1 - Running While Others Walk: Knowledge and the Challenge of Africa’s Development

Thandika Mkandawire

doi:10.57054/ad.v36i2.971

Issue

Vol. 36 No. 2 (2011): Africa Development

Issue Published : October 19, 2011

1 - Running While Others Walk: Knowledge and the Challenge of Africa’s Development

https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v36i2.971

Thandika Mkandawire

Africa Development, Vol. 36 No. 2 (2011): Africa Development
Article Published : September 28, 2021

Abstract

This article argues that Africa's quest for ‘catch-up’ and economic de- velopment dates as far back, at least, as its humiliating encounter with the West which led to enslavement and colonisation. ‘Development’ is thus not an externally imposed ‘discourse’, but a response to the many challenges the continent has faced over the years and still faces today. Africa lags behind in many social indicators of wellbeing. As a ‘Late, Late Comer’ Africa will, as Nyerere suggested, have to ‘Run While Others Walk’. This demand on the continent to ‘run’ has to contend with a pessimistic discourse that has, against all evidence, insisted that Africans cannot do what many other ‘late comers’ have done or are doing today. The ‘Running’ will demand radical rethinking of institu- tions of collective response to the many challenges about the genera- tion and mastery of the knowledge up to the task, once again placing the universities at the centre of the continent’s development efforts.

Keywords

ecconomic development universities colonisation knowledge Africa

[1]

Mkandawire, T. 2021. 1 - Running While Others Walk: Knowledge and the Challenge of Africa’s Development. Africa Development. 36, 2 (Sep. 2021). DOI:https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v36i2.971.

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References

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Abramovitz, M., 1986, “Catching Up, Forging Ahead, and Falling Behind”, Journal of Economic History, XLVI:1, pp. 406.

Adams, J., King, C. and Hook, D., 2010, “Global Research Report Africa”, Leeds: Thomson Reuters.

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Ake, C., 1993, “Academic Freedom and Material Base”, in M. Diouf and M. Mamdani, eds., Academic Freedom in Africa, Dakar: CODESRIA.

Amuwo,A.K., 2002, “Between Intellectual Responsibility and Political Commodification of Knowledge: Nigeria’s Academic Political Scientists under the Babangida Military Junta, 1985-1993”, African Studies Review, 45:2, pp. 93-121.

Bangura, Y., 1994, “Intellectuals, Economic Reform and Social Change: Constraints and Opportunities in the Formations of a Nigerian Technocracy”, Dakar: CODESRIA.

Barro, R.J., 1991, “Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106:2, pp. 407-43.

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Beckman, B. and Adeoti, G. eds., 2006, Intellectuals and African Development: Pretension and Resistance in African Politics, Dakar, London, New York, Pretoria: CODESRIA, Zed Books; UNISA Press.

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Hausmann, R. and Rodrik, D., 2002, “Economic Development as Self-Discovery”, Faculty Research Working Papers Series RWP02-023, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MASS.

Hegel, G., 2007, The Philosophy of History, Dover.

Hirschman, A., 1968, “The Political Economy of Import Substitution in Latin America”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 82:1, pp. 1-32.

Hirschman, A., 1984, “A Dissenter’s Confession: The Strategy of Economic Development Revisited”, in G. Meier and D. Seers, eds., Pioneers in Development, Washington D.C.: Oxford University Press, pp. 87-111.

Hirschman, A.O., 1981, Essays in Trespassing: Economics to Politics and Beyond, Cambridge [Eng.], New York: Cambridge University Press.

Hopenhayn, M., 2002, No Apocalypse, No Integration: Modernism and Postmodernism in Latin America, Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.

Hopkins, A.G., 1986, “The World Bank in Africa: Historical Reflections on the African Present”, World Development, 14:12, pp. 1473-87.

Hountondji, P., 2002, “Introduction: Decentring Africa”, in P. Hountondji, ed., Endogenous Knowledge Research Trails, Dakar: CODESRIA.

Hulme, D., 1994, “Social Development Research and the Third Sector: NGOs as Users and Subjects of Social Inquiry,” in D. Booth, ed., Rethinking Social Development: Theory, Research and Practice, London: Longman, pp. 251-75.

Hyden, G., 1996, “African Studies in the Mid-1990s: Between Afro-Pessimism and Amero-Skepticism”, African Studies Review, 39:2, pp. 1-17.

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Johnson, H., 1967, “The Ideology of Economic Policy in the New States,” in H.G. Johnston, ed., Economic Nationalism in Old and New States, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 124-44.

Jolly, R., Emmerij, L., Ghai, D. and Lapeyre, F., 2009, UN Contributions to Development Thinking and Practice, Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press.

Keller, E.J. and Rothschild, D., eds., 1987, Afro-Marxist Regimes, Boulder CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

Khan, A., 1993, “Algerian Intellectuals: Between Identity and Modernity,” in M. Diouf and M. Mamdani, eds., Academic Freedom in Africa, Dakar: CODESRIA. King, K. and McGrath, S., 2004, Knowledge for Development, London: Zed Books.

Kitching, G., 2000, “Why I Gave Up African Studies”, Mots Pluriels:16.

Kragh, M.V., Mortensen, J.B., Schaumburg-Muller, H. and Slente, H.P., 2000, “Foreign Aid and Private Sector Development” in F. Tarp and P. Hjertholm, eds., Foreign Aid and Development: Lessons Learnt and Directions for the Future, London: Routledge, pp. 312-31.

