7 - Mozambique: The Rise of a Micro Dual State
Corresponding Author(s) : Maria Paula Meneses
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 34 No 3-4 (2009): Afrique et développement
Résumé
La décennie 1990/2000 a été caractérisée en Afrique par une activité politique soutenue orientée vers la démocratisation. Dans ce cadre, le Mozambique est plutôt vu comme une réussite paradigmatique. Or, ce système démocratique de multipartisme continue à afficher des velléités d’un fort autoritarisme peu propice au relèvement du niveau de la réflexion dans le discours politique public.
Cette étude s’interesse aux raisons de ce blocage démocratique du proc- essus de transition politique et social au Mozambique dans le cadre plus général du processus de démocratisation en cours en Afrique au sud du Sahara. En s’appuyant en particulier sur l’analyse de la situation politique de la ville d’Angoche, située au nord du pays, l’étude estime que le fait que le gouvernement central persiste dans l’autoritarisme est assez révélateur d’une libéralisation politique non suivie de la démocratisation des systèmes politiques. En effet, si les fonctionnaires municipaux locaux sont maintenant élus et reçoivent des fonds de transfert, ils restent, en revanche, limités par d’autres mesures.2 Le gouvernement central résiste avec succès à toute tentative d’élargir le mandat des municipalités en matière de prise de décision.
Loin du modèle idéal wébérien de bureaucratie d’Etat, l’administration publique est fortement politicisée, en ce sens que le renforcement des capacités administratives de l’Etat est perçue comme un moyen de renforcer l’influence politique du parti au pouvoir – Frelimo. L’étude défend le fait qu’une analyse exhaustive des actions politiques publiques au niveau local, entre des structures politiques bien distinctes, montre que les régimes autoritaires successifs n’ont pas totalement supprimé la liberté d’expression et de pensée même s’ils ont repoussé l’opposition encore plus loin dans les espaces marginaux.
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- Abrahamsson, H., Nilsson, A., 1997, The Washington Consensus and Moçambique. Götegorg: Chalmers Reporcentral.
- Alexander, J., 1997, ‘The Local State in Post-War Mozambique: Political Practice and Ideas About Authority’, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 67 (1): 1-26.
- Alves, A.T., Cossa, B.R., 1998, Guião das Autarquias Locais. Maputo: Ministério da Administração Estatal and GTZ.
- Amaro Monteiro, F., 1993, Islão, o Poder e a Guerra: Moçambique, 1964-1974, Porto, Centro de Estudos Africanos da Universidade Portucalense.
- Bledsoe, C.H., 1980, Women and Marriage in Kpelle Society, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- Bonate, L.J.K., 2003, ‘The Ascendance of Angoche: The Politics of Kinship and Territory in Nineteenth Century Northern Mozambique’, Lusotopie 2003:115-140. Bonate, L.J.K., 2006, ‘Matriliny, Islam and Gender’, Journal of Religion in Africa, 2 (36), 139-166.
- Bonate, L.J.K., 2007a, ‘Roots of Diversity in Mozambican Islam’, Lusotopie, XIX (1): 129-149.
- Bonate, L.J.K., 2007b, ‘Islam and Chiefship in Northern Mozambique’, ISIM Review, 19: 56-57.
- Braathen, E., Jørgensen, B.V., 1998, ‘Democracy without People? Local government reform and 1998 Municipal elections in Mozambique’, Lusotopie 1998: 31-38.
- Brito, L., 1988, « Une relecture nécessaire: la genèse du Parti-État Frelimo »,Politique Africaine, 29, 15-27.
- Cabrita, J., 2000, Mozambique: The Tortuous Road to Democracy, Basingstoke: Palgrave.
- Capela, J., 2002, O Tráfico de Escravos nos Portos de Moçambique, 1733-1904, Porto: Afrontamento.
- Carbone, G.M., 2005, ‘Continuidade na Renovação? Ten Years of Multiparty Politics in Mozambique: Roots, Evolution and Stabilisation of the Frelimo-Renamo Party System’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 43 (3): 417–442.
- Chingono, M.F., 1996, The State, Violence and Development: The Political Economy of War in Mozambique, 1975-1992, Aldershot: Avery Ashgate.
