1 - Global Trends in Higher Education Reform: What Lessons for Nigeria?
Revue de l’enseignement supérieur en Afrique,
Vol. 4 No 1 (2006): Revue de l’enseignement supérieur en Afrique
Résumé
La crise qui a mis à terre le secteur de l’enseignement supérieur dans un grand nombre de pays en développement dès le milieu des années 70, était le symbole d’une crise socio-économique et politique profonde. Dans la plupart des pays d’Afrique, la crise de la balance des paiements est venue aggraver les relations déjà houleuses entre les dirigeants et le corps académique. Toujours est-il que les solu- tions apportées à la crise des années 80 ont été définies par l’esprit néo-libéral émergent. Il s’agissait là d’une certaine position idéologique qui considérait le corps académique comme une « classe de gauche adepte du loisir », ayant besoin de s’imprégner de la discipline du marché (libre). L’éducation en tant que bien public céda ainsi la place à une logique marchande. Cependant, l’impact de l’orthodoxie néolibérale sur le secteur de l’enseignement supérieur variait selon les pays. Dans les pays où la politique d’éducation était passée sous le contrôle direct des institu- tions de Bretton Woods, l’orthodoxie de ces institutions a rapproché au maximum ces politiques d’éducation de l’idéologie libérale. Dans un grand nombre de pays en développement, la marchandisation de l’accès à l’enseignement a eu un sévère impact sur les activités de recherche du secteur de l’enseignement supérieur, bouleversant ainsi les réalisations antérieures tendant vers l’endogénéité. Dans certains pays tels que le Nigeria, l’anti-intellectualisme persistant des dirigeants a contribué à intensifier la crise en cours. J’avance que cela est en net contraste avec l’expérience interne des pays de l’OCDE en matière d’enseignement supérieur, mais également avec leur engagement public envers la recherche et le développement. Quelles leçons peut-on en tirer en ce qui concerne la réforme de l’enseignement supérieur au Nigeria ? Cet article expose trois points principaux. Le premier est que malgré les revendications néolibérales, les pays développés ont engagé une politique considérant l’éducation comme un bien public, et ont tendance à investir lourdement dans le secteur de l’enseignement supérieur, particulièrement dans le secteur de la recherche endogène et du développement. Deuxièmement, l’approche de la marchandisation de l’enseignement s’est révélée contre-productive, aussi bien à travers son mode de recrutement de ressources humaines qu’à travers son système de relations internes. Troisièmement, dans une telle situation de déclin prolongé, il convient de reconstruire non pas uniquement les infrastructures, mais également l’ethos et l’éthique même du monde académique.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- Adebowale, S., 2004, ‘The State of Scholarly Publishing in Nigeria: Report of a Mapping Exercise to Assess the State of Nigerian Scholarly Publishing.’ Ox- ford: Bellagio Publishing Network.
- Adesina, J.O., 1992, ‘Doing Workplace Study: Reflections on a Field Research’, in D. Otobo, ed., Further Readings in Nigerian Industrial Relations, Lagos: Malthouse Press.
- Adesina, J.O., 2006a, ‘When Is ‘Techno-talk’ a Fatal Distraction? ICT in Con- temporary Development Discourse on Africa’, Africa Development Vol. XXXI, No. 3, pp.120-53.
- Adesina, J.O., 2006b, ‘Sociology Beyond Despair: Recovery of Nerve, Endogeneity, and Epistemic Intervention.’ South African Review of Sociology, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 241-59.
- Adesina, J.O., 2007, ‘In Search of Inclusive Development: Introduction.’ In. J. Adesina (ed.) Social Policy in Sub-Saharan African Context: In Search of In- clusive Development. Basingstoke: Palgrave/Macmillan (pp.1-53), forthcom- ing.
- Adesogan, E.K., 1999, Illumination, Wisdom and Development Through Chemis- try: An inaugural lecture delivered at the University of Ibadan in 1987. Ibadan: University of Ibadan.
