2 - Analysis of the Emergence and Development of Private Universities in Nigeria* (1999–2006)
Journal of Higher Education in Africa,
Vol. 5 No. 2-3 (2007): Journal of Higher Education in Africa
Abstract
One of the devastating consequences of the prolonged period of military dictator- ship in Nigeria is the non-development of a private higher education system. How- ever, with the emergence of democratic rule in 1999 and the liberalization of higher education, there has been a surge in the provision of private higher educa- tion. From a modest number of three pioneer private universities in 1999, there were 23 licensed private universities as at June 2005. This article provides an assessment of the development of these universities using the older ones as the basis of empirical analysis. Also, based on the available evidence, the article con- cludes that private universities are currently setting the pace, and serving as a source of positive challenge to the public universities, thereby providing the much- needed healthy competitive environment for the future growth and diversification of the entire higher education system in Nigeria.
Keywords
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- ABTI-American University of Nigeria (AAUN), 2006, ‘People at AAUN’, from http://www.abti-american.edu.ng/people.htm.
- Abubakar, M., 2005, ‘Why Private Universities Are Necessary, Relevant, by Idachaba’, Guardian Newspapers, from http://www.guardiannewsngr.com/ education/article04.
- Adenipekun, O., 2006, ‘New Pension Scheme Forces Professors out of Public Universities’, Vanguard, February 9.
- Altbach, P. G., 1998, ‘Private Higher Education: Themes and Variations in Com- parative Perspective’, International Higher Education, 10 (1), from http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/av p/soe/ cihe/newsletter/News10/text1.html.
- Altbach, P. G., 2000, ‘Private Higher Education: The Public Responsibilities and Relationships of Private Post-Secondary Institutions’, in Wang, Y. (ed.): Pub- lic–Private Partnerships in the Social Sector: Issues and Country Experiences in Asia and the Pacific, Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI Publishing).
- Altbach, P. G., 2002, ‘The Private Sector in Asian Higher Education’, Interna- tional Higher Education, 29 (6), from http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/ newsletter/News29/text006htm.
- Altbach, P. G., 2004, ‘Globalization and the University: Myths and Realities in an Unequal World’, Tertiary Education and Management, No. 1, from http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe /publications/pub_pdf/Globalization.pdf.
- Babalola, D. O., 2002, The Compass: The Success Story of Babcock University (One of the First Three Private Universities in Nigeria), Ikenne-Remo, Nige- ria: G. Olarotayo.
- Babcock University, Ilisan-Remo, Nigeria, 2005, About Us, from http://www.tagnet.org/babcock /trial.htm.
- Barrow, M., 1996, ‘Development in Private Post-Secondary Education in Nige- ria’, in Schofield, A. (ed.), Private Post-Secondary Education in Four Com- monwealth Countries, Paris: UNESCO.
- Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria, 2005, Who’s Who in the Private University International, from http://www.usiu.ac.ke/events/conferences/private_universites/directory/ benson.idahosa/ind.
- Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria, 2005, About BIU, from http://www.idahosauniver sity.com.
- Bernasconi, A., 2003, ‘Private Higher Education with an Academic Focus: Chile’s New Exceptionalism’, International Higher Education, No. 32, from http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/ soe/cihe/newsletter/News32/text010.htm.
- Chiahemen, T., 2005, ‘81 percent of Nigerian Varsities Programmes not Fully Accredited’, Daily Independent, May 17, from http://www.independentng.com/ news/nnmay170507.htm.
- Chiba, A., 2000, ‘Private Initiatives in the Provision of Learning Opportunities: Some Examples from Japan’, in Wang, Y. (ed.), Public–Private Partnerships in the Social Sector: Issues and Country Experiences in Asia and the Pacific, Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI Publishing).
- CODESRIA, 2005, Reforming the Nigerian Higher Education System, from http://www.pambazuka. org/index.php?id=27162.
- Covenant University, 2005a, Covenant University Matriculation Ceremony, from http://www.cove nantuniversity.com/matric.htm.
- Covenant University, 2005b, Frequently Asked Questions, from http://www.covenantuniversity.co m/faq.htm.
- Covenant University, 2005c, Interview with the Chancellor, from http://www.convenan university.com/ar.htm.
