6 - Political Science and African Political Epistemologies: The Dialectics of Developmentalist vs. Emancipatory Approaches
Corresponding Author(s) : Shadrack Wanjala Nasong’o
Africa Development,
Vol. 46 No. 3 (2021): Africa Development
Abstract
The premise of this article is that there has been a dialectical duality to the
political science study of Africa, in terms of scholars and focus. The duality
of scholars is represented by African scholars both on the continent and in
the diaspora, on one hand, and Africanist scholars (non-African scholars who
study Africa), on the other. Much of the political study of Africa has focused
on the problematic of development. This political science research focus on
the problematic of development gives epistemological priority to generating
empirical political knowledge research. In contrast, research emphasis on the
problematic of emancipation from oppression and exploitation prioritises an
epistemological conception of knowledge that facilitates radical change as it
grapples with evaluative moral-ethical issues. The purpose of the article is to
examine the dialectical nexus of development- and emancipatory-focused
political study of Africa, and the impact and relevance of the corpus of
political science epistemologies thus generated. The central argument is that
the relevance and implications of political science epistemologies generated
via normative and critical approaches have been more profound than those
generated via strictly positivist and empirical approaches.
Keywords
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- Adar, K.G., 1998, Ethnicity and Ethnic Kings: The Enduring Dual Constraint in Kenya’s Multiethnic Democratic Electoral Experiment, The Journal of Third World Spectrum, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 71–96.
- Ajulu, R., 1995, The Left and the Question of Democratic Transition in Kenya: A Response to Mwakenya, Review of African Political Economy, Vol. 22, No. 64, pp. 229–235.
- Ajulu, R., 2000, Thinking Through the Crisis of Democratisation in Kenya: A Response to Adar and Murunga, African Sociological Review, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 133–157.
- Ake, C., 1994, Democratisation of Disempowerment in Africa, Lagos: Malthouse. Ake, C., 1996, Democracy and Development in Africa, Washington, DC: Brookings Institute.
- Africa Development, Volume XLVI, No. 3, 2021
- Amin, S., 1976, Neocolonialism in West Africa, New York: Monthly Review Press. Amin, S., 1990, Delinking: Toward a Polycentric World, London, UK: Zed Books. Anber, P., 1967, Modernisation and Political Disintegration: Nigeria and the Igbos, Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 163–179.
- Bates, R.H., 1981, Markets and States in Tropical Africa: The Political Basis of Agricultural Policies, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
- Bayart, J.F., Ellis, S. and Hibou, B., eds, 1999, The Criminalisation of the State in Africa, Oxford and Bloomington, IN: James Currey and Indiana University Press. Boko, S.H,. Baliamoune-Lutz, M. and Kimuna, S. R., eds. 2005. Women in African Development: The Challenges of Globalisation and Liberalisation in the 21st Century, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
- Bratton, M. and Van de Walle, N., 1994, Neopatrimonial Regimes and Political Transition in Africa, World Politics, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 453–89.
- Callaghy, T.M., 1994, Civil Society, Democracy and Economic Change in Africa: A Dissenting Opinion about Resurgent Societies, in Harbeson, J., Rothchild, D. and Chazan, N., eds, Civil Society and the State in Africa, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, pp. 231–253.
- Caporaso, J., 1978, Dependence, Dependency and Power in the Global System: A Structural and Behavioral Analysis, International Organisation, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 13–43.
- Cardoso, F.H., 1977, The Consumption of Dependency Theory, Latin American Research Review, Vol. XII, No. 3, pp. 7–24.
- Chabal, P. and Daloz, J.P., 1999, Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument, Oxford and Bloomington, IN: James Currey and Indiana University Press.
- Cheru, F., 1989, The Silent Revolution in Africa: Debt, Development and Democracy, London, UK: Zed Books.
- Engels, F., [1940] 1973, Dialectics of Nature, New York: International Publishers. Falola, T., ed., 2002, African Politics in Postimperial Times: The Essays of Richard Sklar, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
- Frank, A.G., 1967, Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America: Historical Studies of Chile and Brazil. New York: Monthly Review Press.
- Frank, A.G., 1970, The Development of Underdevelopment, in Rhodes, R., ed., Imperialism and Underdevelopment: A Reader, New York: Monthly Review Press. Frank, A.G., 1972, Economic Dependence, Class Structure and Underdevelopment Policy, in Cockcroft, J. D., Frank, A. G. and Johnson, D. L., eds, Dependence and Underdevelopment: Latin America’s Political Economy, Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, pp. 19–45.
