2 - Citizenship, Alienation and Conflict in Nigeria
Corresponding Author(s) : William O. O. Idowu
Africa Development,
Vol. 24 No. 1-2 (1999): Africa Development: The Political Economy of Conflicts in Africa
Abstract
Le présent article se propose d'examiner le lien complexe entre les problèmes de citoyenneté, d'aliénation et de conflit au Nigeria. Il commence par une analyse du concept de conflit et de certains termes connexes de violence et de crise. A partir de cette analyse, le document procède à l'identification et à l'examen critique de certains points de vue avancés par les chercheurs sur les causes profondes des conflits au Nigeria, comme l'existence d'enjeux politiques et de conflits de classe, le problème de l'Etat et du paradigme résistant de l'ethnicité. L'article affirme que les hypothèses et présuppositions centrales de ces points de vue ne suffisent pas à expliquer le problème des conflits au Nigeria. L'article conclut que le problème de conflits au Nigeria est intimement lié à l'absence de citoyenneté authentique et véritable dans les interactions et attitudes politiques. Il décrit la vie politique au Nigeria qu'il assimile à l'état conjoncturel de la nature où il n'existe aucune idée de citoyenneté véritable. Etant donné la manière particulière dont est contruit le modèle de citoyenneté nigerianne, c'est-à-dire, un modèle d'exclusion et non d'inclusion, il décrit l'existence d'une relation inter groupes dans laquelle la citoyenneté se définit au niveau sous-étatique. Les enjeux politiques, dans ces conditions, deviennent des enjeux d'antagonisme et de guerre, car ils participent de l'aliénation et de l'exclusion de certains groupes du pouvoir et de ses fruits, et de la domination par des groupes ethniques qui ont réussi à reléguer d'autres groupes à un status marginal.
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- Ake, C., 1985, 'The PresentCrisis inAfrica: Economie Crisis or Crisis of the State?' in J. lhonvbere ed., The Political Economy ofCrisisand Underdevelopment inA.frica, Lagos, JAD Publishers.
- Coser, L., 1956, The Functions of Social Conflict, Glencoe, Free press.
- Deng, F.M., 1996, 'Anatomy ofConflicts in Africa', in L.V. De Goor et al. Between Development and Destruction - An Inquiry into the causes of Conflict in Post-Colonial States, The Hague, Netherlands, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, pp.219-236.
- Diamond, L., 1988, Class, Ethnicity and Democracy in Nigeria, London, George Allen and Unwin.
- Ekeh, P. P., 1974, 'Citizenship and Political Conflict: A Sociological Interpretation of the Nigerian Crisis' in J. Okpaku ed. Nigeria, Dilemma ofNationhood: AnA.frican Analysis of the Biafran crisis, Okpaku Comunications.
- Ekeh, P. P., 1978, Colonialism and the Development ofCitizenship in Africa: A Study of the Ideologies ofLegitimation' in O. Otite ed., Themes in African Social and Political Thought, Enugu, Fourth Dimension.
- Ekekwe, E., 1985, 'State and Economie Development', in C. Ake ed. Political Economy of Nigeria, New York, Longman Inc.
- Girvetz, H., 1974, 'An Anatomy of Violence', in S.M. Stanage, ed., Reason and Violence, Little Field, Adams and Co., pp.183-204.
- Hyden, G., 1992, Governance and the Study of Politics in Africa, G. Hyden and M. Bratton eds., Lynne Reinner Publishers, Boulder.
- Ifidon E. A., 1988, 'Citizenship, Statehood and the Problem of Democratization in Nigeria', in Africa Development, Vol 21, no. 4, pp.93-107.
- lgbokwe, J. 1995, The Tempo, Lagos, 9 November .
- Kokole, O., 1996, 'Ethnie Conflicts Versus Development in Africa: Causes and Remedies ', in L.V. De Goor et. al. eds., Between Development and Destruction - An Inquiry into the Causes of Conflict in Post Colonial States, The Hague, Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, pp.126-142.
