2 - The United States and Security in Africa: The Impact of the Military Management of the International System
Corresponding Author(s) : Horace G. Campbell
Africa Development,
Vol. 42 No. 3 (2017): Africa Development: Special Issue on Security Regimes in Africa – Prospects and Challenges
Abstract
The focus of this article is to examine the dynamics influencing the militarization of US-Africa relations and their impact on security and transformation in Africa. The article attempts to illuminate the ideological, economic and social forces that influence the conception and practice of the militarization of US policy towards Africa. It examines contemporary global context – global capitalist crisis, forward planning for perpetual war and confrontation with China – which influence the thinking of a section of the US foreign policy establishment that advocates the militarization of US-Africa relations through AFRICOM. The conclusion calls on Africans to hold the line against the militarization of foreign policy and forward planning for war; Africans must define security in their own humanist terms and must build their capacity to hold their own and protect Africans’ security interests.
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- Abelson, D.E., 2009, Do Think Tanks Matter? Assessing the Impact of Public Policy Institutes, Toront: McGill-Queens University Press.
- Abelson, D.E., 2013, ‘Think Tanks and U.S. Military and Diplomatic Affairs’ in Lynch, T., ed., The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Military and Diplomatic History, New York: Oxford University Press.
- Adebajo, A., 2004, ‘Africans, African Americans and the Avuncular Sam’, Africa Today 50 (3), Spring.
- African Union (AU), 2016, AU Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want. Popular Version, May.
- Allen, T., 2012, The Invention of the White Race, Vols 1 and 2, New York: Verso.
- Amin, S., 2004, The Liberal Virus: Permanent War and the Americanization of the World, New York: Monthly Review Press.
- Amin, S. 2014, ‘Understanding the Political Economy of Contemporary Africa’ Africa Development 39 (1): 15–36.
- Aning, E.K., 2001, ‘African Crisis Response Initiative and the New African Security (Dis)order’, African Journal of Political Science 6 (1): 43–67
- Atlantic, 2016, ‘The Legacy of Obama’s Worst Mistake’, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/04/obamas-worst-mistake-libya/478461/.
- Balaam, D.N. and Dillman, B., 2014, Introduction to International Political Economy, Routledge.
- Barnett, M.N., 1997, ‘The UN Security Council, Indifference and Genocide in Rwanda’, Cultural Anthropology 12 (4): 555–78.
- Bellamy Foster, J., 2015, ‘The New Imperialism of Globalized Monopoly-Finance Capital’, Monthly Review 67 (3) (July–August).
- BBC News, 2016, ‘Nelson Mandela: CIA Tip-off Led to 1962 Durban Arrest’, 16 May, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36296551.
- Burgess, S., 2010, ‘Sustainability of Strategic Minerals in Southern Africa and Potential Conflicts and Partnerships’, pp 1–2, available at http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA535875.
- Campbell, H., 2008, ‘Remilitarisation of African Societies: Analysis of the Planning behind Proposed US Africa Command’, International Journal of African Renaissance Studies - Multi-, Inter- and Transdisciplinarity 3: (1): 6–34.
- Campbell, H.G., 2013, Global NATO and the Catastrophic Failure in Libya: Lessons for Africa in the Forging of African Unity, New York: Monthly Review Press.
- Campbell, H.G., 2014, ‘The Office of Transition Initiatives and the Subversion of Societies’, Counterpunch, 2 May, http://www.counterpunch.org/2014/05/02/the-office-of-transition-initiatives-and-the-subversion-of-societies/.
- Campbell, H.G., 2016, ‘New Push for Military Intervention: Who Will Control The Libyan Central Bank?’, Counterpunch, 22 April.
- Campbell, H. and Murrey, M., 2014, ‘Culture-centric Pre-emptive Counterinsurgency and US Africa Command: Assessing the Role of the US Social Sciences in US military Engagements in Africa’, Third World Quarterly 35(8): 1457–75.
- Campbell, K.M., 2016, The Pivot: The Future of American Statecraft in Asia, New York: Twelve Publishers.
- CBS News, 2003, ‘Mandela Slams Bush On Iraq’, 30 January, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/mandela-slams-bush-on-iraq/.
- Chilcot, J., 2016, The Report of the Iraq Inquiry, UK government, 5 July, http://www.iraqinquiry.org.uk/the-report/.
- Cohen, E.A., 2015, ‘Strategy for the Common Defence’, The John Hay Initiative, http://www.choosingtolead.net/strategy-for-the-common-defense/.
- Finch, G., 2017, ‘World’s Biggest Banks Fined $321 Billion Since Financial Crisis’, Bloomberg News, 2 March, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-02/world-s-biggest-banks-fined-321-billion-since-financial-crisis.
