3 - African Languages Policy in the Education of South Africa: 20 Years of Freedom or Subjugation?
Corresponding Author(s) : Neo Lekgotla laga Ramoupi
Journal of Higher Education in Africa,
Vol. 12 No. 2 (2014): Journal of Higher Education in Africa: Special Issue on Academic Freedom in Africa
Abstract
This paper focuses on the indigenous African languages policy in educa- tion debates in post-apartheid South Africa, and provides a policy review of language in education in the past 20 years of liberation in the South Africa. The research problem is that the post-1994 governments of South Africa stated in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (1996) that indigenous official African languages must be in the curricula of the education system. But the findings reflect that this constitutional mandate has not been accomplished in the twenty years of South Africa’s liberation. Conclusions drawn are that the former two official languages used in the education policies of the apartheid South Africa, i.e. English and Afrikaans, have continued to be used in pretended implementation of indigenous of- ficial African languages in the curricula of education of a free South Africa.
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- Alexander, Neville, 2004, ‘Language Problems & Language Planning’28:2 (113–130).
- Batibo, Herman M. 2013, ‘Maximising people’s participation through optimal language Policy: Lessons from the SADC Region’, in Hamish McIlwraith, ed., British Council, Multilingual Education in Africa: Lessons from the Juba Language- in-Education Conference.
- Biko, Bantu Steve, (1987, I Write What I Like: A Selection of His Writings. Aelred Stubbs C.R.,ed., London: Oxford, Heinemann.
- Fomba, C. O. et al., 2003, Étude de cas nationale: Mali. La pédagogie convergente comme facteur d’amélioration de la qualité de l’éducation de base au Mali. Analyse du développement de l’innovation et perspectives. Working Document. ADEA Biennale on Education in Africa, Grand Baie, Mauritius, 3–6 December.
- Glanz, Christine, 2013, UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning (UIL), ‘Why and How to Invest in African Languages, Multilingual and Multicultural Education in Africa.
- Glanz, Christine, (2013), UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning (UIL), ‘Why and how to Invest In African Languages, Multilingual and Multicultural Education in Africa,’ in Hamish McIlwraith, ed.,
- British Council, Multilingual Education in Africa: Lessons from the Juba Language-in-Education Conference.
- Hachipola, S. G., 1996, Survey of the Minority Languages of Zimbabwe. Harare: Department of African Languages and Literature.
- Heugh, Kathleen, 2002, ‘The Case Against Bilingual and Multilingual Education in South Africa’, PRAESA – Occasional Paper No.6. (1-42).
- Heugh, K., 2011, ‘Theory and Practice – Language Education Models in Africa: Research, Design, Decision-Making and Outcomes’, in Ouane, A. and Glanz, C., eds, Optimising Learning, Education and Publishing in Africa: The Language Factor. Hamburg: UIL, Tunis: ADEA, 105–156.
- Heugh, K. 2010, Productive Engagement with Linguistic Diversity in Tension with Globalised Discourses in Ethiopia. Current Issues in Language Planning, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 378–396.
- Kalema, J., 1985, Introduction in OAU Inter-African Bureau of Languages: Linguistic liberation and unity of Africa. Publication 6. Kampala: OAU Inter-African Bureau of Languages.
- La Grange, Zelda, 2014, Good Morning, Mr Mandela , London: Penguin Books. Legère, K., 1996, African Languages in Basic Education. Windhoek: Gamsberg MacMillan.
- Macdonald, C., 1990, Main Report on the Threshold Project. Pretoria: The Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC).
- Mateene, K., 1985, ‘Reconstruction of Official Status of Colonial Languages in Africa’, in OAU Inter-African Bureau of Languages. Linguistic liberation and unity of Africa. Publication 6. Kampala. OAU Inter-African Bureau of Languages, 18 –28.
- Orwell, George, 1946, Animal Farm, New York: Harcourt.
- Ouane, Adama and Glanz, Christine, ‘Why and How Africa Should Invest in African Languages and Multilingual Education: An Evidence- And Practice-Based Policy Advocacy Brief’, 2010, UNESCO, (Developed in collaboration with the Association for the Development of Education in Africa – ADEA), p.10.
- Policy Protocol: Revised Language Policy, 2014, Rhodes University.
- Ramoupi, Neo Lekgotla laga, 2012, ‘Deconstructing Eurocentric Education: A Com- parative Study of Teaching Africa-centred Curriculum at the University of Cape Town and the University of Ghana, Legon,’ Postamble, 7:2.
- Ramoupi, Neo Lekgotla Laga,(2014, ‘African Research and Scholarship: 20 Years of Lost Opportunities to Transform Higher Education in South Africa’, Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies, Vol. 38, No.1. Available at : international_asc_ufa- hamu_25032. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/13m5c5vp Sozinho, F. Matsinhe, 2013, ‘African Languages as a Viable Factor in Africa’s Quest for Integration and Development: The View from ACALAN’, in Hamish McI- lwraith, ed., British Council, Multilingual Education in Africa: Lessons from the Juba Language-in-Education Conference.
- Thiong’o, wa Ngugi, 2005, ‘Europhone or African Memory: The Challenge of the Pan- Africanist Intellectual in the Era of Globalization,’ in Mkandawire, Thandika, ed., African Intellectuals: Rethinking Politics, Language, Gender and Development, Dakar: CODESRIA Books.
- Tshotsho, Baba P., 2013, ‘Mother Tongue Debate and Language Policy in South Africa’ International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol. 3 No. 13; July, 39-44.