- Covenant University, 2005d, Unique Programmes @ CU, from http://www.convenan tuniversity.com/up.htm.
- Covenant University, 2005e, Update, from http://www.convenantuniversity.com/ updatenew.htm. Dambatta, N., 2005, ‘Why NUC Supports Dress Code for Nigerian Universities- Professor Okebukola’, Star Interview, Daily Trust, July 13. Abuja, from http://www.dailytrust.com/starfeature .htm.
- Etieno, W., 2004, ‘The Privatization of Kenyan Public Universities’, International Higher Education. No. 36, from http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/news- letter/News36/text007.htm.
- Geiger, R. L., 1986, Private Sectors in Higher Education: Structure, Function, and Change in Eight Countries, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
- Igbinedion University Online, 2005, ‘Igbinedion University, Okada – A Major Force in Higher Education’, from http://www.igbinedion.com/iu/founder.html. Jason, P., 1998, ‘Secret Cults Terrorize Nigerian Universities’, New Africa, April. Jibril, M., 2000, ‘An Overview of the Nigerian University System’, paper pre- sented at the Seminar for senior university Managers held at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, June 6-8.
- Levy, D. C., 2002a, ‘Private Higher Education Surprise Roles’, International Higher Education No. 27, from http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/newsletter/ News27/text005.htm.
- Levy, D. C., 2002b, ‘Commercial Private Higher Education: South Africa as a Stark Example’, Perspectives in Education, 20 (4), 29-40.
- Levy, D. C., 2003, ‘Profits and Practicality: How South Africa epitomizes the Global Surge in Commercial Private Higher Education’, PROPHE Working Paper No. 2, Program for Research on Private Higher Education (PROPHE), University at Albany, State University of New York, from http://www.albany.edu/ dept/eaps/prophe/publication/paper.html#WP2 Lohor, J., 2005, ‘Obasanjo’s Bells, 6 Other Varsities Approved’, THISDAY, June 1.
- Longe Report, 1991, ‘Higher Education in the Nineties and Beyond’, report of the Commission on the Review of Higher Education in Nigeria, Main Report. Lagos: Federal Government Printer.
- Mabizela, M., 2002, ‘The Evolution of Private Higher Education in South Af- rica’, Perspectives in Education, 20 (4), 41-52.
- Mabizela, M., 2004, ‘Whither Private Higher Education in Africa?’, International Higher Education, No. 34, from http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/news- letter/News34/text011.htm.
- Madonna University Okija, Nigeria, 2005, ‘Who’s Who in the Private University International’, from http://www.usiu.ac.ke/events/conferences/ private_universites/directory/madonna.university.
- National Universities Commission (NUC), 2006, February 20, ‘Number of Ph.Ds Produced in Nigerian University System in 2005’, NUC Monday Memo, 5 (8). Neelakantan, S., 2005, ‘India’s Supreme Court Shuts down 108 Private Universi- ties in Ruling Against a State Law’, The Chronicle of Higher Education, from http://chronicle.com/free/2005/02/2005021507n.htm.
- Nwamuo, C., 2000, Report of a Study on Private Universities in Africa, Accra- North, Ghana: Association of African Universities AAU) Obasi, I. N. & Eboh, E. C., 2001, Cost Sharing Crises in Nigerian Universities: Policy Lessons from an Empirical Study, research report submitted to the As- sociation of African Universities (AAU), Accra, Ghana, available at http:// www.aau.org/study program/notpub/OBASI.pdf.
- Obasi, I. N., 2002, The Systemic Component of Case Studies of Nigerian Univer- sities, Revised Final Report submitted to the Social Science Academy of Nige- ria under the Case Study Project on Nigerian Universities, jointly sponsored by The MacArthur, Rockefeller, Ford Foundations and The Carnegie Corpora- tion of New York.
- Obasi, I. N. & Eboh, E. C., 2004, ‘The Cost-sharing Dilemma in Nigerian Uni- versities: Empirical Lessons for Policy Adjustment’, in Zeleza, P.T. & Olukoshi, A. (eds.) African Universities in the Twenty-First Century, Dakar: CODESRIA. Obasi, I. N., 2004a, January 1, ‘Review of Higher Education Issues in 2003’, Higher Education This Week, Daily Trust, January 1, Abuja, from http://www.dailyt rust.com/education.htm (old address of website when it appeared:http://www.mtrustonline.com /education.htm).
