1 - Participatory Action Research as a Platform for Community Engagement in Higher Education
Corresponding Author(s) : Godwell Nhamo
Journal of Higher Education in Africa,
Vol. 10 No. 1 (2012): Journal of Higher Education in Africa
Abstract
Institutions of higher education throughout the world have reached con- sensus in terms of their core business, defined through: (1) teaching and learning, (2) research and (3) community engagement. Of these three areas of focus, community engagement has posed serious challenges in terms of clear cut methodologies and measurability. While the ‘why’ question of com- munity engagement may be understood, the ‘how to do it’ questions need attention. This has also raised anxiety amongst staff, who are expected to perform and get rewards for community engagement. It is against this back- ground that this article argues for Participatory Action Research (PAR) as an enabling platform for community engagement in higher education.
The argument and assumption is that PAR provides a two-way engagement process that locks in both the researchers and communities they will be reaching, in seeking to solve community problems. PAR moves higher edu- cation from linear-oriented research to web-oriented systematic cycles of inquiry that involve planning, asking questions, taking action, observing, evaluating and critically reflecting, prior to planning the next cycles. Com- munity problems that could be addressed through PAR include those aris- ing from environmental damage (including climate change), HIV and AIDS, lack of service delivery, politics and many more.
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- Arksey, H. and Knight, P., 1999, Interviewing for Social Scientists: An Introduction with Examples,London:Sage.
- Bacon, C., Mendez, E. and Brwon, M., 2005, Participatory Action Research and Support for Community Development and Conservation: Examples from Shade Coffee Landscapes in Nicaragua and El Salvador, Santa Cruz: Center for Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems.
- Bailey, D., Koney, K.M. and Furco, A., 2009, Participatory Action Research, Minnesota: University of Minnesota.
- Baskerville, R. and Myers, M., 2004, ‘Special Issue on Action Research in Information Systems: Making Research Relevant to Practice’, MIS Quarterly, 28, pp. 329-335.
- Bender, Gerda C.J., 2008, ‘Exploring Conceptual Models for Community Engagement at Higher Education Institutions in South Africa’, Perspectives in Education, Vol. 26, pp. 81-95.
- Bender, Gerda C.J. and Carvalho-Malekane, W., 2010, Glossary of the Different Types of Research-related Community Engagement, Pretoria: Department of Community Engagement University of Pretoria.
- Brydon-Miller, M., Greenwood, D., and Maguire, P., 2003, ‘Why Action Research?’, Action Research, Vol. 1, pp.9-28.
- Checkland, P. and Holwell, S., 1998, ‘Action Research: Its Nature and Validity’, Systemic Practice and Research, Vol.11, pp. 9-21.
- Cornwall, A. and Jewkes, R., 1995, ‘What is Participatory Research?’, Social Science Medi- cine, Vol. 41, pp. 1662-1676.
- Creswell, J.W., 2003, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches, Thousand Oaks: Sage.
- Global Alliance on Community Engaged Research, 2009, Higher Education, Community Engagement and the World We Want, London: Global Alliance on Community Engaged Research.
- Hall, M., 2010, ‘Community Engagement in South African Higher Education’, Kagisano, Vol.6, pp. 1-52.
- Holland, B.A., 2005, ‘Reflections on Community-campus Partnerships: What Has Been Learned? What Are the Next Challenges?’ in P.A.Pasque, R. E. Smerek, B. Dwyer, N. Bowman and B. L. Mallory (eds.), Higher Education Collaboratives for Community Engagement and Improvement (pp. 10-17), Michigan: National Forum on Higher Education for the Public Good.
- Lotz-Sisitka, H., 2002, ‘Weaving Cloths: Research Design in Contexts of Transformation’, Canadian Journal of Environmental Education, Vol.7, pp. 101-121.
- Lupele, J., 2003, ‘Participatory Materials Development in Rural Zambia’, Southern African Journal of Environmental Education, Vol. 20, pp. 85-96.
- Maxwell, J.A., 1992, ‘Understanding and Validity in Qualitative Research’, Harvard Education Review, Vol. 62, pp. 276-297.
- Maxwell, J.A., 1996, ‘Qualitative Research Design: An Interpretive Approach’, London: Sage.
- Merriam, S.B., 2001, ‘Qualitative Research and Case Study Applications in Education’, New York: Wiley.
- Nhamo, G., 2006, ‘Actor/Actant-Network Theory as Emerging Methodology for Environ- mental Education in Southern Africa’, Southern African Journal of Environmental Education, Vol. 23, pp. 34-47.
- O’Brien, R., 1998, An Overview of the Methodological Approach of Action Research,London: Sage.
- Oppenheim, A.N., 1992, Questionnaire Design, Interviewing and Attitude Measurement, London: Continuum.
- Pain, R. and Francis, P., 2003, ‘Reflections on Participatory Research’, Area, Vol. 35,pp. 46-54.
- Sandig, B. and Selting, M., 1997, ‘Discourse Styles’, in T.A.Van Dijk (ed.), Discourse as Structure and Process (pp. 138-156), London: Sage Publications.
- Santelli, B., Singer, G.H.S., Di Venere, N., and Ginsberg, C.P.L.E., 1998, ‘Participatory Action Research: Reflections on Critical Incidents in a PAR Project’, JASH,Vol. 23, pp. 211-222.
- Steyn, S., 2010, The Millenium Development Goals as a Conceptual Framework for Ena- bling and Evaluating Community Engagement, African Education Review.
- Strauss, A.L. and Corbin, J., 1998, Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Proce- dures for Developing Grounded Theory, Thousand Oaks: Sage.
