11 - ‘Arming the Rebels for Development’: Parental Involvement among Fishing Communities in Tanzania
Corresponding Author(s) : Paul Wabike
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 37 No 3 (2012): Afrique et développement: Special Issue on Parents’ Involvement in Children’s Lives in Africa
Résumé
Les enfants des villages de pêcheurs situés dans le voisinage des lacs intérieurs de Tanzanie sont confrontés à une dure réalité . En effet, le père (ou chef de famille, qui souvent est un homme) passe toute la nuit à pêcher et la journée à dormir. Quant à la mère, elle dort la nuit et vend du poisson au marché ou travaille la terre le jour. La plupart du temps, ce cercle vicieux ne connaît ni weekends ni jours fériés. Il laisse peu de temps aux parents/tuteurs et enfants d’avoir des contacts, obligeant ainsi les enfants à s’assumer tout seuls moralement et émotionnellement, ou à se rallier à toute autre autorité disponible. Ces enfants ne sont plus scolarisés normalement. On les surnomme en général des watoro (ce qui signifie absents de l’école) ou « rebelles ». Alors que le système éducatif formel impose à chaque enfant en âge d’aller à l’école d’être scolarisé, l’organisation sociale de la communauté des pêcheurs et le marché du travail suivent un modèle différent qui ne prévoit pas véritablement la présence optimale des parents pour assurer l’éducation de leurs enfants. Cette étude examine la situation actuelle des familles ayant des enfants en âge de scolarisation dans la zone rurale de la Tanzanie, et les problèmes qu’elles rencontrent à vouloir se consacrer à la vie de leurs enfants. Utilisant les théories sur l’Implication parentale (IP) et le Capital culturel (CC), une enquête conduite dans le cadre de cette étude a établi que la présence ou l’absence à l’école des enfants n’est pas toujours liée au manque de temps ; il relève plus souvent de ce que l’on considère comme important dans la société d’une part et des exigences liées à la nature des activités génératrices de revenus telles que la pêche, les affaires et l’agriculture d’autre part.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- Bilame, O., 2011, ‘Distribution of Income between Fishers and Gear Owners in Lake Tanganyika: A case of Kigoma Urban in Tanzania’, Dar es Salaam: REPOA.
- Bourdieu, P. and Passerson, J., 1990, Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture, Sage Publications, inc.
- Coulter, G.W., 1966, ‘Hydrobiological Processes and the deep Water Fish Community in Lake Tanganyika’, Vol. 1 and 2, PhD thesis, Queens University, Belfast.
- Epstein, Joyce L., 1995, ‘School/Family/Community Partnerships: Caring for the Children We Share’, Phi Delta Kappa, Vol. 76, pp. 701-712.
- Epstein, Joyce L., 2001, School, Family, and Community Partnerships: Preparing Educators and Improving Schools, Boulder, CO: Westview.
- FAO, 2000, ‘Research for the Management of the Fisheries on Lake Tanganyika’,
- FAO, Bujumbura, Burundi.
- Hoover-Dempsey, K. V. and Sander, H. M., 1995, ‘Parent Involvement in Children’s
- Education: Why Does It Make a Difference?’, Teachers College Record, Vol. 97, pp. 310-331.
- Jorgensen, E.S., Ntakimazi, G. and Kayombo, S., 2005, ‘Lake Tanganyika: Experiences and Lessons Learned Brief’, in Nakamura M, ed., Managing Lakes and their Basins for Sustainable Use: a Report for Lake Managers and Stakeholders, International Lake Environment Committee Foundation (ILEC), Kusatsu, Japan. pp. 363-375.
- Kloek, A., 2007, ‘Parental Involvement through Different Sets of Eyes: Research into the Involvement of Parents in the Education and Career Development of Young Adults in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa’, Masters Thesis, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Lareau, A., 1989, Home Advantage, London: Falmer Press.
- Lareau, A., 2000, Home Advantage, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
- Leendertse, K. and B. Horemans., 1991, ‘Socio-Economic Characteristics of the 1991 Artisanal Fishery in Kigoma Region, Tanzania’, UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning.
- Malmberg, L-M and Sumra, S., 2000, ‘Social-cultural Factors and Primary School Students’Achievement and School Experience’, UTAFITI [New Series] Special Issue, Vol. 4, 1998-2001:207-219.