- Obasi, I. N., 2004b, ‘Reflections on Security on Campuses’, Higher Education This Week, Daily Trust, March 4. Abuja, from http://www.dailytrust.com/ education.htm (old address of website when
- it appeared: http:// www.mtrustonline.com/dailytrust/security04032004.htm).
- Obasi, I. N., 2004c, ‘Disturbing Dimensions of Cultism’, Higher Education This Week, Daily Trust, Abuja, Thursday, September, from http://www.dailytrust.com/education.htm (old address of website when it appeared: http://www.mtrustonline.com/education.htm).
- Obasi, I. N., 2004d, ‘Towards Decent Hostel Accommodation’, Higher Education This Week, Daily Trust, March 25. Abuja, from http://gamji.com/New_Folder/ hostel25032004.htm.
- Obasi, I. N., 2005a, ‘Memo to the Political Reform Conference (1)’, Higher Edu- cation This Week, Daily Trust, March 17. Abuja, from http:// www.dailytrust.com/education.htm.
- Obasi, I.N., 2005b, ‘Memo to the Political Reform Conference (2)’, Higher Edu- cation This Week, Daily Trust, April 24. Abuja, from http://www.dailytrust.com/ education.htm.
- Obasi, I. N., 2005c, ‘Welcoming the Seven New private Varsities’, Higher Educa- tion This Week, Daily Trust, June 9. Abuja, from http://www.dailytrust.com/ education.htm.
- Obasi, I. N., 2005d, ‘Diversity of Indian Higher Education’, Higher Education Issues Abroad, Daily Champion, July 13. Lagos from http://www.champion- ewspapers.com/education/teasers.
- Obasi, I. N., 2005e, ‘The Quality of Students’ Life’, Higher Education This Week, Daily Trust, May 12. Abuja, from http://www.dailytrust.com/education.htm. Obasi, I. N., 2005f, ‘Trends in Higher Education Policy and Management: The Case of Japanese Rapid Growth in Private Higher Education System’, LONAKA. Bulletin of the Centre for Academic Development, University of Botswana, October Edition, pp. 6-10.
- Obasi, I. N., 2005g, ‘Transition in Chinese Higher Education’, Higher Education Issues Abroad, Daily Champion, May 18. Lagos.
- Ogwuche, M. & Ashamu, A., 2005, ‘EFCC Probes Obasanjo, Saturday Cham- pion. September 3. Ojedokun, L., 2005, ‘F.G. Licenses 7 more Varsities’, Daily Champion. Okebukola, P., 2002, The
- State of University Education in Nigeria, June 2. Abuja: National Universities Commission (NUC).
- Oladapo, O., 1988, ‘The Emergence of State and Private Universities’, in Na- tional Universities Commission’ (ed.), 25 Years of Centralised University Edu- cation in Nigeria, Lagos: National
- Universities Commission.
- Omunu, H., 2005, ‘NUC Sanction awaits Varsities over Admission Quota’, Daily Trust, Abuja, from http://www.dailytrust.com/news2.htm. May 24.
- Otieno, W., 2004, ‘The Privatization of Kenya Public Universities’, International Higher Education, 36, from http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/newslet- ter/News36/text007.htm.
- Oyekanmi, R. L., 2005, ‘Excitement as Seven Private Varsities Receive Licenses’, The Guardian, January 17, from http://www.guardiannewsngr.com/education/ article01.
- Oyekanmi, R. L., 2006, ‘Despite complaints by VCs, NUC insists accreditation was objective’, The Guardian, February 18, from http:// www.guardiannewsngr.com/education/article01.
- Sofola, S., 2005, ‘The Future of Public Universities’, The Guardian, August 19. from http://www.guardiannewsngr.com/editorial_opinion/article03.
- Taiwo, J., 2006, ‘NUC Stops 102 Varsity Programmes’, ThisDay, January 16. Taiwo, J. & Adoba, I., 2004, ‘NUC Suspends Applications for Private Varsities’, ThisDay News, March 2. from http://www.thisdayonline.com/news/ 20040302news11.html.