- Goldberg, J., 2016, ‘The Obama Doctrine’, Atlantic, April, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/04/the-obama-doctrine/471525/.
- Hearn, J, 2000, ‘Aiding Democracy? Donors and Civil Society in South Africa’, Third World Quarterly 21 (5): 815–30.
- Hoff, B., 2016, ‘Hillary Emails Reveal True Motive for Libya Intervention’, Foreign Policy Journal, 6 January, http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2016/01/06/new-hillary-emails-reveal-true-motive-for-libya-intervention/.
- Hudson, M., 2009, ‘Economic Meltdown: The “Dollar Glut” is What Finances America’s Global Military Build-up’, Global Research, 29 March.
- Hudson, M., 2015, Finance as Warfare, London: World Economic Association Books.
- Inikori, J., ed., 1982. Forced Migration: The Impact of the Slave Trade on African Societies, New York: Africana Publishing Company.
- International Crisis Group (ICG), 2015, ‘The Prize: Fighting for Libya’s Energy Wealth’, Brussels, 3 December, https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/north-africa/libya/prize-fighting-libya-s-energy-wealth.
- Jensen, C.T. 2008, ‘Beyond AFRICOM: Toward a Comprehensive U.S Africa, Policy’, Yale Journal of International Affairs, Winter.
- Jensen, R. 2005, The Heart of Whiteness: Confronting Race, Racism, and White Privilege, San Francisco: City Lights Publishers.
- Johnson, S. and Kwak, J., 2011, 13 Bankers: The Wall Street Takeover and the Next Financial meltdown, New York: Vintage.
- Keenan, J., 2009, The Dark Sahara: America’s War on Terror in Africa, London: Macmillan.
- Knafo, S., 2006, ‘The Gold Standard and the Origins of the Modern International Monetary System’, Review of International Political Economy 13 (1): 78–102.
- Magubane, B., 1979, The Political Economy of Race and Class in South Africa, New York: Monthly Review Press.
- Pieterse, J.N., 1992, White on Black: Images of Africa and Blacks in Western Popular Culture, New Haven: Yale University Press.
- Ploch, L., 2011 ‘Africa Command: US Strategic Interests and the Role of the U.S. Military in Africa’, CRS, 22 July, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL34003.pdf.
- Priest, D. and Arkin, W.M., 2010, ‘Top Secret America: A Hidden World Growing beyond Control’, Washington Post, 19 July, http://projects.washingtonpost.com/top-secret-america/articles/a-hidden-world-growing-beyond-control/.
- Project for a New American Century, 2000, ‘Rebuilding America’s Defenses; Strategy, Forces and Resources for a New Century’, Washington DC.
- Rasmus, J., 2015, Systemic Fragility in the Global Economy, Atlanta GA: Clarity Press.
- Rodney, W., 1972, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House.
- Roediger, D.R., 2007, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class, New York: Verso Books.
- Sarkesian, S.C., Williams, J.A. and Cimbala, S.J., 2013, US National Security: Policymakers, Processes and Politics, Boulder CO: Lynne Rienner.
- Schooner, S.L., 2008, ‘Why Contractor Fatalities Matter’, Parameters, Autumn, p. 79, available at http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/Articles/08autumn/schooner.pdf.
- Singer, P.W., 2008, Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
- Sloan, S.R., 1994, ‘The United States and Use of Force in the Post-Cold War World: Toward Self-Deterrence?’, Congressional Research Service, Report for Congress, 94-581, 20 July, http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/94-581s.htm.
- Stacey, S. and Aksartova, S., 2001, ‘The Foundations of Democracy: U.S. Foundation Support for Civil Society in South Africa. 1988-1996’, Voluntas, International Journal of Voluntary and Non-Profit Organizations 12 (4): 373–97.
- Talbot, D., 2015, The Devil’s Chessboard: Allen Dulles, the CIA, and the Rise of America’s Secret Government, New York: Harper.
- Turse, N., 2015, Tomorrow’s Battlefield: U.S. Proxy Wars and Secret Ops in Africa, Chicago: Haymarket Books.
- Vines, A., 2003, ‘A Decade of the African Peace and Security Architecture’,International Affairs 1: 89–109.
- Vulliamy, E., 2011, ‘How a Big US Bank Laundered Billions from Mexico’s Murderous Drug Gangs’,
- Guardian (UK), 3 April, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/03/us-bank-mexico-drug-gangs.
- War on Want, 2016, ‘The New Colonialism: Britain’s Scramble for Africa’s Energy and Mineral Resources’, July, http://www.waronwant.org/resources/new-colonialism-britains-scramble-africas-energy-and-mineral-resources.