- Conceição, R., 2006, Entre o Mar e a Terra: situação identitária do norte de Moçambique, Maputo: Promédia.
- Cuahela, A., 1996, Autoridade Tradicional em Moçambique, Maputo: Ministério da Administração Estatal.
- Cuereneia, A., 2001, The Process of Decentralisation and Local Governance in Mozambique: Experiences and Lessons Learnt. Paper presented to the UNDP (at http://www.uncdf.org/english/countries/mozambique/local_governance/ technical_review_reports/ACuereneia.php, accessed on 14th May 2005).
- Dinerman, A., 2006, Revolution, Counter-revolution and Revisionism in Post- Colonial Africa: The Case of Mozambique, 1975-1994, London: Routledge. Eickelman, D.F., Piscatori, J., 2004, Muslim Politics, Princeton: Princeton University
- Press.
- Feliciano, J.F., 1998, Antropologia Económica dos Thonga do sul de Moçambique. Maputo: Arquivo Histórico de Moçambique.
- Francisco, A.A.S., 2003, ‘Reestruturação Económica e Desenvolvimento’, in B. Santos and J.C. Trindade, eds., Conflito e Transformação Social: uma Paisagem das Justiças em Moçambique, Porto: Afrontamento, volume 1: 141-178.
- Geffray, C., 1990, La Cause des Armes au Mozambique: anthropologie d’une guerre civile, Paris: Khartala.
- Grest, J., 1995, ‘Urban Management, Local Government Reform and the Democratisation Process in Mozambique: Maputo City 1975-1990’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 21 (1): 147-164.
- Guambe, J.M.E., 1998, ‘Historical Evolution of Decentralisation in Mozambique’, in A.M. Silva (ed.), Decentralisation and Municipal Administration, Maputo, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, pp. 13-21.
- Hafkin, N.J., 1973, Trade, Society, and Politics in Northern Mozambique, c. 1753- 1913, Ph.D. Thesis, Boston University, 1973.
- Hall, M. and Young, T., 2000, Confronting Leviathan: Mozambique Since Independence, Athens: Ohio University Press.
- Hanlon, J., 1997, Guia Básico Sobre as Autarquias Locais, Maputo, Ministério da Administração Estatal e AWEPA.
- Hanlon, J., 2001, Mozambique: Who Calls the Shots? London: James Currey. Harrison, G., 1996, ‘Democracy in Mozambique: The Significance of Multi-party Elections’, Review of African Political Economy, 23 (67): 19-25.
- Kyed, H.M., Buur, L., 2006, ‘New Sites of Citizenship: Recognition of Traditional Authority and Group-based Citizenship in Mozambique’, Journal of Southern African Studies 32 (3): 563-581.
- Lundin, I.B., 1998, ‘Traditional Authority in Mozambique’, in A.M. Silva (ed.), Decentralisation and Municipal Administration, Maputo, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, pp. 33-42.
- Lundin, I.B., 2000, ‘Africa Watch: Will Mozambique Remain a Success Story?’, African Security Review, 9 (3) (at http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/ASR/9No3/AfricaWatch.html, accessed on 4th May 2006).
- Lupi, E.C., 1907, Angoche: breve memoria sobre uma das capitanias-móres do Districto de Moçambique, Lisboa, Typographia do Annuario Commercial Machel, S.M., 1985, ‘Make Beira the starting-point for an organisational offensive’,
- in B. Munslow (ed.), Samora Machel - An African Revolutionary: Selected Speeches and Writings, London: Zed Books: 73-80.
- Machel, S.M., 1985, ‘We are Declaring War on the Enemy Within’, in B. Munslow, (ed.), Samora Machel: An African Revolutionary. Selected Speeches and Writings, London: Zed Books: 86-103.
- Manor, J., 1999, The Political Economy of Democratic Decentralisation, Washington, DC: World Bank.
- Massano de Amorim, P., 1911, Relatório sobre a ocupação de Angoche: Operações de campanha e mais serviço realizados, Anno 1910, Lourenço Marques: Imprensa Nacional.
- Mbwiliza, J.F., 1991, A History of Commodity Production in Makuani, 1600- 1900: Mercantilist Accumulation to Imperialist Domination, Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam Press.
- Mello Machado, A.J., 1970, Entre os Macuas de Angoche, Historiando Moçambique, Lisboa, Prelo.