- Teferra, D., 2005, ‘Private Higher Education in Ethiopia: The Current Landscape’, International Higher Education, No. 40, from http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/ soe/cihe/newsletter/Number 40/p9_Teferra.htm.
- Thaver, B., 2004, ‘Private Higher Education in Africa: Six Country Case Stud- ies’, in Zeleza, P. T. & Olukoshi, A. (eds.) African Universities in the Twenty- First Century, Dakar: CODESRIA.
- Ukeh, O., 2004, ‘With Cultural Dances, Ihiala Toasts to Uzoh’s Award’, City Sun, from http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/citysun/2004/Dec/08/ citysun-08-12-2000. December 8.
- Useem, A., 1999, ‘In East Africa, New Private Colleges Fill a Growing Gap Be- tween Supply and Demand’, The Chronicle of Higher Education 46, 3: A65- A66.
- Yaqub, N., 2002, ‘Higher Education in Nigeria in Perspective’, in SSAN (ed.) Paths to the Sustainability of Higher Education in Nigeria, Abuja: Social Science Academy of Nigeria (SSAN).
References
ABTI-American University of Nigeria (AAUN), 2006, ‘People at AAUN’, from http://www.abti-american.edu.ng/people.htm.
Abubakar, M., 2005, ‘Why Private Universities Are Necessary, Relevant, by Idachaba’, Guardian Newspapers, from http://www.guardiannewsngr.com/ education/article04.
Adenipekun, O., 2006, ‘New Pension Scheme Forces Professors out of Public Universities’, Vanguard, February 9.
Altbach, P. G., 1998, ‘Private Higher Education: Themes and Variations in Com- parative Perspective’, International Higher Education, 10 (1), from http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/av p/soe/ cihe/newsletter/News10/text1.html.
Altbach, P. G., 2000, ‘Private Higher Education: The Public Responsibilities and Relationships of Private Post-Secondary Institutions’, in Wang, Y. (ed.): Pub- lic–Private Partnerships in the Social Sector: Issues and Country Experiences in Asia and the Pacific, Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI Publishing).
Altbach, P. G., 2002, ‘The Private Sector in Asian Higher Education’, Interna- tional Higher Education, 29 (6), from http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/ newsletter/News29/text006htm.
Altbach, P. G., 2004, ‘Globalization and the University: Myths and Realities in an Unequal World’, Tertiary Education and Management, No. 1, from http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe /publications/pub_pdf/Globalization.pdf.
Babalola, D. O., 2002, The Compass: The Success Story of Babcock University (One of the First Three Private Universities in Nigeria), Ikenne-Remo, Nige- ria: G. Olarotayo.
Babcock University, Ilisan-Remo, Nigeria, 2005, About Us, from http://www.tagnet.org/babcock /trial.htm.
Barrow, M., 1996, ‘Development in Private Post-Secondary Education in Nige- ria’, in Schofield, A. (ed.), Private Post-Secondary Education in Four Com- monwealth Countries, Paris: UNESCO.
Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria, 2005, Who’s Who in the Private University International, from http://www.usiu.ac.ke/events/conferences/private_universites/directory/ benson.idahosa/ind.
Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria, 2005, About BIU, from http://www.idahosauniver sity.com.
Bernasconi, A., 2003, ‘Private Higher Education with an Academic Focus: Chile’s New Exceptionalism’, International Higher Education, No. 32, from http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/ soe/cihe/newsletter/News32/text010.htm.
Chiahemen, T., 2005, ‘81 percent of Nigerian Varsities Programmes not Fully Accredited’, Daily Independent, May 17, from http://www.independentng.com/ news/nnmay170507.htm.
Chiba, A., 2000, ‘Private Initiatives in the Provision of Learning Opportunities: Some Examples from Japan’, in Wang, Y. (ed.), Public–Private Partnerships in the Social Sector: Issues and Country Experiences in Asia and the Pacific, Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI Publishing).
CODESRIA, 2005, Reforming the Nigerian Higher Education System, from http://www.pambazuka. org/index.php?id=27162.
Covenant University, 2005a, Covenant University Matriculation Ceremony, from http://www.cove nantuniversity.com/matric.htm.