- Twala, Chitja, 2014, ‘The African National Congress (ANC) and the Cadre Deploy- ment Policy in the Post-Apartheid South Africa: A Product of Democratic Cen- tralisation or a Recipe for a Constitutional Crisis?’, J Soc Sci. 41(2): 159-165. Available at : http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JSS/JSS-41-0-000-14-
- Web/JSS-41-2-14-Abst-PDF/JSS-41-2-159-14-1741-Twala-C/JSS-41-2-159-14-1741-Twala-C-Tx[7].pdf
References
Alexander, Neville, 2004, ‘Language Problems & Language Planning’28:2 (113–130).
Batibo, Herman M. 2013, ‘Maximising people’s participation through optimal language Policy: Lessons from the SADC Region’, in Hamish McIlwraith, ed., British Council, Multilingual Education in Africa: Lessons from the Juba Language- in-Education Conference.
Biko, Bantu Steve, (1987, I Write What I Like: A Selection of His Writings. Aelred Stubbs C.R.,ed., London: Oxford, Heinemann.
Fomba, C. O. et al., 2003, Étude de cas nationale: Mali. La pédagogie convergente comme facteur d’amélioration de la qualité de l’éducation de base au Mali. Analyse du développement de l’innovation et perspectives. Working Document. ADEA Biennale on Education in Africa, Grand Baie, Mauritius, 3–6 December.
Glanz, Christine, 2013, UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning (UIL), ‘Why and How to Invest in African Languages, Multilingual and Multicultural Education in Africa.
Glanz, Christine, (2013), UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning (UIL), ‘Why and how to Invest In African Languages, Multilingual and Multicultural Education in Africa,’ in Hamish McIlwraith, ed.,
British Council, Multilingual Education in Africa: Lessons from the Juba Language-in-Education Conference.
Hachipola, S. G., 1996, Survey of the Minority Languages of Zimbabwe. Harare: Department of African Languages and Literature.
Heugh, Kathleen, 2002, ‘The Case Against Bilingual and Multilingual Education in South Africa’, PRAESA – Occasional Paper No.6. (1-42).
Heugh, K., 2011, ‘Theory and Practice – Language Education Models in Africa: Research, Design, Decision-Making and Outcomes’, in Ouane, A. and Glanz, C., eds, Optimising Learning, Education and Publishing in Africa: The Language Factor. Hamburg: UIL, Tunis: ADEA, 105–156.
Heugh, K. 2010, Productive Engagement with Linguistic Diversity in Tension with Globalised Discourses in Ethiopia. Current Issues in Language Planning, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 378–396.
Kalema, J., 1985, Introduction in OAU Inter-African Bureau of Languages: Linguistic liberation and unity of Africa. Publication 6. Kampala: OAU Inter-African Bureau of Languages.
La Grange, Zelda, 2014, Good Morning, Mr Mandela , London: Penguin Books. Legère, K., 1996, African Languages in Basic Education. Windhoek: Gamsberg MacMillan.
Macdonald, C., 1990, Main Report on the Threshold Project. Pretoria: The Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC).
Mateene, K., 1985, ‘Reconstruction of Official Status of Colonial Languages in Africa’, in OAU Inter-African Bureau of Languages. Linguistic liberation and unity of Africa. Publication 6. Kampala. OAU Inter-African Bureau of Languages, 18 –28.
Orwell, George, 1946, Animal Farm, New York: Harcourt.
Ouane, Adama and Glanz, Christine, ‘Why and How Africa Should Invest in African Languages and Multilingual Education: An Evidence- And Practice-Based Policy Advocacy Brief’, 2010, UNESCO, (Developed in collaboration with the Association for the Development of Education in Africa – ADEA), p.10.
Policy Protocol: Revised Language Policy, 2014, Rhodes University.
Ramoupi, Neo Lekgotla laga, 2012, ‘Deconstructing Eurocentric Education: A Com- parative Study of Teaching Africa-centred Curriculum at the University of Cape Town and the University of Ghana, Legon,’ Postamble, 7:2.
Ramoupi, Neo Lekgotla Laga,(2014, ‘African Research and Scholarship: 20 Years of Lost Opportunities to Transform Higher Education in South Africa’, Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies, Vol. 38, No.1. Available at : international_asc_ufa- hamu_25032. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/13m5c5vp Sozinho, F. Matsinhe, 2013, ‘African Languages as a Viable Factor in Africa’s Quest for Integration and Development: The View from ACALAN’, in Hamish McI- lwraith, ed., British Council, Multilingual Education in Africa: Lessons from the Juba Language-in-Education Conference.
Thiong’o, wa Ngugi, 2005, ‘Europhone or African Memory: The Challenge of the Pan- Africanist Intellectual in the Era of Globalization,’ in Mkandawire, Thandika, ed., African Intellectuals: Rethinking Politics, Language, Gender and Development, Dakar: CODESRIA Books.
Tshotsho, Baba P., 2013, ‘Mother Tongue Debate and Language Policy in South Africa’ International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol. 3 No. 13; July, 39-44.
Twala, Chitja, 2014, ‘The African National Congress (ANC) and the Cadre Deploy- ment Policy in the Post-Apartheid South Africa: A Product of Democratic Cen- tralisation or a Recipe for a Constitutional Crisis?’, J Soc Sci. 41(2): 159-165. Available at : http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JSS/JSS-41-0-000-14-
Web/JSS-41-2-14-Abst-PDF/JSS-41-2-159-14-1741-Twala-C/JSS-41-2-159-14-1741-Twala-C-Tx[7].pdf