplacer l‘ancien modèle de développement social et économique, raté, descendant anarchique, fondé sur le marché, linéaire et uniforme? En se basant sur la dynamique du groupe BRICS et des mouvements de ses membres, certains soulignent que les marchés et les économies émergentes de l’hémisphère sud, quelles que soient les contradictions idéologiques et les faiblesses structurelles politiques internes entre ses membres, montrent que l’approche de statu quo dans les pratiques des institutions d’économie politique internationale et de politique mondiale n’est plus la seule voie pragmatique en matière d’affaires. Pour avoir un impact significatif en Afrique, les activités des BRICS devraient être conçues et guidées par des perspectives ascendantes. Les BRICS appellent fortement à des changements de paradigmes en matière de puissance mondiale et à l’intervention qualitative de l’Etat dans la gestion de la main invisible d’Adam Smith.
Mots-clés
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- Adler, Emanuel, 1997, ‘Seizing the Middle Ground. Constructivism in World Politics’, European Journal of International Relations 3 (3): 319-363.
- Adler, Emanuel, 2002, ‘Constructivism in International Relations’, in Walter Carls-naes, Beth Simmons and Thomas Risse, eds, Handbook of International Relations, edited by London et al: Sage.
- Agbu, Osita, 2010, ‘Africa and the Emerging Global South’, in Korwa G Adar, Monica K. Juma, Katabaro N. Miti, eds, The State of Africa 2010/11: Parameters and Legacies of Governance and Issue Areas, Pretoria: Africa Institute of South Africa and London: African Book Collective.
- Atherton, Mark, 2012, ‘The New World of Order’, The Times (London), 20 March.
- Beausang-Hunter, Francesca, A., 2013, Globalization and the BRICs: Why the BRICs Will Not Rule the World For Long, New York City: Palgrave Macmillan, or Kindle Edition.
- Bracht, Carolina, 2012, Plans for the BRICS Delhi Summit: March 29, Unpublished document.
- Das Gupta Jyotiringdra, 1995, ‘India: Democratic Becoming and Developmental Transition’, in Larry Diamond, Juan J. Linz and Seymour Martin Lipset, eds, Politics in Developing Countries: Comparing Experiences with Democracy (Second Edition), Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
- Dwyer, Tom, 2011, ‘Relations between the BRICS: A Reflection from Brazilian Sociological Viewpoint’, Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol. 4.
- Jain, Subhash C., ed., 2006, Emerging Economies and the Transformation of International Business: Brazil, Russia, India, China, Edward Elgar Publishing, Northampton, Ma: Inc. William Pratt House.
- Jenkins, Rob, 2005, ‘Civil Society: Active or Passive India’, in Peter Burnell and Vicky Randall, Politics in the Developing World, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Fearon, James and Alexander, Wendt, 2002, ‘Rationalism v. Constructivism: A Skeptical View’, in Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse and Beth Simmons, Handbook of International Relations, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- Gwynne, Robert N. and Cristóbal Kay, 2004, Latin America: Transformed Globalization and Modernity, New York and London: Oxford University Press.
- Kornegay, Francis A. Jr and Narnia Bohler-Muller, eds, Laying the BRICS of a New Global Order: From Yekaterinburg 2009 to eEthekwini 2013, Pretoria, South Africa: Africa Institute of South Africa.
- Lamounier, Bolivar, 1995, “Brazi: Inequality Against Democracy,” In Larry Diamond, Juan J. Linz, and Martin Lipset, eds, Politics of Developing Countries: Comparing Experiences with Democracy, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
- Lumumba-Kasongo, Tukumbi, 2011, ‘China-Africa Relations: A Neo-Imperialism or a Neo-Colonialism? A Reflection’, African and Asian Studies, Vol. 10 No. 2-3.
- Lumumba-Kasongo, Tukumbi, 2010, ‘Africa and Its Traditional Partners’, in Korwa G Adar, Monica K. Juma, Katabaro N. Miti, eds, The State of Africa 2010/11: Parameters and Legacies of Governance and Issue Areas, Pretoria, South Africa: Africa Institute of South Africa and London: African Book Collective.
- Lumumba-Kasongo, Tukumbi, 2005, Who and What Govern in the World of the States: A Comparative Study of Constitutions, Citizenry, Power, and Ideology in Contemporary Politics, Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America.
- MacKenzie, Leslie, 2011, Nations of the World: Political, Economic, and Business Handbook, New York, Amenia: Grey House Publishing.
- NDTV Correspondent, 2012, ‘BRICS Delhi 2012: Your 10 Facts Cheatsheet’, Updated: March 29: 12:28 IST.Noury, Valerie, 2011, ‘What BRICS members Means to Africa?’, African Business, June.
- Silva, Luis Inacio Lula da, The BRICs Come of Global Age, Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Schrire, Robert A., 2005, ‘Fragmentation or Nation-Building? South Africa’, in Peter Burnell and Vicky Randall, Politics in the Developing World, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Wallerstein, Immanuel, 1984, The World Politics of the World Economy: The States, The Movements and The Civilizations, New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Wendt, Alexander, 1992, ‘Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics’, International Organization, 46(2): 391-425.