- Winig, L., 2016, ‘GE’s Big Bet on Data and Analytics’, MIT Sloan Management Review 18 February,
- https://sloanreview.mit.edu/case-study/ge-big-bet-on-data-and-analytics/.
- World Economic Forum (WEF), 2015, State of the Illicit Economy, Briefing Papers, http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_State_of_the_Illicit_Economy_2015_2.pdf. Zuriff, L., 2015,
- ‘Connecting Economy and Security’, The John Hay Initiative, http://www.choosingtolead.net/connecting-economics-and-security/.
References
Abelson, D.E., 2009, Do Think Tanks Matter? Assessing the Impact of Public Policy Institutes, Toront: McGill-Queens University Press.
Abelson, D.E., 2013, ‘Think Tanks and U.S. Military and Diplomatic Affairs’ in Lynch, T., ed., The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Military and Diplomatic History, New York: Oxford University Press.
Adebajo, A., 2004, ‘Africans, African Americans and the Avuncular Sam’, Africa Today 50 (3), Spring.
African Union (AU), 2016, AU Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want. Popular Version, May.
Allen, T., 2012, The Invention of the White Race, Vols 1 and 2, New York: Verso.
Amin, S., 2004, The Liberal Virus: Permanent War and the Americanization of the World, New York: Monthly Review Press.
Amin, S. 2014, ‘Understanding the Political Economy of Contemporary Africa’ Africa Development 39 (1): 15–36.
Aning, E.K., 2001, ‘African Crisis Response Initiative and the New African Security (Dis)order’, African Journal of Political Science 6 (1): 43–67
Atlantic, 2016, ‘The Legacy of Obama’s Worst Mistake’, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/04/obamas-worst-mistake-libya/478461/.
Balaam, D.N. and Dillman, B., 2014, Introduction to International Political Economy, Routledge.
Barnett, M.N., 1997, ‘The UN Security Council, Indifference and Genocide in Rwanda’, Cultural Anthropology 12 (4): 555–78.
Bellamy Foster, J., 2015, ‘The New Imperialism of Globalized Monopoly-Finance Capital’, Monthly Review 67 (3) (July–August).
BBC News, 2016, ‘Nelson Mandela: CIA Tip-off Led to 1962 Durban Arrest’, 16 May, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36296551.
Burgess, S., 2010, ‘Sustainability of Strategic Minerals in Southern Africa and Potential Conflicts and Partnerships’, pp 1–2, available at http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA535875.
Campbell, H., 2008, ‘Remilitarisation of African Societies: Analysis of the Planning behind Proposed US Africa Command’, International Journal of African Renaissance Studies - Multi-, Inter- and Transdisciplinarity 3: (1): 6–34.
Campbell, H.G., 2013, Global NATO and the Catastrophic Failure in Libya: Lessons for Africa in the Forging of African Unity, New York: Monthly Review Press.
Campbell, H.G., 2014, ‘The Office of Transition Initiatives and the Subversion of Societies’, Counterpunch, 2 May, http://www.counterpunch.org/2014/05/02/the-office-of-transition-initiatives-and-the-subversion-of-societies/.
Campbell, H.G., 2016, ‘New Push for Military Intervention: Who Will Control The Libyan Central Bank?’, Counterpunch, 22 April.
Campbell, H. and Murrey, M., 2014, ‘Culture-centric Pre-emptive Counterinsurgency and US Africa Command: Assessing the Role of the US Social Sciences in US military Engagements in Africa’, Third World Quarterly 35(8): 1457–75.
Campbell, K.M., 2016, The Pivot: The Future of American Statecraft in Asia, New York: Twelve Publishers.
CBS News, 2003, ‘Mandela Slams Bush On Iraq’, 30 January, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/mandela-slams-bush-on-iraq/.
Chilcot, J., 2016, The Report of the Iraq Inquiry, UK government, 5 July, http://www.iraqinquiry.org.uk/the-report/.
Cohen, E.A., 2015, ‘Strategy for the Common Defence’, The John Hay Initiative, http://www.choosingtolead.net/strategy-for-the-common-defense/.
Finch, G., 2017, ‘World’s Biggest Banks Fined $321 Billion Since Financial Crisis’, Bloomberg News, 2 March, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-02/world-s-biggest-banks-fined-321-billion-since-financial-crisis.
Goldberg, J., 2016, ‘The Obama Doctrine’, Atlantic, April, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/04/the-obama-doctrine/471525/.
Hearn, J, 2000, ‘Aiding Democracy? Donors and Civil Society in South Africa’, Third World Quarterly 21 (5): 815–30.
Hoff, B., 2016, ‘Hillary Emails Reveal True Motive for Libya Intervention’, Foreign Policy Journal, 6 January, http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2016/01/06/new-hillary-emails-reveal-true-motive-for-libya-intervention/.
