10 - Internet and the Egyptian Public Sphere
Corresponding Author(s) : Omnia Mehanna
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 35 No 4 (2010): Afrique et développement
Résumé
L’Internet offre à de nombreux acteurs de la société des moyens de présenter et d’agiter des débats d’idées qu’il n’est pas possible ou facile d’aborder, en particulier dans les sociétés aux façades conservatrices comme celle de l’Egypte. Le nombre d’internautes en Egypte avait atteint 8,6 millions en mars 2008. Cela signifie que plus de 10 pour cent de l’ensemble de la population a accès à l’Internet. Ce nombre est le troisième plus important en Afrique et représente environ 17 pour cent du nombre total d’utilisateurs d’Internet en Afrique.
Mettant à profit la possibilité d’un accès accru à l’Internet et la sécurité de l’anonymat offert à ceux qui le souhaitent par ce moyen de communication, de plus en plus d’Egyptiens se sont mis à utiliser l’Internet pour obtenir des informations et s’engager dans des discussions politiques, sociales et religieuses. Cette nouvelle sphère publique virtuelle en Egypte n’est ni tout à fait virtuelle, ni tout à fait réelle.
L’Internet permettait de profiter des chances accrues de se mettre en réseau, de former des alliances et de s’adresser au public. Cela s’est traduit par l’émergence d’une sorte de média alternatif gérée par des professionnels, des semi-professionnels et des amateurs. Et tout aussi important, de plus en plus de blogs et de sites web ont commencé à aborder des questions sociales et religieuses très controversées.
Cet article qui porte essentiellement sur les sites web et les blogs explore les nouvelles tendances auxquelles l’Internet a donné naissance, ainsi que les institutions – par exemple gouvernementales et religieuses établies – dont le pouvoir de monopoliser les débats publics a été contesté par l’Internet en Egypte. L’article montre également comment l’État interagit avec ces tendances, à travers les tentatives récentes de renforcer la censure de l’Internet, et en particulier, son utilisation pour la mobilisation politique.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
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- Abu-Lughod , L., 2005, Dramas of Nationhood: The Politics of Television in Egypt, Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.
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- Caricatooz blog , for Ashraf Hamdy , url: http://caricatooz.blogspot.com/ Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS), 2007, URL: http://www.capmas.gov.eg/
- Dar El Shorouk Publishing House, 2008, Blog Series Listing, URL: http:// www.shorouk.com/ar/subjects_details.asp?cat_id=71
- Ebn Akh Blog, URL: http://ebn-akh.blogspot.com/
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- Free Kareem website, URL: http://www.freekareem.org/ Hawadeet (Stories) Blog, URL: http://hadouta.blogspot.com/
- Hisham Mubarak Centre for Legal Aid website, URL: http://hmlc.katib.org/ Internet World Stats, 2008, ‘Internet Usage Statistics for Africa’, URL: http://
- www.internetworldstats.com/stats1.htm IslamOnline.net Site, URL: http://www.islamonline.net/
- Jar El-kamar (Neighbour of the Moon) blog, URL: http://jarelkamar.manalaa.net/ Kareem Amer blog, URL: http://karam903.blogspot.com/
- Maa Nafsi Blog. URL: http://ma3nafsi.blogspot.com/
- Mahmoud, G.M., 2008, Amma Hazeh fa Raqsati Ana, Cairo: Dar El Shorouk. Manal and Alaa’s Space’ blog, http://www.manalaa.net/
- Masrawy News site, 2008, ‘Saudi Arabia deports an Egyptian because of articles critizing the Egyptian Government on the Internet’,. http://www.masrawy.com/ News/Egypt/Politics/2008/july/26/khayat.aspx, 26 July.
- Mehanna, O., 2010 ‘Sexuality Online: Obtaining Knowledge and Counseling through a Faith-based Website in Egypt’, in Oka Obono, ed., A Tapestry of Human Sexuality in Africa, Johannesburg: Jacana Media and Lagos: Action Health Incorporated.
- Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (MCIT), 2008, Monthly Report (December 2007), URL: http://www.mcit.gov.eg/IndicatorsPDF/ Nashradec1-2008.pdf
- Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (MCIT), 2007 Year Book, URL: http://www.mcit.gov.eg/brochures.aspx?realName=MCIT_YEARBOOK_072008214174 047.pdf
- Schiano, D.J., Nardi, B.A., Gumbrecht, M. and Swartz, L., 2004, ‘Blogging by the Rest of Us’, CHI 2004, Late Breaking Results Paper, 24- 29 April, Vienna, Austria, p. 114.
- Shabab Al Ikhwan Blog, URL: http://ikhwanyouth.blogspot.com/
- Stephen, Moss, 2001, ‘There isn’t a target in Afghanistan worth a $1m missile’, Mohamed Heikal, the Arab world’s foremost political commentator, Guardian, October 10.
- The Egyptian Movement for Change - Kefaya (Enough!) website, URL: http:// www.harakamasria.org/
- The Muslim Brotherhood (Al-Ikhwan Al-Muslimeen) official Arabic website, URL: http://www.ikhwanonline.com/
- The Muslim Brotherhood (Al-Ikhwan Al-Muslimeen) official English website, URL: http://www.ikhwanweb.com/
- Wahed mn Al Ikhwan Blog, URL: http://mohamza80.blogspot.com/
- Yalla Msh Mohem Blog, URL: http:/ yallameshmohem.blogspot.com/
Les références
Aaiza Atgawez (I Want To Get Married) Blog. URL: http://wanna-b-a- bride.blogspot.com/
AbdAalal, G., 2008, Aaiza Atgawez , Cairo: Dar El Shorouk.