- Adesogan, E.K., 2005, Reminiscence of 45 Years at the University of Ibadan: A Bleak Future for University Education in Nigeria, if…. Valedictory Lecture (26 August 2005). Ibadan: University of Ibadan.
- Ajayi, J.F. Ade, and Tamuno, T.N., 1973, The University of Ibadan, 1948-73: A History of the First Twenty-five Years. Ibadan: University of Ibadan Press.
- Ajayi, J.F. Ade, Lameck, K.H., Goma, C., and Johnson, A., 1996, The African Ex- perience with Higher Education. London: James Currey.
- Assié-Lumumba, N’Dri T., 2005, ‘Critical Perspectives on the Crisis, Planned Change, and the Prospects for Transformation in African Higher Education.’ Journal of Higher Education in Africa, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp.1-29.
- Assié-Lumumba, N’Dri T., 2006, Higher Education in Africa: Crises, Reforms, and Transformation. Dakar: CODESRIA.
- Awe, O., 1974, Physics in Ibadan: Developing Physics in a Developing Country - an inaugural lecture delivered at the University of Ibadan on Friday, 7 Decem- ber 1973. Ibadan: University of Ibadan.
- Cavendish, R., 1982, Women on the Line, London: Routledge. Court D., 2000, ‘Financing Higher Education in Africa: Makerere, the Quiet Revo- lution in Education’, Perspectives in Education, Vol. 19, No. 3.
- Delucchi, M. and Pelowski, S., 2000, ‘Liking or Learning?: The Effect of Instructor Likeability and Student Perceptions of Learning on Overall Rating of Teaching Ability’, Radical Pedagogy, Vol. 2, No. 2, http://www.radicalpedagogy.icaap.org/ content/issue2 2e/delpel.html, 13 Nov. 2003.
- Egharevba, I., 2001, ‘Researching an “Other” Minority Ethnic Community: Reflec- tions of a Black Female Researcher on the Intersections of Race, Gender and Other Power Positions on the Research Process’, International Journal of So- cial Research Methodology, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 225 241.
- Eicher, J.C., 1984, Educational Costing and Financing in Developing Countries: Focus on Sub Saharan Africa, Washington DC: World Bank.
- Hendrix, K.G., 2002, ‘Did Being Black Introduce Bias into Your Study?: Attempt- ing to Mute the Race-related Research of Black Scholars’, The Howard Journal of Communications, Vol. 13, pp. 153-171.
- Ka e, E. and Macaulay, L.J., 1993, ‘Interviewer Gender and Gender Attitudes’, Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 57, No. 1.
- Kotecha, P., 2004, ‘A Bridge Too Far? Constructing Knowledge Societies: New Challenges for Tertiary Education’, Journal of Higher Education in Africa, Vol.2, No. 3, pp.115-122. Magagula, C.M., 2005, ‘The Benefits and Challenge of Cross-Border Higher Edu- cation in Developing Countries’, Journal of Higher Education in Africa, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp.29-49.
- Obong, Q.O., 2004, Academic Dilemmas Under Neo-Liberal Education Reforms: A Review of Makerere University, Uganda, in P.T. Zeleza and A. Olukoshi, eds., African Universities in the Twenty-First Century, Volume 2: Knowledge and Society, Dakar: CODESRIA.
- Oyetade, S.O., 2000, ‘Issues in the Harmonisation and Standardisation of Yoruba in Nigeria and the Republic of Benin: Implications for Education and Eevelopment.’ In Kwesi K. Prah (ed.) Between Distinction and Extinction: The harmonisation and standardisation of African Languages. Cape Town: CASAS.
- Ramphele, M., 2002, ‘Foreword’. In World Bank, Constructing Knowledge Socie- ties. Washington DC: World Bank.
- Ramphele, M., 2004, ‘The University as an Actor in Development: New Perspec- tives and Demands’.
- Roberts, H., ed., 1981, Doing Feminist Research, London: Routledge.
