5 - Covid-19 Border Policing in Ghana and its Impact on Trans-border Migration and Healthcare in West Africa
Corresponding Author(s) : Samuel Adu-Gyamfi
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 48 No 4 (2023): Afrique et développement
Résumé
Les discours et les pratiques autour de la migration et de la santé ont pris une tournure dramatique depuis l’apparition de la pandémie de Covid-19. Les experts sont davantage préoccupés par les conséquences de la pandémie sur ces facteurs en Afrique, compte tenu de la faiblesse des économies du continent et de la faiblesse du secteur de la santé, ce qui laisse présager une difficile reprise post-pandémie. Cependant, les discussions n’ont pas abordé deux effets clés du coronavirus : les incidences sanitaires, non seulement sur la population en général, mais également sur les villes frontalières, et le dilemme d’une « nouvelle » migration (il)légale. En nous appuyant sur la police des frontières du Ghana comme stratégie de gouvernance de la pandémie de Covid-19, et les débats actuels sur la santé, la politique, la migration et le développement, nous soutenons que la police des frontières pourrait faire émerger deux menaces. Premièrement, elle pourrait provoquer un « nouveau » dilemme en matière de santé, en entravant durablement l’accès aux soins de santé transfrontaliers des citoyens de la CEDEAO. Deuxièmement, des restrictions prolongées aux frontières pourraient aggraver les complexités de la migration en Afrique de l'Ouest, notamment la promotion d’une « migration d'élite » au détriment de migrants à la recherche des moyens de subsistance de base, le sort changeant des migrants sans papiers, de nouvelles menaces sur la sécurité dans les villes frontalières et une éventuelle redéfinition de la situation de la migration rurale-urbaine traditionnelle en Afrique.
Mots-clés
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- Osabuohien, E., