2 - Makerere’s Myths, Makerere’s History: A Retrospect
Revue de l’enseignement supérieur en Afrique,
Vol. 6 No 1 (2008): Revue de l’enseignement supérieur en Afrique
Résumé
Issu de l’expérience de l’auteur de relater le cas de Makerere, ce document exa- mine la façon dont les mythes qui se sont développés autour de l’université au cours des quatre-vingt cinq ans depuis sa fondation ont embrouillé une vision claire de l’institution en évolution. C’est ce que le document définit comme « une université en Afrique » plutôt qu’« une université africaine ». Le premier mythe, d’un paradis égalitaire dont bénéficient les étudiants entièrement pris en charge, est remis en question, même à l’époque de son apogée, par les intellectuels des années 1960 désillusionnés par l’échec de réaliser le défunt rêve colonial. A la suite de la tourmente des années 1970–1980, un mythe variant a déclaré que les nouvelles de financement ont rendu Makerere plus égalitaire. Les adeptes de ce mythe déclaraient que quiconque ayant les qualités requises pour l’admission pou- vaient s’inscrire; cependant, étant donné que les bourses du gouvernement étaient allouées à des proportions d’étudiants de plus en plus réduites, seuls ceux qui se procuraient des ressources pouvaient bénéficier de l’accès théoriquement élargi. Après avoir remis en question la signification du qualificatif « Africain » dans un contexte sociopolitique encore fortement parfumé par l’influence étrangère, le document propose de considérer les défis que pourraient rencontrer les chercheurs qui écrivent sur les universités africaines : défis qui varient selon que le chercheur est autochtone ou étranger. Le document se termine sur la question de savoir ce que les universitaires Africains peuvent faire pour débarrasser Makerere des maux qui menacent sa santé institutionnelle.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- Ahimbisibwe, Fortunate, 2007, ‘Makerere Drops on Continental Ranking’, New Vision, 24 April (online edition).
- Beyaraza, Ernest K, 2000, The African Concept of Time: A comparative study of various theories Kampala: Makerere University Press.
- Businge, Gerald, and Anne Mugisa, 2003, ‘Women Eye Makerere Top Office’ New Vision, 30 August (online edition).
- Byaruhanga, Frederick Kamuhanda, 2006, Student Power in Africa’s Higher Edu- cation: A case of Makerere University, New York and London: Routledge Canagarajah, A. Suresh, 2002, A Geopolitics of Academic Writing. Pittsburgh: Univ. of Pittsburgh Press.
- Court, David, 1975, ‘The Experience of Higher Education in East Africa: The University of Dar es Salaam as a new model?’, Comparative Education 11.3:193-218.
- Dinwiddy, Hugh P., 1980, ‘Return to Northcote: 13th of August–3rd of September 1980’ .Typescript. Eremu, John, 2004, ‘Rockefeller Boss Hails Makerere’, New Vision, 29 March (online edition).
- Fehnel, Richard, 2003, ‘Massification and Future Trends in African Higher Edu- cation’, In Teferra and Altbach, 73-81.
- Foster, Paul, 1961, White to Move?: A portrait of East Africa today. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode. Goldthorpe, J. E., 1965, An African Elite: Makerere College students 1922–1960.
- Nairobi: Oxford University Press for EAISR.
- Gumisiriza, Mwesigye, 2007, ‘Makerere Replies to Presidential Probe’, Monitor 31 May (online edition).
- Izama, Angelo, Evelyn Lirri, and Steven Kibuuka, 2006, ‘Govt Locks Out Strik- ing Lecturers’, Monitor, 14 November (online edition).
- Juma, Calestous, and Bob Bell, Jr., 2006, ‘Let’s Declare a State of Ecological Emergency’, Monitor, 12 November (online edition).
- Kasasira, Risdel, 2007, ‘Report Pins Mak on Exam Malpractice’, Monitor, 19 January (online edition).
- Kasozi, A.B.K., 2003, University Education in Uganda: Challenges and oppor- tunities for reform. Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
- Kibuuka, Steven, 2007, ‘Donors Threaten to Cut Aid to Makerere University’, Monitor, 13 May (online edition).
- Kigotho, Wachira, and Burton Bollag, 2002, ‘A Tale of Rebirth: Makerere U. survived a dictator’s reign and is thriving again’, Chronicle of Higher Educa- tion, 12 July: A41.
- Kwesiga, Joy C., and Josephine Ahikire, 2006, ‘On Student Access and Equity in a Reforming University: Makerere in the 1990s and beyond’, Journal of Higher Education in Africa 4.2: 1-46.
- Kunguru, Martin P., 1969, ‘Expatriate Scapegoats’, Makererean, 19 March.:4. LaDuke, Betty, 1991, Africa Through the Eyes of Women Artists, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
- Lirri, Evelyn, 2006, ‘Makerere Strike: Will the lecturers’ spirit crack?’, Monitor, 12 December (online edition).