Covenant University, 2005b, Frequently Asked Questions, from http://www.covenantuniversity.co m/faq.htm.
Covenant University, 2005c, Interview with the Chancellor, from http://www.convenan university.com/ar.htm.
Covenant University, 2005d, Unique Programmes @ CU, from http://www.convenan tuniversity.com/up.htm.
Covenant University, 2005e, Update, from http://www.convenantuniversity.com/ updatenew.htm. Dambatta, N., 2005, ‘Why NUC Supports Dress Code for Nigerian Universities- Professor Okebukola’, Star Interview, Daily Trust, July 13. Abuja, from http://www.dailytrust.com/starfeature .htm.
Etieno, W., 2004, ‘The Privatization of Kenyan Public Universities’, International Higher Education. No. 36, from http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/news- letter/News36/text007.htm.
Geiger, R. L., 1986, Private Sectors in Higher Education: Structure, Function, and Change in Eight Countries, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Igbinedion University Online, 2005, ‘Igbinedion University, Okada – A Major Force in Higher Education’, from http://www.igbinedion.com/iu/founder.html. Jason, P., 1998, ‘Secret Cults Terrorize Nigerian Universities’, New Africa, April. Jibril, M., 2000, ‘An Overview of the Nigerian University System’, paper pre- sented at the Seminar for senior university Managers held at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, June 6-8.
Levy, D. C., 2002a, ‘Private Higher Education Surprise Roles’, International Higher Education No. 27, from http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/newsletter/ News27/text005.htm.
Levy, D. C., 2002b, ‘Commercial Private Higher Education: South Africa as a Stark Example’, Perspectives in Education, 20 (4), 29-40.
Levy, D. C., 2003, ‘Profits and Practicality: How South Africa epitomizes the Global Surge in Commercial Private Higher Education’, PROPHE Working Paper No. 2, Program for Research on Private Higher Education (PROPHE), University at Albany, State University of New York, from http://www.albany.edu/ dept/eaps/prophe/publication/paper.html#WP2 Lohor, J., 2005, ‘Obasanjo’s Bells, 6 Other Varsities Approved’, THISDAY, June 1.
Longe Report, 1991, ‘Higher Education in the Nineties and Beyond’, report of the Commission on the Review of Higher Education in Nigeria, Main Report. Lagos: Federal Government Printer.
Mabizela, M., 2002, ‘The Evolution of Private Higher Education in South Af- rica’, Perspectives in Education, 20 (4), 41-52.
Mabizela, M., 2004, ‘Whither Private Higher Education in Africa?’, International Higher Education, No. 34, from http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/news- letter/News34/text011.htm.
Madonna University Okija, Nigeria, 2005, ‘Who’s Who in the Private University International’, from http://www.usiu.ac.ke/events/conferences/ private_universites/directory/madonna.university.
National Universities Commission (NUC), 2006, February 20, ‘Number of Ph.Ds Produced in Nigerian University System in 2005’, NUC Monday Memo, 5 (8). Neelakantan, S., 2005, ‘India’s Supreme Court Shuts down 108 Private Universi- ties in Ruling Against a State Law’, The Chronicle of Higher Education, from http://chronicle.com/free/2005/02/2005021507n.htm.
Nwamuo, C., 2000, Report of a Study on Private Universities in Africa, Accra- North, Ghana: Association of African Universities AAU) Obasi, I. N. & Eboh, E. C., 2001, Cost Sharing Crises in Nigerian Universities: Policy Lessons from an Empirical Study, research report submitted to the As- sociation of African Universities (AAU), Accra, Ghana, available at http:// www.aau.org/study program/notpub/OBASI.pdf.
Obasi, I. N., 2002, The Systemic Component of Case Studies of Nigerian Univer- sities, Revised Final Report submitted to the Social Science Academy of Nige- ria under the Case Study Project on Nigerian Universities, jointly sponsored by The MacArthur, Rockefeller, Ford Foundations and The Carnegie Corpora- tion of New York.