- Lewis, A., 1965, Politics in West Africa, London, George Allen and Unwin. Marshall, T.H., 1949, 'Citizenship and Social class', Reprinted in T. H. Marshall,
- , Class, Citizenship and Social Development, New York, Double Day and Company.
- Miall, H., 1992, The Peace-Makers: Peaceful Settlement of Disputes Since 1945, London, Macmillan Press.
- Mill, J. S., 1991, Representative Government, Everyman's Edition. Neiburg, H.L,. 1969, Political violence, New York, St. Martins Press. Nicholson, M., 1971, ConflictAnalysis, London, English Uruversity Press.
- Ninsin, K.A., 1995, 'Conflict as Pursuit ofLiberty', in M. Oq41lye ed. Democracy and Conflict Resolution in Ghana, Accra, Gold Type Publication, Ltd.
- Nnoli, O., 1989, Ethnie Politics in Africa, Ibadan, AAPS.
- Nolutshungu, S., 1990, 'Fragments ofa Democracy: Reflections in Class and Politics in Nigeria' in Third World Quarterly, January, Vol 12, No 1, pp. 86-115.
- Obadare, E., 1996, The Tempo, Lagos, 16 May.
- Onimode, B., 1988, A Political Economy of the African Crisis, London, Zed Books. Oquaye, M., 1995, 'Politics, Society and Conflict in Africa - An Overview', in M.
- Oquaye, ed., Democracy and Conflict Resolution in Ghana, Accra, Gold Type Publications Ltd.
- Raphael, D. D., 1970, The Problems of Political Philosophy, London, Macmillan. Rummel, R. J., 1976, Understanding Conflict and War, Vol. 2, New York, Sage Publishers Inc.
- Scott, 1994, Poverty and Wealth, Citizenship, Deprivation and Privilege, London, Longman Group Ltd.
- Smith A. D., 1981, The Ethnie Phenomenon.
- Snyder, J., 1993, 'Nationalism and the Crisis of the Post-Soviet State', in Survival, Vol 35, No 1.
- Taiwo, O., 1996, 'Ofcitizens and citizenship', The Tempo, Lagos, Sept.-Oct.
- Tilly, C., 1969, 'Collective Violence in European Perspective', pp.4-45 in H. O. Graham and T. R. Gurr. eds., Violence in American, New York, Bantam.
- UNRISD, 1995, States of Disarray: The Social effect ofGlobalization, Geneva, The United Nations
- Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD).
- Van Der Berghe, 1987, The Ethnie Phenomenon, New York, Praeger.
- Zartman, W.I., 1991, 'ConflictResolution: Prevention,ManagementandResolution', in F.M. Deng and
- W.I. Zartman eds., Conflict Resolution in Africa, Washington, D.C., Brookings Institution.
References
Ake, C., 1985, 'The PresentCrisis inAfrica: Economie Crisis or Crisis of the State?' in J. lhonvbere ed., The Political Economy ofCrisisand Underdevelopment inA.frica, Lagos, JAD Publishers.
Coser, L., 1956, The Functions of Social Conflict, Glencoe, Free press.
Deng, F.M., 1996, 'Anatomy ofConflicts in Africa', in L.V. De Goor et al. Between Development and Destruction - An Inquiry into the causes of Conflict in Post-Colonial States, The Hague, Netherlands, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, pp.219-236.
Diamond, L., 1988, Class, Ethnicity and Democracy in Nigeria, London, George Allen and Unwin.
Ekeh, P. P., 1974, 'Citizenship and Political Conflict: A Sociological Interpretation of the Nigerian Crisis' in J. Okpaku ed. Nigeria, Dilemma ofNationhood: AnA.frican Analysis of the Biafran crisis, Okpaku Comunications.