Abdulla, R., 2005, The Internet in Egypt and the Arab Countries, Cairo: Afaq Publishig House.
Abdelhadi, M., 2008, ‘Spotlight on Egypt’s Marriage Crisis’, BBC News, 12 August 2008. URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7554892.stm
Abu-Lughod , L., 2005, Dramas of Nationhood: The Politics of Television in Egypt, Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.
Al-Jazeera News Channel, 2006, ‘Tahet Al-Megehar’ Programme, episode titled ‘Al-Modawenon Al-Arab: Al-Moa’rada Bi Sout Gadid’, aired on 26 May. Transcripts of the content of this episode can be found in: http:// www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/E6A0A606-DDE9- 49DB-820A-9E0562D9DAF8.htm
Al-Waa’e Al-Masri’ (The Egyptian Awareness) blog, with an English title ‘Misr Digital’, http://misrdigital.blogspirit.com/
Al-Waa’eAl-Masri’(The Egyptian Awareness) blog, with an English title ‘Misr Digital’.
ANHRI, 2008, The Arabic Network for Human Rights Information, press release on 12 May, http://www.anhri.net/press/2008/pr0512.shtml
April 6th blog, URL: http://6april08.blogspot.com/
April 6th Face book Group, URL: http://www.facebook.com/ group.php?gid=9973986703
Arab Human Rights Information Site (HRInfo)(http://www.hrinfo.net), ‘The Initiative for an Open Arab Internet’, Egypt Report 2006, http:// www.openarab.net/en/reports/net2006/egypt.shtml, accessed on 17 July 2007.
Baheyya: Egypt Analysis and Whimsy. Commentary on Egyptian Politics and Culture by an Egyptian Citizen with a Room of her Own’, blog. http://baheyya.blogspot.com/
Bassam, R., 2008. Orez bi Al-laban li Shakhsayn, Cairo: Dar El Shorouk. Cabinet’s Information and Decision Support Centre (IDSC), 2007, URL: www.idsc.gov.eg
Cabinet’s Information and Decision Support Centre (IDSC), 2008, ‘Egyptian Blogs: New Social Space’, IDSC Monthly Reports Series (April), URL: www.idsc.gov.eg
Caricatooz blog , for Ashraf Hamdy , url: http://caricatooz.blogspot.com/ Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS), 2007, URL: http://www.capmas.gov.eg/
Dar El Shorouk Publishing House, 2008, Blog Series Listing, URL: http:// www.shorouk.com/ar/subjects_details.asp?cat_id=71
Ebn Akh Blog, URL: http://ebn-akh.blogspot.com/
Egypt’s Hotspots Now Under Surveillance’,. http:/ misrdigital.blogspirit.com/ archive/2008/06/09/, accessed on 9 June 2008.
Free Kareem website, URL: http://www.freekareem.org/ Hawadeet (Stories) Blog, URL: http://hadouta.blogspot.com/
Hisham Mubarak Centre for Legal Aid website, URL: http://hmlc.katib.org/ Internet World Stats, 2008, ‘Internet Usage Statistics for Africa’, URL: http://
www.internetworldstats.com/stats1.htm IslamOnline.net Site, URL: http://www.islamonline.net/
Jar El-kamar (Neighbour of the Moon) blog, URL: http://jarelkamar.manalaa.net/ Kareem Amer blog, URL: http://karam903.blogspot.com/
Maa Nafsi Blog. URL: http://ma3nafsi.blogspot.com/
Mahmoud, G.M., 2008, Amma Hazeh fa Raqsati Ana, Cairo: Dar El Shorouk. Manal and Alaa’s Space’ blog, http://www.manalaa.net/
Masrawy News site, 2008, ‘Saudi Arabia deports an Egyptian because of articles critizing the Egyptian Government on the Internet’,. http://www.masrawy.com/ News/Egypt/Politics/2008/july/26/khayat.aspx, 26 July.
Mehanna, O., 2010 ‘Sexuality Online: Obtaining Knowledge and Counseling through a Faith-based Website in Egypt’, in Oka Obono, ed., A Tapestry of Human Sexuality in Africa, Johannesburg: Jacana Media and Lagos: Action Health Incorporated.
Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (MCIT), 2008, Monthly Report (December 2007), URL: http://www.mcit.gov.eg/IndicatorsPDF/ Nashradec1-2008.pdf
Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (MCIT), 2007 Year Book, URL: http://www.mcit.gov.eg/brochures.aspx?realName=MCIT_YEARBOOK_072008214174 047.pdf
Schiano, D.J., Nardi, B.A., Gumbrecht, M. and Swartz, L., 2004, ‘Blogging by the Rest of Us’, CHI 2004, Late Breaking Results Paper, 24- 29 April, Vienna, Austria, p. 114.
Shabab Al Ikhwan Blog, URL: http://ikhwanyouth.blogspot.com/
Stephen, Moss, 2001, ‘There isn’t a target in Afghanistan worth a $1m missile’, Mohamed Heikal, the Arab world’s foremost political commentator, Guardian, October 10.
The Egyptian Movement for Change - Kefaya (Enough!) website, URL: http:// www.harakamasria.org/
The Muslim Brotherhood (Al-Ikhwan Al-Muslimeen) official Arabic website, URL: http://www.ikhwanonline.com/
The Muslim Brotherhood (Al-Ikhwan Al-Muslimeen) official English website, URL: http://www.ikhwanweb.com/
Wahed mn Al Ikhwan Blog, URL: http://mohamza80.blogspot.com/
Yalla Msh Mohem Blog, URL: http:/ yallameshmohem.blogspot.com/