7 - Food Price Changes and Consumption Adaptation Models In Enugu State, Nigeria Amidst Covid-19 Pandemic Shocks
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 49 No 1 (2024): Afrique et développement
Résumé
La pandémie de Covid-19 a été une catastrophe mondiale qui a affecté la situation de sécurité alimentaire dans le monde. Afin de déterminer les modes de consommation des populations et l’utilité des mesures palliatives qui leur sont proposées, cet article examine l’évolution des prix de denrées alimentaires et les modèles d’adaptation de la consommation dans l’État d’Enugu, au Nigeria. Les données primaires ont été générées grâce à une enquête menée auprès de quatre-vingts répondants. Les données secondaires ont été compilées à partir de rapports mensuels sur les prix de denrées alimentaires produites par le Bureau national des statistiques. Elles ont été analysées à l'aide de statistiques descriptives, de l'indice des prix à la consommation et de tests de chi carré. Les indices de prix de produits alimentaires comme le garri blanc et les patates douces ont révélé une très forte inflation pendant la période pandémique. Le nombre de ménages qui s’alimentaient une fois par jour a augmenté tandis que celui de ceux qui mangeaient trois fois par jour a baissé. Le résultat des tests de chi carré sur les différences dans les habitudes alimentaires et le régime alimentaire avant et pendant le Covid-19 est significatif. De nombreuses personnes interrogées ont reçu une aide palliative pendant la pandémie. L'article recommande que le gouvernement encourage les agriculteurs à accroître leur production en leur accordant des prêts et des subventions qui leur permettent de produire suffisamment de nourriture pour les cas d'urgence, comme la pandémie.
Mots-clés
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- Abalaka, G.O., Mkpado, M., and Ugwu, S. O. C., 2013, ‘Rearing Methods, Seasons of the Year and Survivability of Rural Poultry Enterprise in Nigeria’, Journal of Agriculture and Sustainability, Vol. 3, No. 1, p. 27.
- Aron, J., 2018, ‘Mobile Money and the Economy: A Review of the Evidence’, The World Bank Research Observer, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 135–188.
- Attanasio, O., Di, V., Lechene, V., and Phillips, D., 2013, ‘Welfare Consequences of Food Prices Increases: Evidence from Rural Mexico’, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 104, pp. 136–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2013.03.009
- Bairagi, S., Mishra, A.K., and Mottaleb, K.A., 2022, ‘Impacts of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Food Prices: Evidence from Storable and Perishable Commodities in India’, Pub Med Central, Vol. 17, No. 3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8893685/ Accessed December 2022.
- Eranga, I.O., 2020, ‘Pandemic in Nigeria: Palliative Measures and the Politics of Vulnerability’, International Journal of Maternal and Child Health and AIDS, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 220–222.
- FAO Datalab, 2020, FAO’s Big Data Tool on Food Chains under the Covid-19 Pandemic. https://datalab.review.fao.org/dailyprices.html#
- Food Security Portal (FSP), 2012, Covid-19 Food Price Monitor. http://www.foodsecurityportal.org/policy-analysis-tools/covid-19-food-price-monitor. Accessed 14 August 2020.
- Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN), 2020, Impact of Covid-19 on Food Systems: A Situation Report. https://www.gainhealth.org/resources/reports-and-publications/impact-covid-19-food-systems-situation-report-i
- Holmes, R., Jones, N., and Wiggins, S., 2008, Understanding the Impact of Food Prices on Children, London: Plan UK https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/3345.pdf
- Ifejirika, C.A., Arene, C.J., and Mkpado, M., 2013, ‘Price Transmission and Integration of Rural and Urban Rice Markets in Nigeria’, Journal of Agriculture and Sustainability, Australia, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 66–85. http://infinitypress.info/index.php/jas/article/view/40
- Iheme, G.O., 2022, ‘Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Food Price Index in Nigeria. Future of Food’, Journal on Food, Agriculture and Society, Vol. 10, No. 3. https://www.thefutureoffoodjournal.com/index.php/FOFJ/article/view/547. Accessed 20 December 2022.
- Iheme, G.O., Jagun, A.O., Egechizuorom, I.M., Ogbonna, O.C., Edafioghor, L.O., Adeleke, F.A, Asouzu, N.C., Mebude, A.S., Enuka, H.C., Kupoluyi, O.E., Onyekwere, C.C., Okwu, U.P., and Olah, L.E., 2020, ‘Food Consumption and Coping Strategies of Urban-households in Nigeria during the Covid-19 Pandemic Lockdown’, World Nutrition, Journal of World Public Health Nutrition Association, Vol. 11, No. 3. https://doi.org/10.26596/wn.202011335-50
- Lyu, B.K., Zhang, X., Xing, L., and Zhang, C., 2015, ‘Impact of Rising Food Prices on Food Consumption and Nutrition of China’s Rural Poor, Proceedings of 2015’, International Association of Agricultural Economists 9–14 August 2015, Milan, Italy, p. 27.