- Unisa., 2008, Unisa Community Engagement and Outreach Policy, Pretoria: Unisa.
- Van Dijk, T. A., 1997, ‘The Study of Discourse’, in T.A.Van Dijk, (ed.), Discourse as Structure and Process (pp. 1-34), London: Sage Publications.
- White, G.W., Suchowierska, M. and Campbell, M., 2004, ‘Developing and Systemati- cally Implementing Participatory Action Research’, Arch Phys Med Rehabll, Vol. 85, pp. 3-12.
- Wiber, M., Berkes, F., Charles, A. and Kearney, J., 2004, ‘Participatory Research Supporting Community-based Fishery Management’, Marine Policy, Vol. 28, pp. 459-468.
References
Arksey, H. and Knight, P., 1999, Interviewing for Social Scientists: An Introduction with Examples,London:Sage.
Bacon, C., Mendez, E. and Brwon, M., 2005, Participatory Action Research and Support for Community Development and Conservation: Examples from Shade Coffee Landscapes in Nicaragua and El Salvador, Santa Cruz: Center for Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems.
Bailey, D., Koney, K.M. and Furco, A., 2009, Participatory Action Research, Minnesota: University of Minnesota.
Baskerville, R. and Myers, M., 2004, ‘Special Issue on Action Research in Information Systems: Making Research Relevant to Practice’, MIS Quarterly, 28, pp. 329-335.
Bender, Gerda C.J., 2008, ‘Exploring Conceptual Models for Community Engagement at Higher Education Institutions in South Africa’, Perspectives in Education, Vol. 26, pp. 81-95.
Bender, Gerda C.J. and Carvalho-Malekane, W., 2010, Glossary of the Different Types of Research-related Community Engagement, Pretoria: Department of Community Engagement University of Pretoria.
Brydon-Miller, M., Greenwood, D., and Maguire, P., 2003, ‘Why Action Research?’, Action Research, Vol. 1, pp.9-28.
Checkland, P. and Holwell, S., 1998, ‘Action Research: Its Nature and Validity’, Systemic Practice and Research, Vol.11, pp. 9-21.
Cornwall, A. and Jewkes, R., 1995, ‘What is Participatory Research?’, Social Science Medi- cine, Vol. 41, pp. 1662-1676.
Creswell, J.W., 2003, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches, Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Global Alliance on Community Engaged Research, 2009, Higher Education, Community Engagement and the World We Want, London: Global Alliance on Community Engaged Research.
Hall, M., 2010, ‘Community Engagement in South African Higher Education’, Kagisano, Vol.6, pp. 1-52.
Holland, B.A., 2005, ‘Reflections on Community-campus Partnerships: What Has Been Learned? What Are the Next Challenges?’ in P.A.Pasque, R. E. Smerek, B. Dwyer, N. Bowman and B. L. Mallory (eds.), Higher Education Collaboratives for Community Engagement and Improvement (pp. 10-17), Michigan: National Forum on Higher Education for the Public Good.
Lotz-Sisitka, H., 2002, ‘Weaving Cloths: Research Design in Contexts of Transformation’, Canadian Journal of Environmental Education, Vol.7, pp. 101-121.
Lupele, J., 2003, ‘Participatory Materials Development in Rural Zambia’, Southern African Journal of Environmental Education, Vol. 20, pp. 85-96.
Maxwell, J.A., 1992, ‘Understanding and Validity in Qualitative Research’, Harvard Education Review, Vol. 62, pp. 276-297.
Maxwell, J.A., 1996, ‘Qualitative Research Design: An Interpretive Approach’, London: Sage.
Merriam, S.B., 2001, ‘Qualitative Research and Case Study Applications in Education’, New York: Wiley.
Nhamo, G., 2006, ‘Actor/Actant-Network Theory as Emerging Methodology for Environ- mental Education in Southern Africa’, Southern African Journal of Environmental Education, Vol. 23, pp. 34-47.
O’Brien, R., 1998, An Overview of the Methodological Approach of Action Research,London: Sage.
Oppenheim, A.N., 1992, Questionnaire Design, Interviewing and Attitude Measurement, London: Continuum.
Pain, R. and Francis, P., 2003, ‘Reflections on Participatory Research’, Area, Vol. 35,pp. 46-54.
Sandig, B. and Selting, M., 1997, ‘Discourse Styles’, in T.A.Van Dijk (ed.), Discourse as Structure and Process (pp. 138-156), London: Sage Publications.
Santelli, B., Singer, G.H.S., Di Venere, N., and Ginsberg, C.P.L.E., 1998, ‘Participatory Action Research: Reflections on Critical Incidents in a PAR Project’, JASH,Vol. 23, pp. 211-222.
Steyn, S., 2010, The Millenium Development Goals as a Conceptual Framework for Ena- bling and Evaluating Community Engagement, African Education Review.
Strauss, A.L. and Corbin, J., 1998, Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Proce- dures for Developing Grounded Theory, Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Unisa., 2008, Unisa Community Engagement and Outreach Policy, Pretoria: Unisa.
Van Dijk, T. A., 1997, ‘The Study of Discourse’, in T.A.Van Dijk, (ed.), Discourse as Structure and Process (pp. 1-34), London: Sage Publications.
White, G.W., Suchowierska, M. and Campbell, M., 2004, ‘Developing and Systemati- cally Implementing Participatory Action Research’, Arch Phys Med Rehabll, Vol. 85, pp. 3-12.
Wiber, M., Berkes, F., Charles, A. and Kearney, J., 2004, ‘Participatory Research Supporting Community-based Fishery Management’, Marine Policy, Vol. 28, pp. 459-468.