- World Bank, 2011, Global Development Horizons: Multipolarity the New Global Economy. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
- www.itamaraty.gov.br/temas-mais-infomacoes/saiba-mais-bric/documentos-emitidos-pelos-chefes-de-estado-e-de/sanya-declaration-iiibrics-summit/view quoted by Tom Dwyer, ‘Relations between the BRICS: A Reflection from a Brazilian Sociological Viewpoint’, Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol., No. 4, 2011.
Les références
Adler, Emanuel, 1997, ‘Seizing the Middle Ground. Constructivism in World Politics’, European Journal of International Relations 3 (3): 319-363.
Adler, Emanuel, 2002, ‘Constructivism in International Relations’, in Walter Carls-naes, Beth Simmons and Thomas Risse, eds, Handbook of International Relations, edited by London et al: Sage.
Agbu, Osita, 2010, ‘Africa and the Emerging Global South’, in Korwa G Adar, Monica K. Juma, Katabaro N. Miti, eds, The State of Africa 2010/11: Parameters and Legacies of Governance and Issue Areas, Pretoria: Africa Institute of South Africa and London: African Book Collective.
Atherton, Mark, 2012, ‘The New World of Order’, The Times (London), 20 March.
Beausang-Hunter, Francesca, A., 2013, Globalization and the BRICs: Why the BRICs Will Not Rule the World For Long, New York City: Palgrave Macmillan, or Kindle Edition.
Bracht, Carolina, 2012, Plans for the BRICS Delhi Summit: March 29, Unpublished document.
Das Gupta Jyotiringdra, 1995, ‘India: Democratic Becoming and Developmental Transition’, in Larry Diamond, Juan J. Linz and Seymour Martin Lipset, eds, Politics in Developing Countries: Comparing Experiences with Democracy (Second Edition), Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Dwyer, Tom, 2011, ‘Relations between the BRICS: A Reflection from Brazilian Sociological Viewpoint’, Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol. 4.
Jain, Subhash C., ed., 2006, Emerging Economies and the Transformation of International Business: Brazil, Russia, India, China, Edward Elgar Publishing, Northampton, Ma: Inc. William Pratt House.
Jenkins, Rob, 2005, ‘Civil Society: Active or Passive India’, in Peter Burnell and Vicky Randall, Politics in the Developing World, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Fearon, James and Alexander, Wendt, 2002, ‘Rationalism v. Constructivism: A Skeptical View’, in Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse and Beth Simmons, Handbook of International Relations, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Gwynne, Robert N. and Cristóbal Kay, 2004, Latin America: Transformed Globalization and Modernity, New York and London: Oxford University Press.
Kornegay, Francis A. Jr and Narnia Bohler-Muller, eds, Laying the BRICS of a New Global Order: From Yekaterinburg 2009 to eEthekwini 2013, Pretoria, South Africa: Africa Institute of South Africa.
Lamounier, Bolivar, 1995, “Brazi: Inequality Against Democracy,” In Larry Diamond, Juan J. Linz, and Martin Lipset, eds, Politics of Developing Countries: Comparing Experiences with Democracy, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
Lumumba-Kasongo, Tukumbi, 2011, ‘China-Africa Relations: A Neo-Imperialism or a Neo-Colonialism? A Reflection’, African and Asian Studies, Vol. 10 No. 2-3.
Lumumba-Kasongo, Tukumbi, 2010, ‘Africa and Its Traditional Partners’, in Korwa G Adar, Monica K. Juma, Katabaro N. Miti, eds, The State of Africa 2010/11: Parameters and Legacies of Governance and Issue Areas, Pretoria, South Africa: Africa Institute of South Africa and London: African Book Collective.
Lumumba-Kasongo, Tukumbi, 2005, Who and What Govern in the World of the States: A Comparative Study of Constitutions, Citizenry, Power, and Ideology in Contemporary Politics, Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America.
MacKenzie, Leslie, 2011, Nations of the World: Political, Economic, and Business Handbook, New York, Amenia: Grey House Publishing.
NDTV Correspondent, 2012, ‘BRICS Delhi 2012: Your 10 Facts Cheatsheet’, Updated: March 29: 12:28 IST.Noury, Valerie, 2011, ‘What BRICS members Means to Africa?’, African Business, June.
Silva, Luis Inacio Lula da, The BRICs Come of Global Age, Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Schrire, Robert A., 2005, ‘Fragmentation or Nation-Building? South Africa’, in Peter Burnell and Vicky Randall, Politics in the Developing World, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wallerstein, Immanuel, 1984, The World Politics of the World Economy: The States, The Movements and The Civilizations, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Wendt, Alexander, 1992, ‘Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics’, International Organization, 46(2): 391-425.
World Bank, 2011, Global Development Horizons: Multipolarity the New Global Economy. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
www.itamaraty.gov.br/temas-mais-infomacoes/saiba-mais-bric/documentos-emitidos-pelos-chefes-de-estado-e-de/sanya-declaration-iiibrics-summit/view quoted by Tom Dwyer, ‘Relations between the BRICS: A Reflection from a Brazilian Sociological Viewpoint’, Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol., No. 4, 2011.