- McNamara, P.E., Ulimwengu, J.M., and Leonard, K.L., 2010, Do Health Investments Improve Agricultural Productivity? Lessons from Agricultural Household and Health Research IFPRI Discussion Paper 01012.
- Mkhawani, K., Motadi, S.A., Mabapa, N.S., Mbhenyane, X.G., and Blaauw, R., 2016, ‘Effects of Rising Food Prices on Household Food Security on Female-headed Households in Runnymede Village, Mopani District, South Africa’, South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 69–74. DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2016.1216504
- Mkpado, M., 2012a, ‘Global Financial Crisis and Agrarian Households’ Income, Remittance and Prices in Rural Nigeria amid Policy’, Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 6, pp. 3–9. www.rjoas.com/issue-2012-06/i006_article_2012_01.pdf
- Mkpado, M., 2012b, ‘Global Financial Crisis, Return Migration and Adjustments among Agrarian Households in Rural Nigeria’, Economic Affairs, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 277–285, http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor. aspx?target=ijor:eaj&volume=57&issue=3&article=006
- Mkpado, M., 2013a, ‘Some Indicators of African Agriculture Situations, Exports and Opportunities’, Journal of Business Administration and Education, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 123–155.
- Mkpado, M., 2013b, ‘The Status of African Agriculture and Capacity Development Challenges for Sustainable Resilience from Global Economic Shocks’, Journal of Sustainable Development Studies, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 45–79.
- Mkpado, M., 2016, ‘Hectarage and Output Responses of Maize to Market Liberalization and Price Risk in Nigeria’, Tropical Agriculture, Vol. 93, No. 1, pp. 61–77.
- Mkpado, M., and Arene, C.J., 2006, ‘Effects of Group Design on Loan Repayment Performance of Formal Farmer Groups in Nigeria’, Journal of Rural Development, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 565–578.
- Mkpado, M., and Arene, C., 2012, ‘Trade liberalization, Exchange Rate Changes and the Competitiveness of Carbohydrates Staple Markets in Nigeria’, International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 121–136.
- Mkpado, M., Arene, C.J., and Chidebelu, S.A.N.D., 2012, ‘Hectarage Response of Rice Production to Market Liberalisation and Price Risk In Nigeria’, Economic Affairs, Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 73–89. www.ndpublisher.in/Economi_Affair_March_2012.pdf National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), 2006, Census Report. Abuja, Nigeria. https://nigerianstat.gov.ng
- National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), 2019, Consumption Expenditure Pattern in Nigeria. https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/elibrary/read/1094
- Newsbreak, 2020, Video: Agege youths turn Covid-19 palliative bread provided by Obasa into football. https://newsbreak.ng/video-agege-youths-turn-covid-19-bread-provided-by-obasa-into-football/amp/
- OECD, 2021, The territorial impact of COVID-19: Managing the crisis and recovery across levels of government, OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19), Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/a2c6abaf-en.
- Ohaka, C.C., Chidebelu, S.A.N.D., Arene, C.J., and Mkpado, M., 2017, ‘Do Social Capital and Membership Homogeneity Characteristics Matter in Credit Markets with Joint-Liability among Rice Farmers Groups in Nigeria?’ Tropical Agriculture, Vol. 94, No. 3, pp. 295–311.
- Omaka-Amari, L.N., Aleke, C.O., Obande-Ogbuinya, N.E., Ngwakwe, P.C., Nwankwo, O., and Afoke, E.N., 2020, ‘Coronavirus (Covid-19) Pandemic in Nigeria: Preventive and Control Challenges within the First Two Months of Outbreak, African Journal of Reproductive Health (Special Edition on Covid-19), Vol. 24, No. 2, p. 97.
- Pitt, M.M., and Rosenzweig, M.R., 1986, ‘Agricultural Prices, Food Consumption, and the Health and Productivity of Indonesian Farmers’, in Singh, I. J., Squire, L. and Strauss, J., eds, Agricultural Household Models, Baltimore, MA: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Polly-Mbah, C.P., Ohaka, C.C., and Mkpado, M., 2010, ‘Correlates of Food Staples to Food Price Index in Imo State: Implications for Food Insecurity in Nigeria’, Nigeria Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Vol. 6, Nos 1 and 2, pp. 110–113.
- Stoevska, V., 2020, Covid-19 is driving up Food Prices all over the World, ILOSTAT. https://ilostat.ilo.org/covid-19-is-driving-up-food-prices-all-over-the-world/. Accessed 20 December 2022.