- McBride, B.A., Bae, J. H., and Wright, M. S., 2002, ‘An Examination of Family- School Partnership Initiatives in Rural Prekindergarten Programs’, Early Education & Development, Vol. 13, pp. 107-127.
- Mbelle, Amon V.Y., 2008, ‘The Impact of Reforms on the Quality of Primary
- Education in Tanzania’, Research Report 08.1, Dar es Salaam, REPOA. Mncube, V., 2009, ‘The Perceptions of their Role in the Democratic Governance of Schools in South Africa: Are they on Board?’, South African Journal of Education, Vol. 29 , no. 1, pp. 1-40.
- Mung’ong’o, C.G., ed., 1997, BUHINGU: Participatory Rural Appraisal in Buhingu Ward, Kigoma Rural Region, Tanzania, Lake Tanganyika Biodiversity Project (RAF/ 92/G32), Socio-Economic Special Study Report No. 12, Dar es Salaam.
- Mung’ong’o, C.G., 1998, ‘Socio-economic & Institutional Appraisal of the Malagarasi-Luiche catchment, Kigoma Region, Tanzania’, Lake Tanganyika Biodiversity Project (RAF/92/G32), Socio-Economic Special Study Report No. 13, Dar es Salaam.
- Mung’ong’o, C.G., 1999, ‘’Socio-economic & Institutional Appraisal of Mwamgongo village, Kigoma Region, Tanzania’, Lake Tanganyika Biodiversity Project (RAF/92/G32), Socio-Economic Special Study Report No. 15, Dar es Salaam.
- Nyerere, J.K., 1968, Freedom and Socialism: A Selection from Writings & Speeches, 1965-1967, Dar es Salaam: Oxford University Press.
- Reynolds J.E, Hanek, G. and H. Mölsä., 1999, ‘Lake Tanganyika FFMP Implementation Programme and Component Project Profiles’, FAO/FINNIDA, Bujumbura, Burundi.
- Ringenberg, M., McElwee, E., and Israel, K., 2009, ‘Cultural Capital Theory and predicting Parental Involvement in Northwest Indiana Schools’, The South Shore Journal, Vol. 3, pp.86-124.
- Sénéchal, M., & LeFevre, J., 2002, ‘Parental Involvement in the Development of Children’s Reading skill: A 5-year Longitudinal Study’, Child Development, Vol. 73, pp. 445-460.
- Sparks, A. 1990, The Mind of South Africa. The Story of the Rise and Fall of Apartheid, London: Cox and Wyman Ltd.
- URT., 2005, ‘Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania (BEST), 1995-2005’, Ministry of Education and Vocational Training, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
- URT., 2008, ‘Kigoma Region Socio-economic Report (2006)’, National Bureau for Statistics (NBS)/Regional Commissioner’s Office. Dar es Salaam.
- URT/FAO., 2000, ‘Agricultural Marketing Systems Development Programme Formulation Mission, FAO Investment Centre Division’, FAO/IFAD Cooperative Programme, Rome.
- Wenger, E., 1998, Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning and Identity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Zeelen, J., Van der Linden, J., Nampota, D. and Ngabirano, M., eds., 2010, The Burden of Educational Exclusion: Understanding and Challenging Early School Leaving in Africa, Rotterdam/Boston/Taipei: Sense Publishers.
Les références
Bilame, O., 2011, ‘Distribution of Income between Fishers and Gear Owners in Lake Tanganyika: A case of Kigoma Urban in Tanzania’, Dar es Salaam: REPOA.
Bourdieu, P. and Passerson, J., 1990, Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture, Sage Publications, inc.
Coulter, G.W., 1966, ‘Hydrobiological Processes and the deep Water Fish Community in Lake Tanganyika’, Vol. 1 and 2, PhD thesis, Queens University, Belfast.
Epstein, Joyce L., 1995, ‘School/Family/Community Partnerships: Caring for the Children We Share’, Phi Delta Kappa, Vol. 76, pp. 701-712.
Epstein, Joyce L., 2001, School, Family, and Community Partnerships: Preparing Educators and Improving Schools, Boulder, CO: Westview.
FAO, 2000, ‘Research for the Management of the Fisheries on Lake Tanganyika’,
FAO, Bujumbura, Burundi.
Hoover-Dempsey, K. V. and Sander, H. M., 1995, ‘Parent Involvement in Children’s
Education: Why Does It Make a Difference?’, Teachers College Record, Vol. 97, pp. 310-331.