- Meneses, M.P., 2007, ‘Pluralism, Law and Citizenship in Mozambique: Mapping the Complexity’, Oficina do CES, 291.
- Meneses, M.P., 2008, ‘Mulheres insubmissas? Mudanças e conflitos no norte de Moçambique’, Ex Aequo, 17: 71-89.
- Meneses, M.P., Fumo, J., Mbilana, G., Gomes, C., 2003, ‘Autoridades Tradicionais no contexto do Pluralismo Jurídico’, in B.S. Santos and J.C. Trindade (eds.). Conflito e Transformação Social: uma Paisagem das Justiças em Moçambique, Porto, Afrontamento, volume 2: 341-425.
- Newitt, M.D.D., 1972a, ‘The Early History of the Sultanate of Angoche’, Journal of African History 13 (3): 397-406.
- Newitt, M.D.D., 1972b, ‘Angoche, the Slave Trade and the Portuguese c. 1844- 1910’, The Journal of African History, 13 (4), 659-672.
- Newitt, M.D.D., 1995, A History of Mozambique, London: Hurst & Co. OECD, 2005, Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, Paris: OECD
- O’Laughlin, B., 2000, ‘Class and the Customary: The Ambiguous Legacy of the Indigenato in Mozambique’, African Affairs, 99 (395): 5-42.
- Pélissier, R., 2000, História de Moçambique: formação e oposição, 1854-1928.
- Lisboa: Editora Estampa, 2 vol.
- Pinto de Carvalho, A., 1988, ‘Notas para a história das confrarias Islâmicas na Ilha de Moçambique’, Arquivo 4: 59–66.
- Rita-Ferreira, A., 1967-1968, ‘Os Africanos de Lourenço Marques’, Memórias do Instituto de Investigação Científica de Moçambique, 9 (C): 95-491.
- Santos, B.S., 2006, ‘The Heterogeneous State and Legal Pluralism in Mozambique’, Law & Society Review, 40 (1): 39-75.
- Santos, B.S., Meneses, M. P., 2006, Identidades, Colonizadores e Colonizadores: Portugal e Moçambique, Relatório final do Projecto POCTI/41280/SOC/2001. Coimbra: CES.
- Santos, B.S., Trindade, J.C., Meneses, M.P. (eds.), 2006, Law and Justice in a Multicultural Society: The Case of Mozambique, Dakar: CODESRIA.
- Vansina, J., 1990, Paths in the Rainforests: Toward a History of Political Tradition in Equatorial Africa, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
- Vines, A., 1991, RENAMO: From Terrorism to Democracy in Mozambique? London: James Currey.
- Weimer, B., 1996, ‘Challenges to Democratisation and Regional Development in Southern Africa: Focus in Mozambique’, Regional Development Dialogue 17 (2): 32-59.
- West, H., Kloeck-Jenson, S., 1998, ‘Betwixt and Between: ‘Traditional Authority’ and Democratic Decentralisation in Post-war Mozambique’, African Affairs 98: 455-484.
- World Bank 2005, Mozambique Country Economic Memorandum. Sustaining Growth and Reducing Poverty, Washington, D.C., World Bank.
Les références
Abrahamsson, H., Nilsson, A., 1997, The Washington Consensus and Moçambique. Götegorg: Chalmers Reporcentral.
Alexander, J., 1997, ‘The Local State in Post-War Mozambique: Political Practice and Ideas About Authority’, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 67 (1): 1-26.
Alves, A.T., Cossa, B.R., 1998, Guião das Autarquias Locais. Maputo: Ministério da Administração Estatal and GTZ.
Amaro Monteiro, F., 1993, Islão, o Poder e a Guerra: Moçambique, 1964-1974, Porto, Centro de Estudos Africanos da Universidade Portucalense.
Bledsoe, C.H., 1980, Women and Marriage in Kpelle Society, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Bonate, L.J.K., 2003, ‘The Ascendance of Angoche: The Politics of Kinship and Territory in Nineteenth Century Northern Mozambique’, Lusotopie 2003:115-140. Bonate, L.J.K., 2006, ‘Matriliny, Islam and Gender’, Journal of Religion in Africa, 2 (36), 139-166.