- Glickman, H., ed., 1995, Ethnic Conflict and the Democratisation in Africa, Atlanta, GA: African Studies Association. Gordon, A.A., 1996, Transforming Capitalism and Patriarchy: Gender and Development in Africa, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
- Harbeson, J.W., Rothchild, D. and Chazan, N., eds, 1994, Civil Society and the State in Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
- Hountondji, P., ed., 1997, Endogenous Knowledge: Research Trails, Dakar: CODESRIA.
- Nasong’o: Political Science and African Political Epistemologies Huntington, S.P., 1965, Political Development and Political Decay, World Politics, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 386–430.
- Huntington, S. P., 1968, Political Order in Changing Societies, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- Kleinberg, R. B. and Clark, J. A., eds, 2000, Economic Liberalisation and Civil Society in the Developing World, New York: St. Martin’s Press.
- Leys, C., 1975, Underdevelopment in Kenya: The Political Economy of Neo-Colonialism, London,UK: Heinemann.
- Lindberg, S. I., 2006, Democracy and Elections in Africa, Baltimore, MA: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Lumumba-Kasongo, T., 1999, The Dynamics of Economic and Political Relations between Africa and Foreign Powers: A Study in International Relations, Westport, CT: Praeger.
- Mamdani, M. and Wamba-dia-Wamba, eds. 1995, African Studies in Social Movements and Democracy, Dakar: CODESRIA.
- Manning, C.L., 2002, The Politics of Peace in Mozambique: Post-Conflict Democrati- sation, 1992-2000, Westport, CT: Praeger.
- Marx, K., [1848] 1992, The Communist Manifesto, New York: Bantam Books. Mazrui, A.A., 1966, Nkrumah: The Leninist Czar, Transition, Vol. 26, Nos. 75/76,pp. 8–17.
- Mazrui, A.A., 1980, The African Condition: A Political Diagnosis, London, UK: Heinemann.
- Mazrui, A.A., 1986, The Africans: A Triple Heritage, New York: Little, Brown and Co. Mazrui, A.A., 1995, Pan-Africanism: From Poetry to Power, Issue: A Journal of Opinion, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 35–38.
- Mazrui, A.A., 2004a, The African Predicament and the American Experience: A Tale of Two Edens, Boulder, CO: Praeger.
- Mazrui, A.A., 2004b, Islam: Between Globalisation and Counterterrorism, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
- Mazrui, A.A., 2006, A Tale of Two Africas: Nigeria and South Africa as Contrasting Visions, Karioki, J.N., ed., London, UK: Adonis & Abbey.
- Mazrui, A.A., 2014, The Politics of Gender and the Culture of Sexuality: Western, Islamic and African Perspectives, Anwar, E, ed., Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
- Mbaku, J.M. and Ihonvbere, J.O., eds, 2003, The Transition to Democratic Governance in Africa: The Continuing Struggle, Westport, CT: Praeger.
- Mkandawire, T. and Olukoshi, A., eds, 1995, Between Liberalisation and Oppression: The Politics of Structural Adjustment in Africa, Dakar: CODESRIA.
- Mkandawire, T. and Soludo, C. C., 1999, Our Continent, Our Future: African Pers- pectives on Structural Adjustment, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
- Migdal, J.S., 1988, Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capacity in the Third World, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
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- Africa Development, Volume XLVI, No. 3, 2021
- Murunga, G.R., 2002, African Women in the Academy and Beyond: Review Essay, Jenda: A Journal of Culture and African Women Studies, Vol. 2, No. 1.
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- Nabudere, D.W., 1979, Essays in the Theory and Practice of Imperialism, London, UK: Onyx Press.
- Nasong’o, S.W., 2004, From Political Dictatorship to Authoritarian Economism: Plural Politics and Free Market Reforms in Africa, Journal of Third World Studies, Vol. XXI, No. 2, pp. 107–125.
- Nasong’o, S.W., 2005, Contending Political Paradigms in Africa: Rationality and the Politics of Democratisation in Kenya and Zambia, New York: Routledge.