Jorgensen, E.S., Ntakimazi, G. and Kayombo, S., 2005, ‘Lake Tanganyika: Experiences and Lessons Learned Brief’, in Nakamura M, ed., Managing Lakes and their Basins for Sustainable Use: a Report for Lake Managers and Stakeholders, International Lake Environment Committee Foundation (ILEC), Kusatsu, Japan. pp. 363-375.
Kloek, A., 2007, ‘Parental Involvement through Different Sets of Eyes: Research into the Involvement of Parents in the Education and Career Development of Young Adults in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa’, Masters Thesis, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
Lareau, A., 1989, Home Advantage, London: Falmer Press.
Lareau, A., 2000, Home Advantage, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
Leendertse, K. and B. Horemans., 1991, ‘Socio-Economic Characteristics of the 1991 Artisanal Fishery in Kigoma Region, Tanzania’, UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning.
Malmberg, L-M and Sumra, S., 2000, ‘Social-cultural Factors and Primary School Students’Achievement and School Experience’, UTAFITI [New Series] Special Issue, Vol. 4, 1998-2001:207-219.
McBride, B.A., Bae, J. H., and Wright, M. S., 2002, ‘An Examination of Family- School Partnership Initiatives in Rural Prekindergarten Programs’, Early Education & Development, Vol. 13, pp. 107-127.
Mbelle, Amon V.Y., 2008, ‘The Impact of Reforms on the Quality of Primary
Education in Tanzania’, Research Report 08.1, Dar es Salaam, REPOA. Mncube, V., 2009, ‘The Perceptions of their Role in the Democratic Governance of Schools in South Africa: Are they on Board?’, South African Journal of Education, Vol. 29 , no. 1, pp. 1-40.
Mung’ong’o, C.G., ed., 1997, BUHINGU: Participatory Rural Appraisal in Buhingu Ward, Kigoma Rural Region, Tanzania, Lake Tanganyika Biodiversity Project (RAF/ 92/G32), Socio-Economic Special Study Report No. 12, Dar es Salaam.
Mung’ong’o, C.G., 1998, ‘Socio-economic & Institutional Appraisal of the Malagarasi-Luiche catchment, Kigoma Region, Tanzania’, Lake Tanganyika Biodiversity Project (RAF/92/G32), Socio-Economic Special Study Report No. 13, Dar es Salaam.
Mung’ong’o, C.G., 1999, ‘’Socio-economic & Institutional Appraisal of Mwamgongo village, Kigoma Region, Tanzania’, Lake Tanganyika Biodiversity Project (RAF/92/G32), Socio-Economic Special Study Report No. 15, Dar es Salaam.
Nyerere, J.K., 1968, Freedom and Socialism: A Selection from Writings & Speeches, 1965-1967, Dar es Salaam: Oxford University Press.
Reynolds J.E, Hanek, G. and H. Mölsä., 1999, ‘Lake Tanganyika FFMP Implementation Programme and Component Project Profiles’, FAO/FINNIDA, Bujumbura, Burundi.
Ringenberg, M., McElwee, E., and Israel, K., 2009, ‘Cultural Capital Theory and predicting Parental Involvement in Northwest Indiana Schools’, The South Shore Journal, Vol. 3, pp.86-124.
Sénéchal, M., & LeFevre, J., 2002, ‘Parental Involvement in the Development of Children’s Reading skill: A 5-year Longitudinal Study’, Child Development, Vol. 73, pp. 445-460.
Sparks, A. 1990, The Mind of South Africa. The Story of the Rise and Fall of Apartheid, London: Cox and Wyman Ltd.
URT., 2005, ‘Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania (BEST), 1995-2005’, Ministry of Education and Vocational Training, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
URT., 2008, ‘Kigoma Region Socio-economic Report (2006)’, National Bureau for Statistics (NBS)/Regional Commissioner’s Office. Dar es Salaam.
URT/FAO., 2000, ‘Agricultural Marketing Systems Development Programme Formulation Mission, FAO Investment Centre Division’, FAO/IFAD Cooperative Programme, Rome.
Wenger, E., 1998, Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning and Identity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zeelen, J., Van der Linden, J., Nampota, D. and Ngabirano, M., eds., 2010, The Burden of Educational Exclusion: Understanding and Challenging Early School Leaving in Africa, Rotterdam/Boston/Taipei: Sense Publishers.