Bonate, L.J.K., 2007a, ‘Roots of Diversity in Mozambican Islam’, Lusotopie, XIX (1): 129-149.
Bonate, L.J.K., 2007b, ‘Islam and Chiefship in Northern Mozambique’, ISIM Review, 19: 56-57.
Braathen, E., Jørgensen, B.V., 1998, ‘Democracy without People? Local government reform and 1998 Municipal elections in Mozambique’, Lusotopie 1998: 31-38.
Brito, L., 1988, « Une relecture nécessaire: la genèse du Parti-État Frelimo »,Politique Africaine, 29, 15-27.
Cabrita, J., 2000, Mozambique: The Tortuous Road to Democracy, Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Capela, J., 2002, O Tráfico de Escravos nos Portos de Moçambique, 1733-1904, Porto: Afrontamento.
Carbone, G.M., 2005, ‘Continuidade na Renovação? Ten Years of Multiparty Politics in Mozambique: Roots, Evolution and Stabilisation of the Frelimo-Renamo Party System’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 43 (3): 417–442.
Chingono, M.F., 1996, The State, Violence and Development: The Political Economy of War in Mozambique, 1975-1992, Aldershot: Avery Ashgate.
Conceição, R., 2006, Entre o Mar e a Terra: situação identitária do norte de Moçambique, Maputo: Promédia.
Cuahela, A., 1996, Autoridade Tradicional em Moçambique, Maputo: Ministério da Administração Estatal.
Cuereneia, A., 2001, The Process of Decentralisation and Local Governance in Mozambique: Experiences and Lessons Learnt. Paper presented to the UNDP (at http://www.uncdf.org/english/countries/mozambique/local_governance/ technical_review_reports/ACuereneia.php, accessed on 14th May 2005).
Dinerman, A., 2006, Revolution, Counter-revolution and Revisionism in Post- Colonial Africa: The Case of Mozambique, 1975-1994, London: Routledge. Eickelman, D.F., Piscatori, J., 2004, Muslim Politics, Princeton: Princeton University
Press.
Feliciano, J.F., 1998, Antropologia Económica dos Thonga do sul de Moçambique. Maputo: Arquivo Histórico de Moçambique.
Francisco, A.A.S., 2003, ‘Reestruturação Económica e Desenvolvimento’, in B. Santos and J.C. Trindade, eds., Conflito e Transformação Social: uma Paisagem das Justiças em Moçambique, Porto: Afrontamento, volume 1: 141-178.
Geffray, C., 1990, La Cause des Armes au Mozambique: anthropologie d’une guerre civile, Paris: Khartala.
Grest, J., 1995, ‘Urban Management, Local Government Reform and the Democratisation Process in Mozambique: Maputo City 1975-1990’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 21 (1): 147-164.
Guambe, J.M.E., 1998, ‘Historical Evolution of Decentralisation in Mozambique’, in A.M. Silva (ed.), Decentralisation and Municipal Administration, Maputo, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, pp. 13-21.
Hafkin, N.J., 1973, Trade, Society, and Politics in Northern Mozambique, c. 1753- 1913, Ph.D. Thesis, Boston University, 1973.
Hall, M. and Young, T., 2000, Confronting Leviathan: Mozambique Since Independence, Athens: Ohio University Press.
Hanlon, J., 1997, Guia Básico Sobre as Autarquias Locais, Maputo, Ministério da Administração Estatal e AWEPA.
Hanlon, J., 2001, Mozambique: Who Calls the Shots? London: James Currey. Harrison, G., 1996, ‘Democracy in Mozambique: The Significance of Multi-party Elections’, Review of African Political Economy, 23 (67): 19-25.
Kyed, H.M., Buur, L., 2006, ‘New Sites of Citizenship: Recognition of Traditional Authority and Group-based Citizenship in Mozambique’, Journal of Southern African Studies 32 (3): 563-581.
Lundin, I.B., 1998, ‘Traditional Authority in Mozambique’, in A.M. Silva (ed.), Decentralisation and Municipal Administration, Maputo, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, pp. 33-42.
Lundin, I.B., 2000, ‘Africa Watch: Will Mozambique Remain a Success Story?’, African Security Review, 9 (3) (at http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/ASR/9No3/AfricaWatch.html, accessed on 4th May 2006).
