4 - African Diaspora and its Multiple Academic Affiliations: Curtailing Brain Drain in African Higher Education through Translocal Academic Engagemen
Corresponding Author(s) : Patrício V. Langa
Journal of Higher Education in Africa,
Vol. 16 No. 1-2 (2018): Journal of Higher Education in Africa: Special Issue on Scholars on the Move: Reclaiming the African Diaspora to Support African Higher Education
Abstract
Scholars with multiple affiliations have become more visible by assuming their particular role in redressing global knowledge production inequities. This article explores multiple academic affiliations (MAAs) as one way to curb the effects of brain drain, particularly in African universities. It argues that MAAs, is an effective way to reverse the effects of brain drain and promote brain circulation and sharing. The article proposes the concept of translocal academic engagement (TLAE) as a form of international academic exchange and brain-sharing which is not limited to physical mobility (circulation) from one geographical location to the other, but which includes virtual exchange and knowledge-sharing through blended learning delivery methods, e-pedagogies and the use of digital communication technology platforms such as Communities of Practice. The article concludes by suggesting that MAAs, if properly managed, can be a success factor in TLAE activities, particularly in the age of Web 4.0, in mitigating or shifting currently dominating knowledge production flows. TLAE offers possibilities for a win-win situation of academic exchange between higher education institutions in emerging systems.
Keywords
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- Abramo, G., D’Angelo, C.A., and Di Costa, F., 2009, ‘Research Collaboration and Productivity: Is There Correlation?’, Higher Education, Vol. 57, No. 2, pp. 155–171.
- Adams, R.H., Jr., 2003, International Migration, Remittances, and the Brain Drain: A Study of 24 Labor-Exporting Countries, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3069, June. Available online at https://ssrn.com/abstract=636431
- Altbach, P.G., 2004, ‘Globalization and the University: Realities in an Unequal World’, Tertiary Education and Management, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 3–25.
- Altbach, P.G., and Knight, J., 2007, ‘The Internationalization of Higher Education: Motivations and Realities’, Journal of Studies in International Education, Vol. 11, No. 3–4, pp. 290–305.
- Altbach, P.G., Reisberg, L., and Rumbley, L.E., 2009, Trends in Global Higher Education: Tracking an Academic Revolution, UNESCO Report, World Conference on Higher Education, Paris, 5–8 July.
- Anonymous, `Brain drain in Africa: Facts & Figures`. Available online at http://www.aracorporation.org/files/factsandfigures.pdf
- April, G., 1998, ‘The New Diaspora-African Immigration to the United States’, Journal of Third World Studies, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 80–81.
- Arimoto, A., 2010, ‘Differentiation and Integration of Research, Teaching and Learning in the Knowledge Society: From the Perspective of Japan’, in RIHE, ed., The Changing Academic Profession in International and Quantitative Perspectives: A Focus on Teaching & Research Activities: Report of the International Conference on the Changing Academic Profession Project 2010, RIHE International Seminar Reports 15, Hiroshima: Hiroshima University. pp. 1–28.
- Avci, U., and Askar1 ,P., 2012, ‘The Comparison of the Opinions of the University Students onthe Usage of Blog and Wiki for Their Courses’, Educational Technology & Society, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 194–205.
- Balbachevsky, E., Schwartzman, S., Novaes Alves, N., Felgueiras dos Santos, D.F., and Birkholz Duarte, T.S., 2008, ‘Brazilian Academic Profession: Some Recent Trends’, in RIHE, ed., The Changing Academic Profession in International Comparative and Quantitative Perspectives, RIHE International Seminar Reports 12, Hiroshima: Hiroshima University. pp. 2–25.
- Barka, B, L., 2000, Keynote Address, Regional Conference on Brain Drain and Capacity Building in Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 22-24 February 2000.
- Berk, R.A., 2009, ‘Multimedia Teaching with Video Clips: TV, Movies, YouTube and mtvU in the College Classroom’, International Journal of Technology in Teaching and Learning, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 1–21.