Ekeh, P. P., 1978, Colonialism and the Development ofCitizenship in Africa: A Study of the Ideologies ofLegitimation' in O. Otite ed., Themes in African Social and Political Thought, Enugu, Fourth Dimension.
Ekekwe, E., 1985, 'State and Economie Development', in C. Ake ed. Political Economy of Nigeria, New York, Longman Inc.
Girvetz, H., 1974, 'An Anatomy of Violence', in S.M. Stanage, ed., Reason and Violence, Little Field, Adams and Co., pp.183-204.
Hyden, G., 1992, Governance and the Study of Politics in Africa, G. Hyden and M. Bratton eds., Lynne Reinner Publishers, Boulder.
Ifidon E. A., 1988, 'Citizenship, Statehood and the Problem of Democratization in Nigeria', in Africa Development, Vol 21, no. 4, pp.93-107.
lgbokwe, J. 1995, The Tempo, Lagos, 9 November .
Kokole, O., 1996, 'Ethnie Conflicts Versus Development in Africa: Causes and Remedies ', in L.V. De Goor et. al. eds., Between Development and Destruction - An Inquiry into the Causes of Conflict in Post Colonial States, The Hague, Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, pp.126-142.
Lewis, A., 1965, Politics in West Africa, London, George Allen and Unwin. Marshall, T.H., 1949, 'Citizenship and Social class', Reprinted in T. H. Marshall,
, Class, Citizenship and Social Development, New York, Double Day and Company.
Miall, H., 1992, The Peace-Makers: Peaceful Settlement of Disputes Since 1945, London, Macmillan Press.
Mill, J. S., 1991, Representative Government, Everyman's Edition. Neiburg, H.L,. 1969, Political violence, New York, St. Martins Press. Nicholson, M., 1971, ConflictAnalysis, London, English Uruversity Press.
Ninsin, K.A., 1995, 'Conflict as Pursuit ofLiberty', in M. Oq41lye ed. Democracy and Conflict Resolution in Ghana, Accra, Gold Type Publication, Ltd.
Nnoli, O., 1989, Ethnie Politics in Africa, Ibadan, AAPS.
Nolutshungu, S., 1990, 'Fragments ofa Democracy: Reflections in Class and Politics in Nigeria' in Third World Quarterly, January, Vol 12, No 1, pp. 86-115.
Obadare, E., 1996, The Tempo, Lagos, 16 May.
Onimode, B., 1988, A Political Economy of the African Crisis, London, Zed Books. Oquaye, M., 1995, 'Politics, Society and Conflict in Africa - An Overview', in M.
Oquaye, ed., Democracy and Conflict Resolution in Ghana, Accra, Gold Type Publications Ltd.
Raphael, D. D., 1970, The Problems of Political Philosophy, London, Macmillan. Rummel, R. J., 1976, Understanding Conflict and War, Vol. 2, New York, Sage Publishers Inc.
Scott, 1994, Poverty and Wealth, Citizenship, Deprivation and Privilege, London, Longman Group Ltd.
Smith A. D., 1981, The Ethnie Phenomenon.
Snyder, J., 1993, 'Nationalism and the Crisis of the Post-Soviet State', in Survival, Vol 35, No 1.
Taiwo, O., 1996, 'Ofcitizens and citizenship', The Tempo, Lagos, Sept.-Oct.
Tilly, C., 1969, 'Collective Violence in European Perspective', pp.4-45 in H. O. Graham and T. R. Gurr. eds., Violence in American, New York, Bantam.
UNRISD, 1995, States of Disarray: The Social effect ofGlobalization, Geneva, The United Nations
Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD).
Van Der Berghe, 1987, The Ethnie Phenomenon, New York, Praeger.
Zartman, W.I., 1991, 'ConflictResolution: Prevention,ManagementandResolution', in F.M. Deng and
W.I. Zartman eds., Conflict Resolution in Africa, Washington, D.C., Brookings Institution.