- Rosovsky, H. and Hartley, M., 2002, Evaluation and the Academy: Are We Doing the Right Things? Grade Inflation and Letters of Recommendation, Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
- Singh, M., 2001, ‘Re-Inserting the “Public Good” into Higher Education Transfor- mation’. Kagiso: Higher Education Discussion Series. Issue 1 (CHE, Pretoria).pp. 8-18.
- Soyinka, W., 1994, Ibadan: the Penkelemes Years: A Memoir 1946-1965. Ibadan: Spectrum Books.
- Tilak, J.B.G., 2004, Are We Marching Towards Laissez-faireism in Higher Educa- tion Development?. Paper presented at the 12th General Conference of the In- ternational Association of Universities, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 25-29 July.
- Udegbe, Bola, 2007, ‘Social Policy and the Challenge of Development in Nigeria and Ghana: The Cases of Education and Labour Market.’ In Jimi Adesina (ed.) Social Policy in Sub-Saharan African Context. Basingstoke: Palgrave/ Macmillan.
- World Bank, 1986, Financing Education in Developing Countries: An Exploration of Polity Options, Washington DC: World Bank.
- World Bank, 1997, Revitalizing Universities in Africa: Strategy and Guidelines, Washington DC: World Bank.
- World Bank, 1998, Knowledge for Development: World Development Report, New York: Oxford University Press.
- World Bank, 2000, Higher Education in Developing Countries: Peril and Promise, Washington DC: World Bank.
Les références
Adebowale, S., 2004, ‘The State of Scholarly Publishing in Nigeria: Report of a Mapping Exercise to Assess the State of Nigerian Scholarly Publishing.’ Ox- ford: Bellagio Publishing Network.
Adesina, J.O., 1992, ‘Doing Workplace Study: Reflections on a Field Research’, in D. Otobo, ed., Further Readings in Nigerian Industrial Relations, Lagos: Malthouse Press.
Adesina, J.O., 2006a, ‘When Is ‘Techno-talk’ a Fatal Distraction? ICT in Con- temporary Development Discourse on Africa’, Africa Development Vol. XXXI, No. 3, pp.120-53.
Adesina, J.O., 2006b, ‘Sociology Beyond Despair: Recovery of Nerve, Endogeneity, and Epistemic Intervention.’ South African Review of Sociology, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 241-59.
Adesina, J.O., 2007, ‘In Search of Inclusive Development: Introduction.’ In. J. Adesina (ed.) Social Policy in Sub-Saharan African Context: In Search of In- clusive Development. Basingstoke: Palgrave/Macmillan (pp.1-53), forthcom- ing.
Adesogan, E.K., 1999, Illumination, Wisdom and Development Through Chemis- try: An inaugural lecture delivered at the University of Ibadan in 1987. Ibadan: University of Ibadan.
Adesogan, E.K., 2005, Reminiscence of 45 Years at the University of Ibadan: A Bleak Future for University Education in Nigeria, if…. Valedictory Lecture (26 August 2005). Ibadan: University of Ibadan.
Ajayi, J.F. Ade, and Tamuno, T.N., 1973, The University of Ibadan, 1948-73: A History of the First Twenty-five Years. Ibadan: University of Ibadan Press.
Ajayi, J.F. Ade, Lameck, K.H., Goma, C., and Johnson, A., 1996, The African Ex- perience with Higher Education. London: James Currey.
Assié-Lumumba, N’Dri T., 2005, ‘Critical Perspectives on the Crisis, Planned Change, and the Prospects for Transformation in African Higher Education.’ Journal of Higher Education in Africa, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp.1-29.
Assié-Lumumba, N’Dri T., 2006, Higher Education in Africa: Crises, Reforms, and Transformation. Dakar: CODESRIA.
Awe, O., 1974, Physics in Ibadan: Developing Physics in a Developing Country - an inaugural lecture delivered at the University of Ibadan on Friday, 7 Decem- ber 1973. Ibadan: University of Ibadan.
Cavendish, R., 1982, Women on the Line, London: Routledge. Court D., 2000, ‘Financing Higher Education in Africa: Makerere, the Quiet Revo- lution in Education’, Perspectives in Education, Vol. 19, No. 3.