- Bologna Declaration, 1999, Joint Declaration of the European Ministers of Education. Available online at http://www.magna-charta.org/resources/files/BOLOGNA_DECLARATION.pdf
- Boyo,T.M.,2013.TheAfricanBrainDrainandtheSocialimpactofSkilledMigration A thesis submittedinconformity withthe requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Graduate Department of Sociology and Equity Studies in Education Ontario Institute for Studies in Education University of Toronto. Available online at https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/67240/1/Boyo_Toritseju_M_201311_MA_thesis%20.pdf
- Brennan, J., 2006, ‘The Changing Academic Profession: The Driving Forces’, in RIHE, ed., Reports of Changing Academic Profession Project Workshop on Quality, Relevance and Governance in the Changing Academia: International Perspectives, COE Publication Series 20, Hiroshima: Hiroshima University. pp. 37–44.
- Capuano, S & Marfouk, A., 2013, African Brain Drain and Its Impact on Source Countries: What Do We Know and What Do We Need to Know?, Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 15:4, 297-314.
- Castells, M., 2010, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Volume 1: The Rise of the Network Society, Oxford: Blackwell.
- Chukwudum Oforka, V. (2015) The Bleeding Continent: How Africa Became Impoverished and Why It Remains Poor. Xlibris.
- Commander, S., Kangasniemi, M., and Winters, L.A., 2004, ‘The Brain Drain: Curseor Boon? A Survey of the Literature’, in Robert E. Baldwin and L. Alan Winters, eds, Challenges to Globalization: Analyzing the Economics, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 235–278.
- Cummings, W.K., and Arimoto, A., eds, 2011, The Changing Academy – The Changing Academic Profession in International Comparative Perspective, Vol. 8, Dordrecht: Springer.
- Deen, T., 1999, Development – Africa: Best and Brightest Head West, IPS, 10 February. Available online at http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/30/098.html
- Docquier, F., Marfouk, A., Özden, C. and Parsons, C., 2011, Geographic, Gender and Skill Structure of International Migration, Mimeo, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium.
- Downes, S., 2007, What Connectivism Is Half an Hour, 3 February. Available online at https://halfanhour.blogspot.com/2007/02/what-connectivism-is.html
- ECOSOC (United Nations Economic and Social Council), 2008, Trends in South–South and Triangular Development Cooperation, background study for the Development Cooperation Forum. Available online at http://www.impactalliance.org/ev_en.php?ID=48433_201&ID2=DO_TOPIC
- ESF (European Science Foundation), 2013, ‘New Concepts of Researcher Mobility – a Comprehensive Approach Including Combined/Part-Time Positions’, Science Policy Briefing 49, Strasbourg: ESF.
- Finkelstein, M.J., Walker, E., and Chen, R., 2009, ‘USA. The Internationalization of the American Faculty: Where Are We, What Drives or Deters Us?’, in RIHE, ed., The Changing Academic Profession over 1992–2007: International, Comparative and Quantitative Perspectives, RIHE International Seminar Reports 13, Hiroshima: Hiroshima University. pp. 113–144.
- Fourie-Malherbe, M., Botha, J., and Stevens, D., 2016, ‘The Rationale, Challenges and Benefits of Joint Degrees as a New Form of Doctoral Education’, in M. Fourie- Malherbe, C. Aitchison, E. Blitzer and R. Albertyn, eds, Postgraduate Supervision: Future Foci for the Knowledge Society, Stellenbosch: SUN press. pp. 313–333.
- Gacel-Ávila, J., 2009, Joint and Double Degree Programmes in Latin America: Patterns and Trends, Observatory on Borderless Higher Education Report, London: OBHE.
- Gamlen, A., 2006, Diaspora Engagement Policies: What Are They, and What Kinds of States Use Them? Centre on Migration, Policy and Society Working Paper 32, Oxford: COMPAS.
- Gamlen, A., 2008, Why Engage Diasporas? Centre on Migration, Policy and Society Working Paper 63, Oxford: COMPAS.
- Giannoccolo, P., 2009, The Brain Drain: A Survey of the Literature, 7 April, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Department of Statistics, Working Paper 2006-03-02. Available online at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1374329 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1374329
- Giannoccolo, P., 2010a, ‘From Brain Drain to Brain Gain: How the High Skilled Migration Literature Evolved’, Sistema Economico, Vol. 2, pp. 25–65.
- Giannoccolo, P., 2010b, ‘Brain Drain and Fiscal Competition: A Theoretical Model for Europe’, International Journal of Economics, Vol. 4, No. 1, June 2010 (no pagination).