Levine, R. and Renelt, D., 1992, “A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-Country Growth Equations”, American Economic Review, 82:4, pp. 942-63.

Lewis, A., 1955, The Theory of Economic Growth, London: Allen and Unwin.

Mafeje, A., 1993, “African Intellectuals: An Inquiry into their Genesis and Social Options,” in M. Diouf and M. Mamdani, eds., Academic Freedom in Africa, Dakar: CODESRIA, pp. 193-211.

Mamdani, M., 1999, “There Can Be No African Renaissance without an African- focused Intelligentsia,” in M.W. Makgoba, ed., African Renaissance: The New Struggle, Cape Town: Mafube Publishing.

Marglin, F.A. and Margli, S.A., 1990, Dominating Knowledge: Development, Culture, and Resistance, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Martin, W. and West M., 1995, “The Decline of the Africanists’Africa and the Rise of New Africa”, Issue: A Journal of Opinion, 23:1, pp. 24-26.

Mauro, P., 1995, “Corruption, Country Risk and Growth”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 3:442, pp. 681-712.

Mkandawire, T., 1996, “Stylising Accumulation in Africa: The Role of the State in Lundhal” in M. Lundhal and B. Ndulu, eds., New Directions in Development Economics: Growth, Environmental Concerns and Governments in the 1990s, London: Routledge, pp. 323-51.

Mkandawire, T., 2000, “Non-organic Intellectuals and “Learning” in Policy-making Africa”, in Jerker Carlsson and Lennart Wohlgemuth, ed., Learning in Development Co-operation, Sweden: EGDI, pp. 205-12.

Mkandawire, T., 2001, “Thinking About Developmental States in Africa”, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 25:3, pp. 289-313.

Mkandawire, T., 2002, “African Intellectuals, Political Culture and Development”, Journal für Entwicklingspolititik (Austrian Journal of Development Studies), XVIII:1 (Special Issue Edited by Henning Melber), pp. 31-47.

Mkandawire, T., ed., 2005, African Intellectuals: Rethinking Politics, Language, Gender and Development, London: CODESRIA/ZED.

Mkandawire, T., 2009, “Institutional Monocropping and Monotasking in Africa”, UNRISD: Geneva.

Mnthali, F., 1988, “Change and the Intelligenstia in African Literature: A Study in Marginality”, Africa Development, xiii:3, pp. 5-32.

Mohan, J., 1967, “Nkrumah and Nkrumahism”, Socialist Register.

Muekalia, D.J., 2004, “Africa and China’s Strategic Partnership”, African Security Review, 13, pp. 5-12.

Munck, R. and O’Hearn, D., eds., 1999, Critical Development Theory: Contributions to a New Paradigm, London: Zed Books.

Nda, P., 1987, Les intellectuels et le pouvoir en Afrique noire, Paris: L’Harmattan. Okonkwo, J.J., 1984, “The Intellectual as Political Activist in Recent African Fiction”, UFAHAMU, xiii:2-3, pp. 216-37.

Olukoshi, A., 2007, “African Scholars and African Studies”, in H. Melber, ed., On Africa. Scholars and African Studies, Uppsala: The Nordic Africa Institute, pp. 7-22.

Postel, D., 2003, “Out of Africa”, The Chronicle of Higher Education. Rahnema, M. and Bawtree, V., eds., 1997, The Post-Development Reader, London: Zed Books.

Rajeshwar, M., 1990, The Intellectual and Society in the Novels of Wole Soyinka, New Delhi: Prestige.

Rist, G., 2008, The History of Development: From Western Origins to Global Faith, London: Zed.

Roe, E.M., 1995, “Except-Africa: Postscript to a Special Section on Development Narratives”, World Development, 23:6, pp. 1065-69.

Sachs, J. and Warner, A., 1997, “Sources of Slow Growth in African Economies”, Journal of African Economies, 6:3, pp. 335-76.

Sachs, W., ed., 1992, The Development Dictionary: A Guide to Knowledge and Power, London: Zed Books.

Schwartz, B.I., 1980, “Presidential Address: Area Studies as a Critical Discipline”, The Journal of Asian Studies, 40:1, pp. 15-25.

Seers, D., 1963, “Why Visiting Economists Fail”, Journal of Political Economy, August.

Seers, D., 1983, The Political Economy of Nationalism, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Sen, A.K., 1999, Development as Freedom, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Sen, A.K., 2006, “A Man without a Plan”, Foreign Affairs, 85, pp. 171.

Solow, R.M., 1997, Learning from “Learning by Doing”: Lessons for Economic Growth, Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.

Stiglitz, J., 1999, “Knowledge in the Modern Economy”, in R. Vaitilingham, ed., The Economics of the Knowledge Driven Economy, London: Department of Trade and Industry, pp. 37-57.

Tawney, R.H., 1933, “The Study of Economic History”, Economica, 39, pp. 1-21.

Temple, J. and Johnson, P.A., 1998, “Social Capability and Economic Growth”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113:3, pp. 965-90.

Thelen, K., 2001, “Varieties of Labour Politics in the Developed Democracies”, in P.A. Hall and D. Soskice, eds., Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 71-103.

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