- Macpherson, Margaret, 1964, They Built for the Future: A chronicle of Makerere University College, 1922–1962, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Madamombe, Itai, 2006, ‘African Expatriates Look Homeward: Skilled profes- sionals answer NEPAD call to lend expertise’, African Renewal 20.3: 12, 16. Mamdani, Mahmood, 2007, Scholars in the Marketplace: The dilemmas of neo- liberal reforms at Makerere University 1989–2005, Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
- Mang’enya, E.A.M., 1984, Discipline and Tears: Reminiscences of an African civil servant on [sic] colonial Tanganyika, Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam University Press.
- Maxwell, I.C.M., 1980, Universities in Partnership: The Inter-University Coun- cil and the growth of higher education in developing countries 1946–70, Ed- inburgh: Scottish Academic Press.
- Mbowa, Rose, 1996, ‘Theatre and Political Repression in Uganda’, Research in African Literatures 27:3: 97-97.
- Muhumuza, Rodney, 2007a, ‘Makerere on the Spot over Shs7b’, Monitor, 8 May (online edition).
- Muhumuza, Rodney, 2007b, ‘Mak Research Potential Comes under Scrutiny’, Monitor, 6 June (online edition).
- Muhumuza, Rodney and Steven Kibuuka, 2006, ‘Lecturers Call off Makerere strike’, Monitor, 21 December (online edition).
- Mushanga, Musa, 1970, ‘Education and Frustration’, East African Journal, 7.2: 39-46.
- Musinguzi, Bamuturaki, 2006, ‘Maka Helps Girls to Stay in School’, Monitor, 12 December (online edition).
- Musisi, Nakanyike B., 2003, ‘Uganda’, In Teferra and Altbach, 611-23.
- Musisi, Nakanyike B., and Nansozi K. Muwanga. 2000, ‘Makerere University in Transition 1993 2000: Opportunities & challenges’, Report jointly funded by the Rockefeller Foundation and Carnegie Corporation, Kampala: MISR.
- Musisi, Nakanyike B., and Nansozi K. Muwanga, 2003, Makerere University in Transition 1993–2000: Opportunities & challenges, Oxford: James Currey; Kampala: Fountain.
- Mutaizibwa, Emma, 2006, ‘Mak Asks Museveni to Ignore Court on Mubs’, Moni- tor, 2 November (online edition).
- Muyita, Solomon. 2006, ‘Mubs Listed as Independent’, Daily Monitor, 26 Octo- ber (online edition).
- Mwambungu, Osija, 1975, Veneer of Love, Kampala, Nairobi, and Dar es Sa- laam: East African Literature Bureau.
- Na abo-Ssewanyana, Sarah, 1999, ‘Statistical Data: The underestimated tool for higher education management’, Higher Education 37: 259-79.
- Natabaalo, Grace, 2006, ‘Mak Criticises Mamdani Book’, Daily Monitor, 20 De- cember (online edition).
- Nazareth, Peter, 1990, Interview by Carol Sicherman, Iowa City, Iowa, 2 June. Nuwagaba, Augustus, 2006, ‘It’s Not Yet Late for Makerere to Redeem Herself’, Daily Monitor, 31 August (online edition).
- Nyanzi, Peter, 2005, ‘President Backtracks on Lecturers’ Pay’, Monitor, 18 June (online edition).
- Oculi, Okello, 1968, ‘Ignorant Elites: Africa’s threat’, East African Journal 5.10: 25-32.
- Okello, Joseph, 1966, ‘Africanization and the University’, Makererean, 22 Janu- ary: 3.
- Paracka, Daniel J., 2003, The Athens of West Africa: A history of international education at Fourah Bay College, Freetown, Sierra Leone. New York and London: Routledge.
- Prah, K.K., 1989, The Art of Musoke: An appreciation, [Nairobi?: K.K. Prah.] Ruheni, Mwangi, 1978, The Future Leaders. 1973. Nairobi: Heinemann Kenya. Sawyerr, Akilagpa, 2004, ‘Challenges Facing African Universities: Some issues’, African Studies Review 47.1: 1-59.
- Serumaga, Robert, 1970, Return to the Shadows. 1969, African Writers Series, London: Heinemann Educational Books.
- Sicherman, Carol, 2001/2002, ‘Makerere and the Beginnings of Higher Educa- tion for East Africans’, Ufahamu 29.1: 91-120.
- Sicherman, Carol, 2005, Becoming an African University: Makerere 1922–2000, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press; Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
- Siringi, Samuel, 2006, ‘State Gave Sh1.8bn to Fund Salary Increases’, Daily Na- tion, 30 October (online edition).