- Verani, A., Clodfelter, C., Menon, A., Chevinsky, J., Victory, K., and Hakim, A., 2020, ‘Social distancing policies in 22 African countries during the COVID-19 pandemic: A desk review’, Pan African Medical Journal, Vol. 37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.supp.2020.37.1.27026. Accessed 20 December 2022.
- Vos, R., Glauber, J., Hernandez, M., and Laborde, D., 2022, ‘Covid-19 and Rising Global Food Prices: What’s Really Happening? IFPRI. https://www.ifpri.org/blog/covid-19-and-rising-global-food-prices-whats-really-happening. Accessed 20 December 2022.
- Zezza, A., Davis, B., Azzarri, C., Covarrubias, K., Tasciotti, L., and Anriquez, G., 2008, ‘The Impact of Rising Food Prices on the Poor, Agricultural and Development Economics Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO – ESA)’, Working Papers, p. 39. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/riga/pdf/aj284e00.pdf
Les références
Abalaka, G.O., Mkpado, M., and Ugwu, S. O. C., 2013, ‘Rearing Methods, Seasons of the Year and Survivability of Rural Poultry Enterprise in Nigeria’, Journal of Agriculture and Sustainability, Vol. 3, No. 1, p. 27.
Aron, J., 2018, ‘Mobile Money and the Economy: A Review of the Evidence’, The World Bank Research Observer, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 135–188.
Attanasio, O., Di, V., Lechene, V., and Phillips, D., 2013, ‘Welfare Consequences of Food Prices Increases: Evidence from Rural Mexico’, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 104, pp. 136–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2013.03.009
Bairagi, S., Mishra, A.K., and Mottaleb, K.A., 2022, ‘Impacts of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Food Prices: Evidence from Storable and Perishable Commodities in India’, Pub Med Central, Vol. 17, No. 3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8893685/ Accessed December 2022.
Eranga, I.O., 2020, ‘Pandemic in Nigeria: Palliative Measures and the Politics of Vulnerability’, International Journal of Maternal and Child Health and AIDS, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 220–222.
FAO Datalab, 2020, FAO’s Big Data Tool on Food Chains under the Covid-19 Pandemic. https://datalab.review.fao.org/dailyprices.html#
Food Security Portal (FSP), 2012, Covid-19 Food Price Monitor. http://www.foodsecurityportal.org/policy-analysis-tools/covid-19-food-price-monitor. Accessed 14 August 2020.
Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN), 2020, Impact of Covid-19 on Food Systems: A Situation Report. https://www.gainhealth.org/resources/reports-and-publications/impact-covid-19-food-systems-situation-report-i
Holmes, R., Jones, N., and Wiggins, S., 2008, Understanding the Impact of Food Prices on Children, London: Plan UK https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/3345.pdf
Ifejirika, C.A., Arene, C.J., and Mkpado, M., 2013, ‘Price Transmission and Integration of Rural and Urban Rice Markets in Nigeria’, Journal of Agriculture and Sustainability, Australia, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 66–85. http://infinitypress.info/index.php/jas/article/view/40
Iheme, G.O., 2022, ‘Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Food Price Index in Nigeria. Future of Food’, Journal on Food, Agriculture and Society, Vol. 10, No. 3. https://www.thefutureoffoodjournal.com/index.php/FOFJ/article/view/547. Accessed 20 December 2022.
Iheme, G.O., Jagun, A.O., Egechizuorom, I.M., Ogbonna, O.C., Edafioghor, L.O., Adeleke, F.A, Asouzu, N.C., Mebude, A.S., Enuka, H.C., Kupoluyi, O.E., Onyekwere, C.C., Okwu, U.P., and Olah, L.E., 2020, ‘Food Consumption and Coping Strategies of Urban-households in Nigeria during the Covid-19 Pandemic Lockdown’, World Nutrition, Journal of World Public Health Nutrition Association, Vol. 11, No. 3. https://doi.org/10.26596/wn.202011335-50
Lyu, B.K., Zhang, X., Xing, L., and Zhang, C., 2015, ‘Impact of Rising Food Prices on Food Consumption and Nutrition of China’s Rural Poor, Proceedings of 2015’, International Association of Agricultural Economists 9–14 August 2015, Milan, Italy, p. 27.
McNamara, P.E., Ulimwengu, J.M., and Leonard, K.L., 2010, Do Health Investments Improve Agricultural Productivity? Lessons from Agricultural Household and Health Research IFPRI Discussion Paper 01012.