- Nasong’o, S.W., 2007, 'Negotiating New Rules of the Game: Civil Society, Social Movements and the Kenyan Transition', in Murunga, G. and Nasong’o, S., eds, Kenya: The Struggle for Democracy, London, UK and Dakar: Zed Books and CODESRIA, pp. 19–57.
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- Nasong’o, S.W., 2018, 'Competing Theories and Concepts on Politics, Governance and Development', in Oloruntoba, S. and Falola, T., eds, The Palgrave Handbook on African Politics, Governance and Development, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 35–56.
- Nasong’o, S.W., 2019, 'Ali Mazrui’s Analytical Penchant for the Dialectics: Intel- lectual Creativity and the Explanatory Potency of Mazruiana', in Kalu, K. and Falola, T., eds, Oppression and Resistance in Africa and the African Diaspora, New York: Routledge, pp. 33–44.
- Nasong’o, S.W. 2019, ‘Rethinking Africa’s Development Models.’ Journal of African Inter disciplinary Studies, 3, no. 1, 33-40.
- Nasong’o, S.W. and Ayot, T.A., 2007, Women in Kenya’s Politics of Transition and Democratisation, in Murunga, G. and Nasong’o, S., eds, Kenya: The Struggle for Democracy, Dakar and London, UK: CODESRIA and Zed Books, pp. 164–197.
- Nnoli, O., 1998, Ethnic Conflicts in Africa, Dakar: CODESRIA.
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- Oyewumi, O., ed., 2005, African Gender Studies: A Reader, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
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- Rostow, W.W., 1960, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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References
Adar, K.G., 1998, Ethnicity and Ethnic Kings: The Enduring Dual Constraint in Kenya’s Multiethnic Democratic Electoral Experiment, The Journal of Third World Spectrum, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 71–96.
Ajulu, R., 1995, The Left and the Question of Democratic Transition in Kenya: A Response to Mwakenya, Review of African Political Economy, Vol. 22, No. 64, pp. 229–235.
Ajulu, R., 2000, Thinking Through the Crisis of Democratisation in Kenya: A Response to Adar and Murunga, African Sociological Review, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 133–157.
Ake, C., 1994, Democratisation of Disempowerment in Africa, Lagos: Malthouse. Ake, C., 1996, Democracy and Development in Africa, Washington, DC: Brookings Institute.
Africa Development, Volume XLVI, No. 3, 2021
Amin, S., 1976, Neocolonialism in West Africa, New York: Monthly Review Press. Amin, S., 1990, Delinking: Toward a Polycentric World, London, UK: Zed Books. Anber, P., 1967, Modernisation and Political Disintegration: Nigeria and the Igbos, Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 163–179.
Bates, R.H., 1981, Markets and States in Tropical Africa: The Political Basis of Agricultural Policies, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Bayart, J.F., Ellis, S. and Hibou, B., eds, 1999, The Criminalisation of the State in Africa, Oxford and Bloomington, IN: James Currey and Indiana University Press. Boko, S.H,. Baliamoune-Lutz, M. and Kimuna, S. R., eds. 2005. Women in African Development: The Challenges of Globalisation and Liberalisation in the 21st Century, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
Bratton, M. and Van de Walle, N., 1994, Neopatrimonial Regimes and Political Transition in Africa, World Politics, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 453–89.
Callaghy, T.M., 1994, Civil Society, Democracy and Economic Change in Africa: A Dissenting Opinion about Resurgent Societies, in Harbeson, J., Rothchild, D. and Chazan, N., eds, Civil Society and the State in Africa, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, pp. 231–253.
Caporaso, J., 1978, Dependence, Dependency and Power in the Global System: A Structural and Behavioral Analysis, International Organisation, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 13–43.
Cardoso, F.H., 1977, The Consumption of Dependency Theory, Latin American Research Review, Vol. XII, No. 3, pp. 7–24.
Chabal, P. and Daloz, J.P., 1999, Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument, Oxford and Bloomington, IN: James Currey and Indiana University Press.
Cheru, F., 1989, The Silent Revolution in Africa: Debt, Development and Democracy, London, UK: Zed Books.
Engels, F., [1940] 1973, Dialectics of Nature, New York: International Publishers. Falola, T., ed., 2002, African Politics in Postimperial Times: The Essays of Richard Sklar, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
Frank, A.G., 1967, Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America: Historical Studies of Chile and Brazil. New York: Monthly Review Press.