Hudson, M., 2009, ‘Economic Meltdown: The “Dollar Glut” is What Finances America’s Global Military Build-up’, Global Research, 29 March.
Hudson, M., 2015, Finance as Warfare, London: World Economic Association Books.
Inikori, J., ed., 1982. Forced Migration: The Impact of the Slave Trade on African Societies, New York: Africana Publishing Company.
International Crisis Group (ICG), 2015, ‘The Prize: Fighting for Libya’s Energy Wealth’, Brussels, 3 December, https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/north-africa/libya/prize-fighting-libya-s-energy-wealth.
Jensen, C.T. 2008, ‘Beyond AFRICOM: Toward a Comprehensive U.S Africa, Policy’, Yale Journal of International Affairs, Winter.
Jensen, R. 2005, The Heart of Whiteness: Confronting Race, Racism, and White Privilege, San Francisco: City Lights Publishers.
Johnson, S. and Kwak, J., 2011, 13 Bankers: The Wall Street Takeover and the Next Financial meltdown, New York: Vintage.
Keenan, J., 2009, The Dark Sahara: America’s War on Terror in Africa, London: Macmillan.
Knafo, S., 2006, ‘The Gold Standard and the Origins of the Modern International Monetary System’, Review of International Political Economy 13 (1): 78–102.
Magubane, B., 1979, The Political Economy of Race and Class in South Africa, New York: Monthly Review Press.
Pieterse, J.N., 1992, White on Black: Images of Africa and Blacks in Western Popular Culture, New Haven: Yale University Press.
Ploch, L., 2011 ‘Africa Command: US Strategic Interests and the Role of the U.S. Military in Africa’, CRS, 22 July, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL34003.pdf.
Priest, D. and Arkin, W.M., 2010, ‘Top Secret America: A Hidden World Growing beyond Control’, Washington Post, 19 July, http://projects.washingtonpost.com/top-secret-america/articles/a-hidden-world-growing-beyond-control/.
Project for a New American Century, 2000, ‘Rebuilding America’s Defenses; Strategy, Forces and Resources for a New Century’, Washington DC.
Rasmus, J., 2015, Systemic Fragility in the Global Economy, Atlanta GA: Clarity Press.
Rodney, W., 1972, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House.
Roediger, D.R., 2007, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class, New York: Verso Books.
Sarkesian, S.C., Williams, J.A. and Cimbala, S.J., 2013, US National Security: Policymakers, Processes and Politics, Boulder CO: Lynne Rienner.
Schooner, S.L., 2008, ‘Why Contractor Fatalities Matter’, Parameters, Autumn, p. 79, available at http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/Articles/08autumn/schooner.pdf.
Singer, P.W., 2008, Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
Sloan, S.R., 1994, ‘The United States and Use of Force in the Post-Cold War World: Toward Self-Deterrence?’, Congressional Research Service, Report for Congress, 94-581, 20 July, http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/94-581s.htm.
Stacey, S. and Aksartova, S., 2001, ‘The Foundations of Democracy: U.S. Foundation Support for Civil Society in South Africa. 1988-1996’, Voluntas, International Journal of Voluntary and Non-Profit Organizations 12 (4): 373–97.
Talbot, D., 2015, The Devil’s Chessboard: Allen Dulles, the CIA, and the Rise of America’s Secret Government, New York: Harper.
Turse, N., 2015, Tomorrow’s Battlefield: U.S. Proxy Wars and Secret Ops in Africa, Chicago: Haymarket Books.
Vines, A., 2003, ‘A Decade of the African Peace and Security Architecture’,International Affairs 1: 89–109.
Vulliamy, E., 2011, ‘How a Big US Bank Laundered Billions from Mexico’s Murderous Drug Gangs’,
Guardian (UK), 3 April, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/03/us-bank-mexico-drug-gangs.
War on Want, 2016, ‘The New Colonialism: Britain’s Scramble for Africa’s Energy and Mineral Resources’, July, http://www.waronwant.org/resources/new-colonialism-britains-scramble-africas-energy-and-mineral-resources.
Winig, L., 2016, ‘GE’s Big Bet on Data and Analytics’, MIT Sloan Management Review 18 February,
https://sloanreview.mit.edu/case-study/ge-big-bet-on-data-and-analytics/.
World Economic Forum (WEF), 2015, State of the Illicit Economy, Briefing Papers, http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_State_of_the_Illicit_Economy_2015_2.pdf. Zuriff, L., 2015,
‘Connecting Economy and Security’, The John Hay Initiative, http://www.choosingtolead.net/connecting-economics-and-security/.