- Stuart, Donald, 1965, ‘Xanadu Uganda’, Review of Margaret Macpherson, They Built for the Future New African 4.3: 72.
- Swai, Bonaventure, 1980, ‘An Inquiry into the Idea of the African University’, Taamuli 10.1: 32-54.
- Teferra, Damtew, and Philip G. Altbach, eds., 2003, African Higher Education: An international reference handbook. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Tusubira, Francis Frederick, 2005, ‘Supporting University ICT Developments: The Makerere University experience’, Africa Development 30.1-2: 86-97.
- Wanambwa, Richard, 2007, ‘Makerere Leads in Research, says Luboobi’, Inter- view with Livingstone Luboobi, Monitor, 28 July (online edition).
- Wandira, Asavia, 1970, ‘Fashion in Education in Uganda’, Inaugural Lecture delivered at Makerere on 30 July, 1970, Makerere University Archives, UK2.W3.
- Wangusa, Timothy, 1989, Upon this Mountain, Oxford: Heinemann International.
Les références
Ahimbisibwe, Fortunate, 2007, ‘Makerere Drops on Continental Ranking’, New Vision, 24 April (online edition).
Beyaraza, Ernest K, 2000, The African Concept of Time: A comparative study of various theories Kampala: Makerere University Press.
Businge, Gerald, and Anne Mugisa, 2003, ‘Women Eye Makerere Top Office’ New Vision, 30 August (online edition).
Byaruhanga, Frederick Kamuhanda, 2006, Student Power in Africa’s Higher Edu- cation: A case of Makerere University, New York and London: Routledge Canagarajah, A. Suresh, 2002, A Geopolitics of Academic Writing. Pittsburgh: Univ. of Pittsburgh Press.
Court, David, 1975, ‘The Experience of Higher Education in East Africa: The University of Dar es Salaam as a new model?’, Comparative Education 11.3:193-218.
Dinwiddy, Hugh P., 1980, ‘Return to Northcote: 13th of August–3rd of September 1980’ .Typescript. Eremu, John, 2004, ‘Rockefeller Boss Hails Makerere’, New Vision, 29 March (online edition).
Fehnel, Richard, 2003, ‘Massification and Future Trends in African Higher Edu- cation’, In Teferra and Altbach, 73-81.
Foster, Paul, 1961, White to Move?: A portrait of East Africa today. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode. Goldthorpe, J. E., 1965, An African Elite: Makerere College students 1922–1960.
Nairobi: Oxford University Press for EAISR.
Gumisiriza, Mwesigye, 2007, ‘Makerere Replies to Presidential Probe’, Monitor 31 May (online edition).
Izama, Angelo, Evelyn Lirri, and Steven Kibuuka, 2006, ‘Govt Locks Out Strik- ing Lecturers’, Monitor, 14 November (online edition).
Juma, Calestous, and Bob Bell, Jr., 2006, ‘Let’s Declare a State of Ecological Emergency’, Monitor, 12 November (online edition).
Kasasira, Risdel, 2007, ‘Report Pins Mak on Exam Malpractice’, Monitor, 19 January (online edition).
Kasozi, A.B.K., 2003, University Education in Uganda: Challenges and oppor- tunities for reform. Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
Kibuuka, Steven, 2007, ‘Donors Threaten to Cut Aid to Makerere University’, Monitor, 13 May (online edition).
Kigotho, Wachira, and Burton Bollag, 2002, ‘A Tale of Rebirth: Makerere U. survived a dictator’s reign and is thriving again’, Chronicle of Higher Educa- tion, 12 July: A41.
Kwesiga, Joy C., and Josephine Ahikire, 2006, ‘On Student Access and Equity in a Reforming University: Makerere in the 1990s and beyond’, Journal of Higher Education in Africa 4.2: 1-46.
Kunguru, Martin P., 1969, ‘Expatriate Scapegoats’, Makererean, 19 March.:4. LaDuke, Betty, 1991, Africa Through the Eyes of Women Artists, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
Lirri, Evelyn, 2006, ‘Makerere Strike: Will the lecturers’ spirit crack?’, Monitor, 12 December (online edition).
Macpherson, Margaret, 1964, They Built for the Future: A chronicle of Makerere University College, 1922–1962, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Madamombe, Itai, 2006, ‘African Expatriates Look Homeward: Skilled profes- sionals answer NEPAD call to lend expertise’, African Renewal 20.3: 12, 16. Mamdani, Mahmood, 2007, Scholars in the Marketplace: The dilemmas of neo- liberal reforms at Makerere University 1989–2005, Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
Mang’enya, E.A.M., 1984, Discipline and Tears: Reminiscences of an African civil servant on [sic] colonial Tanganyika, Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam University Press.
Maxwell, I.C.M., 1980, Universities in Partnership: The Inter-University Coun- cil and the growth of higher education in developing countries 1946–70, Ed- inburgh: Scottish Academic Press.