Lupi, E.C., 1907, Angoche: breve memoria sobre uma das capitanias-móres do Districto de Moçambique, Lisboa, Typographia do Annuario Commercial Machel, S.M., 1985, ‘Make Beira the starting-point for an organisational offensive’,
in B. Munslow (ed.), Samora Machel - An African Revolutionary: Selected Speeches and Writings, London: Zed Books: 73-80.
Machel, S.M., 1985, ‘We are Declaring War on the Enemy Within’, in B. Munslow, (ed.), Samora Machel: An African Revolutionary. Selected Speeches and Writings, London: Zed Books: 86-103.
Manor, J., 1999, The Political Economy of Democratic Decentralisation, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Massano de Amorim, P., 1911, Relatório sobre a ocupação de Angoche: Operações de campanha e mais serviço realizados, Anno 1910, Lourenço Marques: Imprensa Nacional.
Mbwiliza, J.F., 1991, A History of Commodity Production in Makuani, 1600- 1900: Mercantilist Accumulation to Imperialist Domination, Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam Press.
Mello Machado, A.J., 1970, Entre os Macuas de Angoche, Historiando Moçambique, Lisboa, Prelo.
Meneses, M.P., 2007, ‘Pluralism, Law and Citizenship in Mozambique: Mapping the Complexity’, Oficina do CES, 291.
Meneses, M.P., 2008, ‘Mulheres insubmissas? Mudanças e conflitos no norte de Moçambique’, Ex Aequo, 17: 71-89.
Meneses, M.P., Fumo, J., Mbilana, G., Gomes, C., 2003, ‘Autoridades Tradicionais no contexto do Pluralismo Jurídico’, in B.S. Santos and J.C. Trindade (eds.). Conflito e Transformação Social: uma Paisagem das Justiças em Moçambique, Porto, Afrontamento, volume 2: 341-425.
Newitt, M.D.D., 1972a, ‘The Early History of the Sultanate of Angoche’, Journal of African History 13 (3): 397-406.
Newitt, M.D.D., 1972b, ‘Angoche, the Slave Trade and the Portuguese c. 1844- 1910’, The Journal of African History, 13 (4), 659-672.
Newitt, M.D.D., 1995, A History of Mozambique, London: Hurst & Co. OECD, 2005, Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, Paris: OECD
O’Laughlin, B., 2000, ‘Class and the Customary: The Ambiguous Legacy of the Indigenato in Mozambique’, African Affairs, 99 (395): 5-42.
Pélissier, R., 2000, História de Moçambique: formação e oposição, 1854-1928.
Lisboa: Editora Estampa, 2 vol.
Pinto de Carvalho, A., 1988, ‘Notas para a história das confrarias Islâmicas na Ilha de Moçambique’, Arquivo 4: 59–66.
Rita-Ferreira, A., 1967-1968, ‘Os Africanos de Lourenço Marques’, Memórias do Instituto de Investigação Científica de Moçambique, 9 (C): 95-491.
Santos, B.S., 2006, ‘The Heterogeneous State and Legal Pluralism in Mozambique’, Law & Society Review, 40 (1): 39-75.
Santos, B.S., Meneses, M. P., 2006, Identidades, Colonizadores e Colonizadores: Portugal e Moçambique, Relatório final do Projecto POCTI/41280/SOC/2001. Coimbra: CES.
Santos, B.S., Trindade, J.C., Meneses, M.P. (eds.), 2006, Law and Justice in a Multicultural Society: The Case of Mozambique, Dakar: CODESRIA.
Vansina, J., 1990, Paths in the Rainforests: Toward a History of Political Tradition in Equatorial Africa, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Vines, A., 1991, RENAMO: From Terrorism to Democracy in Mozambique? London: James Currey.
Weimer, B., 1996, ‘Challenges to Democratisation and Regional Development in Southern Africa: Focus in Mozambique’, Regional Development Dialogue 17 (2): 32-59.
West, H., Kloeck-Jenson, S., 1998, ‘Betwixt and Between: ‘Traditional Authority’ and Democratic Decentralisation in Post-war Mozambique’, African Affairs 98: 455-484.
World Bank 2005, Mozambique Country Economic Memorandum. Sustaining Growth and Reducing Poverty, Washington, D.C., World Bank.