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Glickman, H., ed., 1995, Ethnic Conflict and the Democratisation in Africa, Atlanta, GA: African Studies Association. Gordon, A.A., 1996, Transforming Capitalism and Patriarchy: Gender and Development in Africa, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
Harbeson, J.W., Rothchild, D. and Chazan, N., eds, 1994, Civil Society and the State in Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
Hountondji, P., ed., 1997, Endogenous Knowledge: Research Trails, Dakar: CODESRIA.
Nasong’o: Political Science and African Political Epistemologies Huntington, S.P., 1965, Political Development and Political Decay, World Politics, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 386–430.
Huntington, S. P., 1968, Political Order in Changing Societies, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Kleinberg, R. B. and Clark, J. A., eds, 2000, Economic Liberalisation and Civil Society in the Developing World, New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Leys, C., 1975, Underdevelopment in Kenya: The Political Economy of Neo-Colonialism, London,UK: Heinemann.
Lindberg, S. I., 2006, Democracy and Elections in Africa, Baltimore, MA: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Lumumba-Kasongo, T., 1999, The Dynamics of Economic and Political Relations between Africa and Foreign Powers: A Study in International Relations, Westport, CT: Praeger.
Mamdani, M. and Wamba-dia-Wamba, eds. 1995, African Studies in Social Movements and Democracy, Dakar: CODESRIA.
Manning, C.L., 2002, The Politics of Peace in Mozambique: Post-Conflict Democrati- sation, 1992-2000, Westport, CT: Praeger.
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Mazrui, A.A., 1980, The African Condition: A Political Diagnosis, London, UK: Heinemann.
Mazrui, A.A., 1986, The Africans: A Triple Heritage, New York: Little, Brown and Co. Mazrui, A.A., 1995, Pan-Africanism: From Poetry to Power, Issue: A Journal of Opinion, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 35–38.
Mazrui, A.A., 2004a, The African Predicament and the American Experience: A Tale of Two Edens, Boulder, CO: Praeger.
Mazrui, A.A., 2004b, Islam: Between Globalisation and Counterterrorism, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
Mazrui, A.A., 2006, A Tale of Two Africas: Nigeria and South Africa as Contrasting Visions, Karioki, J.N., ed., London, UK: Adonis & Abbey.
Mazrui, A.A., 2014, The Politics of Gender and the Culture of Sexuality: Western, Islamic and African Perspectives, Anwar, E, ed., Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
Mbaku, J.M. and Ihonvbere, J.O., eds, 2003, The Transition to Democratic Governance in Africa: The Continuing Struggle, Westport, CT: Praeger.
Mkandawire, T. and Olukoshi, A., eds, 1995, Between Liberalisation and Oppression: The Politics of Structural Adjustment in Africa, Dakar: CODESRIA.
Mkandawire, T. and Soludo, C. C., 1999, Our Continent, Our Future: African Pers- pectives on Structural Adjustment, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
Migdal, J.S., 1988, Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capacity in the Third World, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Murunga, G.R., 2000, Civil Society and the Democratic Experience in Kenya: Review Essay, African Sociological Review, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 97–118.
Africa Development, Volume XLVI, No. 3, 2021
Murunga, G.R., 2002, African Women in the Academy and Beyond: Review Essay, Jenda: A Journal of Culture and African Women Studies, Vol. 2, No. 1.
Murunga, G.R., 2007, Governance and the Politics of Structural Adjustment in Kenya, in Murunga, G. and Nasong’o, S., eds, Kenya: The Struggle for Democracy, Dakar and London, UK: CODESRIA and Zed Books, pp. 263–296.
Murunga, G.R. and Nasong’o, S.W., 2006, Bent on Self-Destruction: The Kibaki Regime in Kenya, Journal of Contemporary African Studies, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 1–28. Nabudere, D.W., 1977, The Political Economy of Imperialism: Its Theoretical and Polemical Treatment from Mercantilist to Multilateral Imperialism, Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House.
Nabudere, D.W., 1979, Essays in the Theory and Practice of Imperialism, London, UK: Onyx Press.
Nasong’o, S.W., 2004, From Political Dictatorship to Authoritarian Economism: Plural Politics and Free Market Reforms in Africa, Journal of Third World Studies, Vol. XXI, No. 2, pp. 107–125.
Nasong’o, S.W., 2005, Contending Political Paradigms in Africa: Rationality and the Politics of Democratisation in Kenya and Zambia, New York: Routledge.