Mbowa, Rose, 1996, ‘Theatre and Political Repression in Uganda’, Research in African Literatures 27:3: 97-97.
Muhumuza, Rodney, 2007a, ‘Makerere on the Spot over Shs7b’, Monitor, 8 May (online edition).
Muhumuza, Rodney, 2007b, ‘Mak Research Potential Comes under Scrutiny’, Monitor, 6 June (online edition).
Muhumuza, Rodney and Steven Kibuuka, 2006, ‘Lecturers Call off Makerere strike’, Monitor, 21 December (online edition).
Mushanga, Musa, 1970, ‘Education and Frustration’, East African Journal, 7.2: 39-46.
Musinguzi, Bamuturaki, 2006, ‘Maka Helps Girls to Stay in School’, Monitor, 12 December (online edition).
Musisi, Nakanyike B., 2003, ‘Uganda’, In Teferra and Altbach, 611-23.
Musisi, Nakanyike B., and Nansozi K. Muwanga. 2000, ‘Makerere University in Transition 1993 2000: Opportunities & challenges’, Report jointly funded by the Rockefeller Foundation and Carnegie Corporation, Kampala: MISR.
Musisi, Nakanyike B., and Nansozi K. Muwanga, 2003, Makerere University in Transition 1993–2000: Opportunities & challenges, Oxford: James Currey; Kampala: Fountain.
Mutaizibwa, Emma, 2006, ‘Mak Asks Museveni to Ignore Court on Mubs’, Moni- tor, 2 November (online edition).
Muyita, Solomon. 2006, ‘Mubs Listed as Independent’, Daily Monitor, 26 Octo- ber (online edition).
Mwambungu, Osija, 1975, Veneer of Love, Kampala, Nairobi, and Dar es Sa- laam: East African Literature Bureau.
Na abo-Ssewanyana, Sarah, 1999, ‘Statistical Data: The underestimated tool for higher education management’, Higher Education 37: 259-79.
Natabaalo, Grace, 2006, ‘Mak Criticises Mamdani Book’, Daily Monitor, 20 De- cember (online edition).
Nazareth, Peter, 1990, Interview by Carol Sicherman, Iowa City, Iowa, 2 June. Nuwagaba, Augustus, 2006, ‘It’s Not Yet Late for Makerere to Redeem Herself’, Daily Monitor, 31 August (online edition).
Nyanzi, Peter, 2005, ‘President Backtracks on Lecturers’ Pay’, Monitor, 18 June (online edition).
Oculi, Okello, 1968, ‘Ignorant Elites: Africa’s threat’, East African Journal 5.10: 25-32.
Okello, Joseph, 1966, ‘Africanization and the University’, Makererean, 22 Janu- ary: 3.
Paracka, Daniel J., 2003, The Athens of West Africa: A history of international education at Fourah Bay College, Freetown, Sierra Leone. New York and London: Routledge.
Prah, K.K., 1989, The Art of Musoke: An appreciation, [Nairobi?: K.K. Prah.] Ruheni, Mwangi, 1978, The Future Leaders. 1973. Nairobi: Heinemann Kenya. Sawyerr, Akilagpa, 2004, ‘Challenges Facing African Universities: Some issues’, African Studies Review 47.1: 1-59.
Serumaga, Robert, 1970, Return to the Shadows. 1969, African Writers Series, London: Heinemann Educational Books.
Sicherman, Carol, 2001/2002, ‘Makerere and the Beginnings of Higher Educa- tion for East Africans’, Ufahamu 29.1: 91-120.
Sicherman, Carol, 2005, Becoming an African University: Makerere 1922–2000, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press; Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
Siringi, Samuel, 2006, ‘State Gave Sh1.8bn to Fund Salary Increases’, Daily Na- tion, 30 October (online edition).
Stuart, Donald, 1965, ‘Xanadu Uganda’, Review of Margaret Macpherson, They Built for the Future New African 4.3: 72.
Swai, Bonaventure, 1980, ‘An Inquiry into the Idea of the African University’, Taamuli 10.1: 32-54.
Teferra, Damtew, and Philip G. Altbach, eds., 2003, African Higher Education: An international reference handbook. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Tusubira, Francis Frederick, 2005, ‘Supporting University ICT Developments: The Makerere University experience’, Africa Development 30.1-2: 86-97.
Wanambwa, Richard, 2007, ‘Makerere Leads in Research, says Luboobi’, Inter- view with Livingstone Luboobi, Monitor, 28 July (online edition).
Wandira, Asavia, 1970, ‘Fashion in Education in Uganda’, Inaugural Lecture delivered at Makerere on 30 July, 1970, Makerere University Archives, UK2.W3.
Wangusa, Timothy, 1989, Upon this Mountain, Oxford: Heinemann International.