Mkhawani, K., Motadi, S.A., Mabapa, N.S., Mbhenyane, X.G., and Blaauw, R., 2016, ‘Effects of Rising Food Prices on Household Food Security on Female-headed Households in Runnymede Village, Mopani District, South Africa’, South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 69–74. DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2016.1216504
Mkpado, M., 2012a, ‘Global Financial Crisis and Agrarian Households’ Income, Remittance and Prices in Rural Nigeria amid Policy’, Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 6, pp. 3–9. www.rjoas.com/issue-2012-06/i006_article_2012_01.pdf
Mkpado, M., 2012b, ‘Global Financial Crisis, Return Migration and Adjustments among Agrarian Households in Rural Nigeria’, Economic Affairs, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 277–285, http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor. aspx?target=ijor:eaj&volume=57&issue=3&article=006
Mkpado, M., 2013a, ‘Some Indicators of African Agriculture Situations, Exports and Opportunities’, Journal of Business Administration and Education, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 123–155.
Mkpado, M., 2013b, ‘The Status of African Agriculture and Capacity Development Challenges for Sustainable Resilience from Global Economic Shocks’, Journal of Sustainable Development Studies, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 45–79.
Mkpado, M., 2016, ‘Hectarage and Output Responses of Maize to Market Liberalization and Price Risk in Nigeria’, Tropical Agriculture, Vol. 93, No. 1, pp. 61–77.
Mkpado, M., and Arene, C.J., 2006, ‘Effects of Group Design on Loan Repayment Performance of Formal Farmer Groups in Nigeria’, Journal of Rural Development, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 565–578.
Mkpado, M., and Arene, C., 2012, ‘Trade liberalization, Exchange Rate Changes and the Competitiveness of Carbohydrates Staple Markets in Nigeria’, International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 121–136.
Mkpado, M., Arene, C.J., and Chidebelu, S.A.N.D., 2012, ‘Hectarage Response of Rice Production to Market Liberalisation and Price Risk In Nigeria’, Economic Affairs, Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 73–89. www.ndpublisher.in/Economi_Affair_March_2012.pdf National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), 2006, Census Report. Abuja, Nigeria. https://nigerianstat.gov.ng
National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), 2019, Consumption Expenditure Pattern in Nigeria. https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/elibrary/read/1094
Newsbreak, 2020, Video: Agege youths turn Covid-19 palliative bread provided by Obasa into football. https://newsbreak.ng/video-agege-youths-turn-covid-19-bread-provided-by-obasa-into-football/amp/
OECD, 2021, The territorial impact of COVID-19: Managing the crisis and recovery across levels of government, OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19), Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/a2c6abaf-en.
Ohaka, C.C., Chidebelu, S.A.N.D., Arene, C.J., and Mkpado, M., 2017, ‘Do Social Capital and Membership Homogeneity Characteristics Matter in Credit Markets with Joint-Liability among Rice Farmers Groups in Nigeria?’ Tropical Agriculture, Vol. 94, No. 3, pp. 295–311.
Omaka-Amari, L.N., Aleke, C.O., Obande-Ogbuinya, N.E., Ngwakwe, P.C., Nwankwo, O., and Afoke, E.N., 2020, ‘Coronavirus (Covid-19) Pandemic in Nigeria: Preventive and Control Challenges within the First Two Months of Outbreak, African Journal of Reproductive Health (Special Edition on Covid-19), Vol. 24, No. 2, p. 97.
Pitt, M.M., and Rosenzweig, M.R., 1986, ‘Agricultural Prices, Food Consumption, and the Health and Productivity of Indonesian Farmers’, in Singh, I. J., Squire, L. and Strauss, J., eds, Agricultural Household Models, Baltimore, MA: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Polly-Mbah, C.P., Ohaka, C.C., and Mkpado, M., 2010, ‘Correlates of Food Staples to Food Price Index in Imo State: Implications for Food Insecurity in Nigeria’, Nigeria Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Vol. 6, Nos 1 and 2, pp. 110–113.
Stoevska, V., 2020, Covid-19 is driving up Food Prices all over the World, ILOSTAT. https://ilostat.ilo.org/covid-19-is-driving-up-food-prices-all-over-the-world/. Accessed 20 December 2022.
Verani, A., Clodfelter, C., Menon, A., Chevinsky, J., Victory, K., and Hakim, A., 2020, ‘Social distancing policies in 22 African countries during the COVID-19 pandemic: A desk review’, Pan African Medical Journal, Vol. 37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.supp.2020.37.1.27026. Accessed 20 December 2022.
Vos, R., Glauber, J., Hernandez, M., and Laborde, D., 2022, ‘Covid-19 and Rising Global Food Prices: What’s Really Happening? IFPRI. https://www.ifpri.org/blog/covid-19-and-rising-global-food-prices-whats-really-happening. Accessed 20 December 2022.
Zezza, A., Davis, B., Azzarri, C., Covarrubias, K., Tasciotti, L., and Anriquez, G., 2008, ‘The Impact of Rising Food Prices on the Poor, Agricultural and Development Economics Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO – ESA)’, Working Papers, p. 39. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/riga/pdf/aj284e00.pdf