Delucchi, M. and Pelowski, S., 2000, ‘Liking or Learning?: The Effect of Instructor Likeability and Student Perceptions of Learning on Overall Rating of Teaching Ability’, Radical Pedagogy, Vol. 2, No. 2, http://www.radicalpedagogy.icaap.org/ content/issue2 2e/delpel.html, 13 Nov. 2003.
Egharevba, I., 2001, ‘Researching an “Other” Minority Ethnic Community: Reflec- tions of a Black Female Researcher on the Intersections of Race, Gender and Other Power Positions on the Research Process’, International Journal of So- cial Research Methodology, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 225 241.
Eicher, J.C., 1984, Educational Costing and Financing in Developing Countries: Focus on Sub Saharan Africa, Washington DC: World Bank.
Hendrix, K.G., 2002, ‘Did Being Black Introduce Bias into Your Study?: Attempt- ing to Mute the Race-related Research of Black Scholars’, The Howard Journal of Communications, Vol. 13, pp. 153-171.
Ka e, E. and Macaulay, L.J., 1993, ‘Interviewer Gender and Gender Attitudes’, Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 57, No. 1.
Kotecha, P., 2004, ‘A Bridge Too Far? Constructing Knowledge Societies: New Challenges for Tertiary Education’, Journal of Higher Education in Africa, Vol.2, No. 3, pp.115-122. Magagula, C.M., 2005, ‘The Benefits and Challenge of Cross-Border Higher Edu- cation in Developing Countries’, Journal of Higher Education in Africa, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp.29-49.
Obong, Q.O., 2004, Academic Dilemmas Under Neo-Liberal Education Reforms: A Review of Makerere University, Uganda, in P.T. Zeleza and A. Olukoshi, eds., African Universities in the Twenty-First Century, Volume 2: Knowledge and Society, Dakar: CODESRIA.
Oyetade, S.O., 2000, ‘Issues in the Harmonisation and Standardisation of Yoruba in Nigeria and the Republic of Benin: Implications for Education and Eevelopment.’ In Kwesi K. Prah (ed.) Between Distinction and Extinction: The harmonisation and standardisation of African Languages. Cape Town: CASAS.
Ramphele, M., 2002, ‘Foreword’. In World Bank, Constructing Knowledge Socie- ties. Washington DC: World Bank.
Ramphele, M., 2004, ‘The University as an Actor in Development: New Perspec- tives and Demands’.
Roberts, H., ed., 1981, Doing Feminist Research, London: Routledge.
Rosovsky, H. and Hartley, M., 2002, Evaluation and the Academy: Are We Doing the Right Things? Grade Inflation and Letters of Recommendation, Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Singh, M., 2001, ‘Re-Inserting the “Public Good” into Higher Education Transfor- mation’. Kagiso: Higher Education Discussion Series. Issue 1 (CHE, Pretoria).pp. 8-18.
Soyinka, W., 1994, Ibadan: the Penkelemes Years: A Memoir 1946-1965. Ibadan: Spectrum Books.
Tilak, J.B.G., 2004, Are We Marching Towards Laissez-faireism in Higher Educa- tion Development?. Paper presented at the 12th General Conference of the In- ternational Association of Universities, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 25-29 July.
Udegbe, Bola, 2007, ‘Social Policy and the Challenge of Development in Nigeria and Ghana: The Cases of Education and Labour Market.’ In Jimi Adesina (ed.) Social Policy in Sub-Saharan African Context. Basingstoke: Palgrave/ Macmillan.
World Bank, 1986, Financing Education in Developing Countries: An Exploration of Polity Options, Washington DC: World Bank.
World Bank, 1997, Revitalizing Universities in Africa: Strategy and Guidelines, Washington DC: World Bank.
World Bank, 1998, Knowledge for Development: World Development Report, New York: Oxford University Press.
World Bank, 2000, Higher Education in Developing Countries: Peril and Promise, Washington DC: World Bank.