Obasi, I. N. & Eboh, E. C., 2004, ‘The Cost-sharing Dilemma in Nigerian Uni- versities: Empirical Lessons for Policy Adjustment’, in Zeleza, P.T. & Olukoshi, A. (eds.) African Universities in the Twenty-First Century, Dakar: CODESRIA. Obasi, I. N., 2004a, January 1, ‘Review of Higher Education Issues in 2003’, Higher Education This Week, Daily Trust, January 1, Abuja, from http://www.dailyt rust.com/education.htm (old address of website when it appeared:http://www.mtrustonline.com /education.htm).
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it appeared: http:// www.mtrustonline.com/dailytrust/security04032004.htm).
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Obasi, I. N., 2005d, ‘Diversity of Indian Higher Education’, Higher Education Issues Abroad, Daily Champion, July 13. Lagos from http://www.champion- ewspapers.com/education/teasers.
Obasi, I. N., 2005e, ‘The Quality of Students’ Life’, Higher Education This Week, Daily Trust, May 12. Abuja, from http://www.dailytrust.com/education.htm. Obasi, I. N., 2005f, ‘Trends in Higher Education Policy and Management: The Case of Japanese Rapid Growth in Private Higher Education System’, LONAKA. Bulletin of the Centre for Academic Development, University of Botswana, October Edition, pp. 6-10.
Obasi, I. N., 2005g, ‘Transition in Chinese Higher Education’, Higher Education Issues Abroad, Daily Champion, May 18. Lagos.
Ogwuche, M. & Ashamu, A., 2005, ‘EFCC Probes Obasanjo, Saturday Cham- pion. September 3. Ojedokun, L., 2005, ‘F.G. Licenses 7 more Varsities’, Daily Champion. Okebukola, P., 2002, The
State of University Education in Nigeria, June 2. Abuja: National Universities Commission (NUC).
Oladapo, O., 1988, ‘The Emergence of State and Private Universities’, in Na- tional Universities Commission’ (ed.), 25 Years of Centralised University Edu- cation in Nigeria, Lagos: National
Universities Commission.
Omunu, H., 2005, ‘NUC Sanction awaits Varsities over Admission Quota’, Daily Trust, Abuja, from http://www.dailytrust.com/news2.htm. May 24.
Otieno, W., 2004, ‘The Privatization of Kenya Public Universities’, International Higher Education, 36, from http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/newslet- ter/News36/text007.htm.
Oyekanmi, R. L., 2005, ‘Excitement as Seven Private Varsities Receive Licenses’, The Guardian, January 17, from http://www.guardiannewsngr.com/education/ article01.
Oyekanmi, R. L., 2006, ‘Despite complaints by VCs, NUC insists accreditation was objective’, The Guardian, February 18, from http:// www.guardiannewsngr.com/education/article01.
Sofola, S., 2005, ‘The Future of Public Universities’, The Guardian, August 19. from http://www.guardiannewsngr.com/editorial_opinion/article03.
Taiwo, J., 2006, ‘NUC Stops 102 Varsity Programmes’, ThisDay, January 16. Taiwo, J. & Adoba, I., 2004, ‘NUC Suspends Applications for Private Varsities’, ThisDay News, March 2. from http://www.thisdayonline.com/news/ 20040302news11.html.
Teferra, D., 2005, ‘Private Higher Education in Ethiopia: The Current Landscape’, International Higher Education, No. 40, from http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/ soe/cihe/newsletter/Number 40/p9_Teferra.htm.
Thaver, B., 2004, ‘Private Higher Education in Africa: Six Country Case Stud- ies’, in Zeleza, P. T. & Olukoshi, A. (eds.) African Universities in the Twenty- First Century, Dakar: CODESRIA.
Ukeh, O., 2004, ‘With Cultural Dances, Ihiala Toasts to Uzoh’s Award’, City Sun, from http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/citysun/2004/Dec/08/ citysun-08-12-2000. December 8.
Useem, A., 1999, ‘In East Africa, New Private Colleges Fill a Growing Gap Be- tween Supply and Demand’, The Chronicle of Higher Education 46, 3: A65- A66.
Yaqub, N., 2002, ‘Higher Education in Nigeria in Perspective’, in SSAN (ed.) Paths to the Sustainability of Higher Education in Nigeria, Abuja: Social Science Academy of Nigeria (SSAN).