6 - Citizenship and Rights: The Failures of the Post-colonial State in Africa
Corresponding Author(s) : Karuti Kanyinga
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 28 No 1-2 (2003): Afrique et développement: Special Issue on 'Globalization and Citizenship in Africa'
Résumé
En Afrique, les réformes économiques et politiques mises en place, afin de susciter le «développement», ne sont pas parvenues à faciliter la croissance. Les inégalités et la pauvreté ne cessent de s'aggraver, et on assiste à une reproduction de particularismes identitaires et de conflits sociaux locaux. La citoyen elle-même est en crise: l'on note une certaine dés-autonomisation ainsi qu'un appauvrissement du citoyen lambda, du fait du manque de ressources. Globalement, les réformes ne sont pas parvenues à promouvoir et défendre les intérêts des citoyens. Cet article analyse la manière dont les luttes populaires pour la citoyenneté sociale, et plus particulièrement, celles pour la protection des droits socio-économiques, sont organisées et soutenues, ainsi que les défis qui se posent à elles. Les nouvelles formes d'interaction entre l'État, les paysans et le marché sont également étudiées. Cette contribution est basée sur les résultats d'une étude portant sur un plan d'irrigation du riz Mwea, au Kenya.
Pour finir, l'article soutient que l'État demeure un secteur cruci développement local et l'espace socio-politique malgré les réformes qui ont eu lieu. Les élites exerçant une certaine influence sur le plan politique et économique contrôlent les structures locales de développement, ainsi que les organisations populaires, ce qui rend difficile la consolidation de la citoyenneté sociale. La crise de citoyenneté sociale risque donc de s'aggraver, si les réformes n'engagent pas une démocratisation des structures locales de pouvoir, en même temps qu'une démocratisation nationale.
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
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- Ake, Claude, 1996, Democracy and Deveelopment in Afirica, Washington D.C: Brookings.
- Barbalet, J. M., 1988, Citizenship, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. Chege, Michael, 1994, 'Retum of Multi-Party Politics' In Barkan, Joel D. , ed., Beyond Capitalism vs. Socialism in Kenya and Tanzania. Nairobi: East African Education Publishers.
- Eke, P.P, I 978, 'Colonialism and the Development of Citizenship in Africa: A study of ldeologies of Legitimation' ln O. Otite, ed., Themes in Aji-ican So cial Po!itical Thought. Enogu: Fourth Dimension.
- Gibbon, Peter, ed., 1995a, Markets, Civil Society and Democracy in Kenya, Uppsala: Nordic African lnstitute.
- Gibbon, Peter, 1995b, 'Civil Society, Political Change and the Developmentalist State in Africa,' Mimeo.
- Halisi, C.R.D; Kaiser, Paul, J. and Ndegwa, Stephen, 1997, Guest Editors' Intro duction: the Multiple Meanings ofCitizenship-Rights, ldentity, and Social Justice in Africa, A_fi·ica Today,. 45 (3-4).
- lfidon, Ehimika, A, 1996, 'Citizenship, Statehood and the Problem of Democra tization in Nigeria' Africa Developement, XXI (4).
- Kanyinga, Karuti, 1998b, The Land Question in Kenya: Struggles, Accumulation and Changing Politics. Unpublished Dissertation, International Development Studies, Roskilde University.
- Kanyinga, Karuti and Cleophas Torori, 1999, 'lnto the New Millennium in Kenya: Reconstructing Civil Society from bclow,' A study commissioncd by the Com monwealth Foundation and donc for and on behalfofthc National Council of NGOs in Kenya, Nairobi: NGOs Council.
- Mafeje, Archie, 1999, Class and ldeology of Ethnicity in Africa: A proposai for a new Paradigm, CODESRIA: Mimeo.
- Mamdani, Mahmood, 1996, Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of the Late Colonialism, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Mamdani, Mahmood, 1998, 'When Does a Subject Become a Native? Reflec tions on the Colonial Roots of Citizenship in Equatorial Africa and South Africa' Inaugural Lecture as AC Jordan Professor of African Studies, Univer sity of Cape Town, New Series No. 208, May 13.
- Mkandawire, Thandika, 1998, Thinking about Developmental States in Africa, Mimeo.
- Mkandawire, Thandika and Soludo, Charles, C., 1999, Our Continent, Our Fu ture: African Perspectives on Structural Adjustment. Dakar: CODESRIA. Moyo, Jonathan, 1999, Govenance and Civil Society in Eastern and Southern
- Africa: Challenges for the Donor Community, A paper presented in a work shop on 'What Works for
- Developmcnt', Organized by IDRC, Nairobi, Safaripark Hotel, February.