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- Henkel, M., 2007, ‘Shifting Boundaries and the Academic Profession’, in M. Kogan and U. Teichler, eds, Key Challenges to the Academic Profession, Kassel: Werkstattberichte-65/International Centre for Higher Education Research Kassel. pp. 191–204.
- Higgs, P., Higgs, L.G., Ntshoe, I., and Wolhuter, C.L., 2010, ‘Teaching and Research in Higher Education in South Africa: Transformation Issues’, in RIHE, ed., The Changing Academic Profession in International and Quantitative Perspectives: A Focus on Teaching & Research Activities: Report of the International Conference on the Changing Academic Profession Project 2010, RIHE International Seminar Reports 15, Hiroshima: Hiroshima University. pp. 87–100.
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- Ite, U.E., 2002, ‘Turning Brain Drain into Brain Gain: Personal Reflections on Using the Diaspora Option’. African Issues, 30(1), 76-80.
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- Langa, P.V., 2010, Disciplines and Engagementin African Universities: AStudyofthe Distribution of Scientific Capital and
- Academic Networking in the Social Sciences, PhD thesis, University of Cape Town.
- Mamdani, M., 2007, Scholars in the Marketplace: The Dilemmas of Neo-Liberal Reform at Makerere University, 1989–2005, Dakar: CODESRIA.
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- Mensa-Bonsu, I.F., and Adjei, E., 2007, Background Paper – Annex IV: Towards an Institutional Framework for Coherent Migration and Development Policy Planning in Developing Countries: The Case of Ghana, Brussels: Global Forum on Migration and Development
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References
Abramo, G., D’Angelo, C.A., and Di Costa, F., 2009, ‘Research Collaboration and Productivity: Is There Correlation?’, Higher Education, Vol. 57, No. 2, pp. 155–171.
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Arimoto, A., 2010, ‘Differentiation and Integration of Research, Teaching and Learning in the Knowledge Society: From the Perspective of Japan’, in RIHE, ed., The Changing Academic Profession in International and Quantitative Perspectives: A Focus on Teaching & Research Activities: Report of the International Conference on the Changing Academic Profession Project 2010, RIHE International Seminar Reports 15, Hiroshima: Hiroshima University. pp. 1–28.
Avci, U., and Askar1 ,P., 2012, ‘The Comparison of the Opinions of the University Students onthe Usage of Blog and Wiki for Their Courses’, Educational Technology & Society, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 194–205.
Balbachevsky, E., Schwartzman, S., Novaes Alves, N., Felgueiras dos Santos, D.F., and Birkholz Duarte, T.S., 2008, ‘Brazilian Academic Profession: Some Recent Trends’, in RIHE, ed., The Changing Academic Profession in International Comparative and Quantitative Perspectives, RIHE International Seminar Reports 12, Hiroshima: Hiroshima University. pp. 2–25.
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Capuano, S & Marfouk, A., 2013, African Brain Drain and Its Impact on Source Countries: What Do We Know and What Do We Need to Know?, Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 15:4, 297-314.
Castells, M., 2010, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Volume 1: The Rise of the Network Society, Oxford: Blackwell.
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ESF (European Science Foundation), 2013, ‘New Concepts of Researcher Mobility – a Comprehensive Approach Including Combined/Part-Time Positions’, Science Policy Briefing 49, Strasbourg: ESF.
Finkelstein, M.J., Walker, E., and Chen, R., 2009, ‘USA. The Internationalization of the American Faculty: Where Are We, What Drives or Deters Us?’, in RIHE, ed., The Changing Academic Profession over 1992–2007: International, Comparative and Quantitative Perspectives, RIHE International Seminar Reports 13, Hiroshima: Hiroshima University. pp. 113–144.
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Gacel-Ávila, J., 2009, Joint and Double Degree Programmes in Latin America: Patterns and Trends, Observatory on Borderless Higher Education Report, London: OBHE.
Gamlen, A., 2006, Diaspora Engagement Policies: What Are They, and What Kinds of States Use Them? Centre on Migration, Policy and Society Working Paper 32, Oxford: COMPAS.
Gamlen, A., 2008, Why Engage Diasporas? Centre on Migration, Policy and Society Working Paper 63, Oxford: COMPAS.
