5 - Media Image and Social Integration of Liberian and Togolese Refugees in Ghana
Corresponding Author(s) : Amanda Brown
Revue africaine des médias,
Vol. 17 No 1-2 (2009): Revue africaine des médias, Volume 17, n° 1 & 2, 2009
Résumé
Dans les années 1990, la plupart des réfugiés en Afrique de l’Ouest venait du Libéria et du Togo. Cet article explore l’intégration des réfugiés libériens et togolais dans un pays de l’Afrique de l’Ouest, le Ghana, entre 1990 et 2007. Il étudie le rôle des médias au Ghana, fut-il la presse écrite d’État ou du privé, dans la promotion ou le blocage de l’intégration sociale des réfugiés. Des journaux Ghanéens, des émissions radio, des rapports des Nations Unies, des interviews partiellement structurées ont été utilisés comme la base d’études sur la politique de l’appartenance et la relation entre l’identité ethnique et l’intégration sociale chez les migrants au Ghana. Il a été démontré que la presse Ghanéenne a largement dépeint les réfugiés Krahn et Mandingo comme une menace pour la sécurité, des mercenaires et criminels, contrairement aux réfugiés Ewe du Togo. Les liens du Ghana et du peuple Ewe ont engendré de l’hostilité envers les régimes anti-Ewe au Togo. En même temps, le Ghana soutenait les régimes du Libéria qui étaient contre les Krahn et les Mandingo. L’intégration sociale des Libériens était compromise par non seulement les bonnes relations entre le Ghana et le gouvernement libérien, mais aussi par le rôle des médias, le manque de liens historiques, le manque de cohésion interne, les valeurs culturelles contraires au celles des Ghanéens, la dépendance à long terme des programmes de réinsertion les Nations Unies. En retour, les réfugiés togolais qui se sont eux même établis chez les Ewe du Ghana se sont rapidement intégrés dans la région Volta du Ghana qui auparavant faisait partie du Togo. Les médias peuvent supporter l’intégration sociale et des politiques plus humaines envers les réfugiés dans la façon dont ils évoquent les questions en des termes de droits humains au lieu de termes de sécurité.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
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- Adebajo, A., 2002, Liberia’s Civil War: Nigeria, ECOMOG, and Regional Secu- rity in West Africa, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
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- July 13, 2007.
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- Alhassan, A., 2005, ‘Market Valorization in Broadcasting Policy in Ghana: Aban- doning the Quest for Media Democratization’, Media, Culture, and Society. 27(2): 211-228.
- Amedahe, F., 2007, ‘Ewe Ghanaian Professor’, University of Cape Coast, personal communication, April 6, 2007.
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- Amnesty International, 2001, Annual Report 2001. London: Amnesty International Publications.
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- accessed June 29, 2007.
- BBC, 1993b, ‘At Least 135,000 Refugees Said to have Come from Togo’, Feb. 22 BBC Summary of World Reports from Agence France-Presse in English 1540 gmt 19 Feb 93. ME/1619/B, Available via Lexis Nexis, accessed June 29, 2007. BBC, 1993c, ‘Radio on Plight of Togolese Refugees’, Feb 17 BBC Summary of World Broadcasts from Ghana Broadcasting Corporation, Accra, 1800 gmt 17
- Feb. 1993. ME/1618/B, Available via Lexis Nexis, accessed June 29, 2007.
- BBC, 1993d, ‘More Refugees Cross into Ghana Following Failure of Colmar Talks’, Feb. 15 BBC Summary of World Broadcasts from Ghana Broadcasting Corpo- ration, Accra, in English 1800 gmt 11 Feb 93. ME/1613/B. Available via Lexis Nexis, accessed June 29, 2007.
- BBC News, 2005, November, 23, ‘Profile: Liberia’s Iron Lady’, Available: http:// news.bbc.co.uk, accessed: June 21, 2007.
- BBC News, 1994, ‘Foreign Ministry Statement on Presence of Togolese Refu- gees’ May 6. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts from Ghana Broadcasting Corporation radio, Accra, 1800 gmt 4 May 1994.
- AL/1990/A, Available via Lexis Nexis, accessed July 3, 2007.
- Bernard, R., 2007, ‘Canadian Journalist Working at Buduburam’, personal commu- nication, July 18, 2007.
- Bridging Refugee Youth and Children’s Services (BRYCS), 2004, January 30, ‘Back- ground on Potential Health Issues for Liberian Refugees’, Office of Global Health Affairs, Humanitarian and Refugee Health Affairs, Rockville (Mary- land): United States Department of Health and Human Services.
- Brown, D., 2003, ‘Educating Refugees: A Human Rights Report from the Buduburam Camp’, Accra Mail. Available via Lexis Nexis, accessed June 22, 2007.
- Carvin, A., 2005, ‘Ghana: Life in a Liberian Refugee Camp’, Global Voices. July, 22. Available: http://www.globalvoicesonline.org, accessed: June 21, 2007.