Nasong’o, S.W., 2007, 'Negotiating New Rules of the Game: Civil Society, Social Movements and the Kenyan Transition', in Murunga, G. and Nasong’o, S., eds, Kenya: The Struggle for Democracy, London, UK and Dakar: Zed Books and CODESRIA, pp. 19–57.
Nasong’o, S.W., 2008, 'Shifting Modes of Politics in Africa: Theoretical and Conceptual Imperatives', in Nasong’o, S. W., ed., The African Search for Stable Forms of Statehood: Essays in Political Criticism, Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press, pp. 19–44.
Nasong’o, S.W., 2017, 'Global Citizen, Dialectical Thinker: Ali Mazrui and the Analytical Potency of Mazruiana', in Wachanga, N. W., ed., Growing Up in a Shrinking World: How Politics, Culture and the Nuclear Age Defined the Biography of Ali A. Mazrui, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, pp. 137–153.
Nasong’o, S.W., 2018, 'Competing Theories and Concepts on Politics, Governance and Development', in Oloruntoba, S. and Falola, T., eds, The Palgrave Handbook on African Politics, Governance and Development, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 35–56.
Nasong’o, S.W., 2019, 'Ali Mazrui’s Analytical Penchant for the Dialectics: Intel- lectual Creativity and the Explanatory Potency of Mazruiana', in Kalu, K. and Falola, T., eds, Oppression and Resistance in Africa and the African Diaspora, New York: Routledge, pp. 33–44.
Nasong’o, S.W. 2019, ‘Rethinking Africa’s Development Models.’ Journal of African Inter disciplinary Studies, 3, no. 1, 33-40.
Nasong’o, S.W. and Ayot, T.A., 2007, Women in Kenya’s Politics of Transition and Democratisation, in Murunga, G. and Nasong’o, S., eds, Kenya: The Struggle for Democracy, Dakar and London, UK: CODESRIA and Zed Books, pp. 164–197.
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Nasong’o: Political Science and African Political Epistemologies Nyong’o, P.A., 1987, Popular Struggles for Democracy: Studies in African Political Economy, London, UK: Zed Books.Nyong’o, P. A., 1989, State and Society in Kenya: The Disintegration of the Nationa- list Coalition and the Rise of Presidential Authoritarianism, 1963–1978, African Affairs, Vol. 88, No. 351, pp. 229–251.
Nyong’o, P. A., 1992a, Africa: The Failure of One-Party Rule, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 90–96.
Nyong’o, P.A., 1992b, Thirty Years of Independence in Africa: The Lost Decades?, Nairobi: Academy Science Publishers.
Nzongola-Ntalaja, G. and Lee, M.C., 1998, The State and Democracy in Africa, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
Oyewumi, O., ed., 2005, African Gender Studies: A Reader, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Parpart, J.L .and Staudt, K.A., eds, 1990, Women and the State in Africa, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
Parsons, T., 1937, Structure of Social Action, New York: Free Press. Parsons, T., 1951, The Social System, New York: Free Press.
Parsons, T., 1967, Sociological Theory and Modern Society, New York: Free Press. Reno, W., 1995, Corruption and State Politics in Sierra Leone, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Reno, W., 1998, Warlord Politics and African States, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner. Rodney, W., [1972] 1981, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, Washington, DC: Howard University Press.
Rostow, W.W., 1960, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rothchild, D., 1997, Managing Ethnic Conflict in Africa: Pressures and Incentives for Cooperation, Washington, DC: Brookings.
Rothchild, D. and Chazan, N., eds, 1988, The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Rothchild, D. and Curry Jr., R., 1979, Scarcity, Choice and Public Policy in Middle Africa, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Rothchild, D. and Olorunsola, V.A., eds, 1983, State versus Ethnic Claims: African Policy Dilemmas, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Sall, E., ed., 2000, Women in Academia: Gender and Academic Freedom in Africa, Dakar: CODESRIA.
Schraeder, P.J., 2004, African Politics and Society: A Mosaic in Transformation, Belmont, CA: Wardsworth.
Shaw, T.M., 1991, Reformism, Revisionism and Radicalism in African Political Economy during the 1990s, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 191–212.
Sklar, R.L., 1978, The Nature of Class Domination in Africa, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 531–552.
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Africa Development, Volume XLVI, No. 3, 2021
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