Giannoccolo, P., 2009, The Brain Drain: A Survey of the Literature, 7 April, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Department of Statistics, Working Paper 2006-03-02. Available online at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1374329 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1374329
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Giannoccolo, P., 2010b, ‘Brain Drain and Fiscal Competition: A Theoretical Model for Europe’, International Journal of Economics, Vol. 4, No. 1, June 2010 (no pagination).
Harman, G., and Meek, L.V., 2007, ‘Australia: Adjustment to the New Management and Entrepreneurial Environment’, in W. Locke and U. Teichler, eds, The Changing Conditions for Academic Work and Careers in Select Countries, Kassel: Werkstattberichte-66/International Centre for Higher Education Research Kassel. pp. 127–146.
Henkel, M., 2007, ‘Shifting Boundaries and the Academic Profession’, in M. Kogan and U. Teichler, eds, Key Challenges to the Academic Profession, Kassel: Werkstattberichte-65/International Centre for Higher Education Research Kassel. pp. 191–204.
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Höhle, E., and Teichler, U., 2011, ‘Is There an Asian Academic Profession? Common and Diverse Features in Comparative Perspective’, in RIHE, ed., The Changing Academic Profession in Asia: Contexts, Realities and Trends: Report of the International Conference on the Changing Academic Profession Project 2011, RIHE International Seminar Reports 17, Hiroshima: Hiroshima University. pp. 79–96.
Hottenrott, H., and Lawson, C., 2017, ‘A First Look at Multiple Institutional Affiliations:A Study of Authors in Germany, Japan and the UK’, Scientometrics, Vol. 111, pp. 285–295. doi 10.1007/s11192-017-2257-6.
Ite, U.E., 2002, ‘Turning Brain Drain into Brain Gain: Personal Reflections on Using the Diaspora Option’. African Issues, 30(1), 76-80.
Jöns, H., Mavroudi, E., and Heffernan, M., 2014, Mobilising the Elective Diaspora: US-German Academic Exchange since 1945, Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers). Available online at https://rgs-ibg.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/tran.12062
Kalitanyi, V., and Visser, K., 2010, ‘African Immigrants in South Africa: Job Takers or Job Creators?’, The South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 347–389.
Kamola, A.I., 2011, ‘Pursuing Excellence in a World Class African University’: The Mamdani Affair and the Politics of Global Higher Education, JHEA/RESA, Vol. 9, Nos 1&2, pp. 147–168.
Kerr, D., and Mapange, J., 2002, ‘Academic Freedom and the University of Malawi’, African Studies Review, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 73–91.
Kwiek, M., 2018, ‘International Research Collaboration and International Research Orientation: Comparative Findings about European Academics’, Journal of Studies in International Education, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 136–160.
Kyvik, S., and Reymerton, I., 2017, ‘Research Collaboration in Groups and Networks: Differences across Academic Fields’, Scientometrics, Vol. 113, pp. 951–967.
Langa, P.V., 2010, Disciplines and Engagementin African Universities: AStudyofthe Distribution of Scientific Capital and
Academic Networking in the Social Sciences, PhD thesis, University of Cape Town.
Mamdani, M., 2007, Scholars in the Marketplace: The Dilemmas of Neo-Liberal Reform at Makerere University, 1989–2005, Dakar: CODESRIA.
Mamdani, M., 2016, ‘Between the Public Intellectual and the Scholar: Decolonization and Some Post-Independence Initiatives in African Higher Education’, Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 68–83.
Mbiba, B., 2012, ‘Zimbabwean Diaspora Politics in Britain: Insights from the Cathedral Moment’, Common Wealth and Comparative Politics, Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 226–252.
Mensa-Bonsu, I.F., and Adjei, E., 2007, Background Paper – Annex IV: Towards an Institutional Framework for Coherent Migration and Development Policy Planning in Developing Countries: The Case of Ghana, Brussels: Global Forum on Migration and Development
Mohamoud, A.A (2005). Reversing the Brain Drain in Africa: Harnessing the intellectual capital of diaspora for Knowledge development in Africa. Available online at https://www.diaspora-centre.org/DOCS/Reversingthebraind.pdf
Mohan, G., 2008, ‘Making Neoliberal States of Development: The Ghanaian Diaspora and the Politics of Homelands’, Environment and Planning: Society and Space, Vol. 26, pp. 464–479.
OBHE (Observatory on Borderless Higher Education), 2001–10, News headlines. Available online at http://www.obhe.ac.uk/what_we_do/news_archive/_news_archive
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