- Castles, S. and A. Davidson, 2000, Citizenship and Migration: Globalization and the Politics of Belonging. New York: Routledge.
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Les références
Accra Mail, 2003, ‘Refugee Children Neglected’, Feb. 5. Available via Lexis Nexis, accessed June 22, 2007.
Adebajo, A., 2002, Liberia’s Civil War: Nigeria, ECOMOG, and Regional Secu- rity in West Africa, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Afele, M., 1993, April 8, ‘Ghana: International Aid Sought to Resettle Togolese Refugees’, Accra: Inter Press Service. Available via Lexis Nexis, accessed June 29, 2007.
Agbale, G., 2007, ‘Ewe Ghanaian Student in the United States since 2001, personal communication.
July 13, 2007.
Akyea, E.O., 1998, Ewe, New York: Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. Akyeampong, E., 2006, ‘Race, Identity and Citizenship in Black Africa: The Case of the Lebanese in Ghana’, Africa. 76(3): 297-319.
Alhassan, A., 2005, ‘Market Valorization in Broadcasting Policy in Ghana: Aban- doning the Quest for Media Democratization’, Media, Culture, and Society. 27(2): 211-228.
Amedahe, F., 2007, ‘Ewe Ghanaian Professor’, University of Cape Coast, personal communication, April 6, 2007.
Amnesty International, 2005, ‘Togo: Will History Repeat Itself?’, London: Am- nesty International Publications, number AFR 57/012/2005.
Amnesty International, 2001, Annual Report 2001. London: Amnesty International Publications.
Amnesty International, 1999, ‘Togo: Rule of Terror’, May 3, London: Amnesty International Publications, number AFR 57/001/1999.
Associated Press, 1993, ‘Nearly Quarter Million People have Fled Togo since January’, Feb. 26. Geneva: The Associated Press. Available via Lexis Nexis, accessed June 29, 2007.
BBC, 1993, ‘Benin’s Interior Minister Visits, Discusses Refugees and Security’, May 10. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts from Radio Lomé (in French) 0600 gmt 7 May 1993. ME/1684/B, Available via Lexis Nexis, accessed June 29, 2007. BBC, 1993a, ‘Medical Officer Warns of Health Risks due to Influx of Togolese’, Feb. 24 BBC Summary of World Broadcasts from Ghana Broadcasting Corpo- ration, Accra, 0600 gmt 21 Feb. 1993. ME/1621/B, Available via Lexis Nexis,
accessed June 29, 2007.
BBC, 1993b, ‘At Least 135,000 Refugees Said to have Come from Togo’, Feb. 22 BBC Summary of World Reports from Agence France-Presse in English 1540 gmt 19 Feb 93. ME/1619/B, Available via Lexis Nexis, accessed June 29, 2007. BBC, 1993c, ‘Radio on Plight of Togolese Refugees’, Feb 17 BBC Summary of World Broadcasts from Ghana Broadcasting Corporation, Accra, 1800 gmt 17
Feb. 1993. ME/1618/B, Available via Lexis Nexis, accessed June 29, 2007.
BBC, 1993d, ‘More Refugees Cross into Ghana Following Failure of Colmar Talks’, Feb. 15 BBC Summary of World Broadcasts from Ghana Broadcasting Corpo- ration, Accra, in English 1800 gmt 11 Feb 93. ME/1613/B. Available via Lexis Nexis, accessed June 29, 2007.
BBC News, 2005, November, 23, ‘Profile: Liberia’s Iron Lady’, Available: http:// news.bbc.co.uk, accessed: June 21, 2007.
BBC News, 1994, ‘Foreign Ministry Statement on Presence of Togolese Refu- gees’ May 6. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts from Ghana Broadcasting Corporation radio, Accra, 1800 gmt 4 May 1994.
AL/1990/A, Available via Lexis Nexis, accessed July 3, 2007.
Bernard, R., 2007, ‘Canadian Journalist Working at Buduburam’, personal commu- nication, July 18, 2007.
Bridging Refugee Youth and Children’s Services (BRYCS), 2004, January 30, ‘Back- ground on Potential Health Issues for Liberian Refugees’, Office of Global Health Affairs, Humanitarian and Refugee Health Affairs, Rockville (Mary- land): United States Department of Health and Human Services.
Brown, D., 2003, ‘Educating Refugees: A Human Rights Report from the Buduburam Camp’, Accra Mail. Available via Lexis Nexis, accessed June 22, 2007.
Carvin, A., 2005, ‘Ghana: Life in a Liberian Refugee Camp’, Global Voices. July, 22. Available: http://www.globalvoicesonline.org, accessed: June 21, 2007.
Castles, S. and A. Davidson, 2000, Citizenship and Migration: Globalization and the Politics of Belonging. New York: Routledge.
Cephas, J.G., 2007, ‘UNHCR Mandated to Repatriate Liberian Refugees’, April 3, the Vision. Available: http://thevisiononline.net, accessed: June 12, 2007.
Cephas, J.G., 2007a, ‘We Commend Refugees for Cooperation’, Feb. 14, the Vision editorial.