- Ndegwa, Stephen, N., 1997, Citizenship and Ethnicity: An Examination ofTwo Transition Moments in Kenyan Politics' In American Political Science Re view, vol. 91, No. 3.
- Ndegwa, Stephen, N., 1998, Citizenship Amidst Economie and Political Change in Kenya. Mimeo.
- Neocosmos, Michael., 2000, The State and Civil Society in Aji-ica: Forms of Politics and Political prescriptions. Mimeo
- Ogachi, Oganda, 1999, Economie Refonn, Political Liberalization and Economie Ethnie Conflict in
- Kenya,' Africa Development, XXIV (1 &2).
- Osaghae, Eghosa, 1995, Structural Adjustment and Etlmicity in Nigeria. Research Report No. 98. Uppsala: Nordic African Institute.
- Osaghae, Eghosa, Forthcoming, 'Competing Ethnicities and Contested Citizen ship in Contemporary Africa' .
- The Economist. 2000, London: May 13.
Les références
Ake, Claude, 1996, Democracy and Deveelopment in Afirica, Washington D.C: Brookings.
Barbalet, J. M., 1988, Citizenship, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. Chege, Michael, 1994, 'Retum of Multi-Party Politics' In Barkan, Joel D. , ed., Beyond Capitalism vs. Socialism in Kenya and Tanzania. Nairobi: East African Education Publishers.
Eke, P.P, I 978, 'Colonialism and the Development of Citizenship in Africa: A study of ldeologies of Legitimation' ln O. Otite, ed., Themes in Aji-ican So cial Po!itical Thought. Enogu: Fourth Dimension.
Gibbon, Peter, ed., 1995a, Markets, Civil Society and Democracy in Kenya, Uppsala: Nordic African lnstitute.
Gibbon, Peter, 1995b, 'Civil Society, Political Change and the Developmentalist State in Africa,' Mimeo.
Halisi, C.R.D; Kaiser, Paul, J. and Ndegwa, Stephen, 1997, Guest Editors' Intro duction: the Multiple Meanings ofCitizenship-Rights, ldentity, and Social Justice in Africa, A_fi·ica Today,. 45 (3-4).
lfidon, Ehimika, A, 1996, 'Citizenship, Statehood and the Problem of Democra tization in Nigeria' Africa Developement, XXI (4).
Kanyinga, Karuti, 1998b, The Land Question in Kenya: Struggles, Accumulation and Changing Politics. Unpublished Dissertation, International Development Studies, Roskilde University.
Kanyinga, Karuti and Cleophas Torori, 1999, 'lnto the New Millennium in Kenya: Reconstructing Civil Society from bclow,' A study commissioncd by the Com monwealth Foundation and donc for and on behalfofthc National Council of NGOs in Kenya, Nairobi: NGOs Council.
Mafeje, Archie, 1999, Class and ldeology of Ethnicity in Africa: A proposai for a new Paradigm, CODESRIA: Mimeo.
Mamdani, Mahmood, 1996, Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of the Late Colonialism, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Mamdani, Mahmood, 1998, 'When Does a Subject Become a Native? Reflec tions on the Colonial Roots of Citizenship in Equatorial Africa and South Africa' Inaugural Lecture as AC Jordan Professor of African Studies, Univer sity of Cape Town, New Series No. 208, May 13.
Mkandawire, Thandika, 1998, Thinking about Developmental States in Africa, Mimeo.
Mkandawire, Thandika and Soludo, Charles, C., 1999, Our Continent, Our Fu ture: African Perspectives on Structural Adjustment. Dakar: CODESRIA. Moyo, Jonathan, 1999, Govenance and Civil Society in Eastern and Southern
Africa: Challenges for the Donor Community, A paper presented in a work shop on 'What Works for
Developmcnt', Organized by IDRC, Nairobi, Safaripark Hotel, February.
Ndegwa, Stephen, N., 1997, Citizenship and Ethnicity: An Examination ofTwo Transition Moments in Kenyan Politics' In American Political Science Re view, vol. 91, No. 3.
Ndegwa, Stephen, N., 1998, Citizenship Amidst Economie and Political Change in Kenya. Mimeo.
Neocosmos, Michael., 2000, The State and Civil Society in Aji-ica: Forms of Politics and Political prescriptions. Mimeo
Ogachi, Oganda, 1999, Economie Refonn, Political Liberalization and Economie Ethnie Conflict in
Kenya,' Africa Development, XXIV (1 &2).
Osaghae, Eghosa, 1995, Structural Adjustment and Etlmicity in Nigeria. Research Report No. 98. Uppsala: Nordic African Institute.
Osaghae, Eghosa, Forthcoming, 'Competing Ethnicities and Contested Citizen ship in Contemporary Africa' .
The Economist. 2000, London: May 13.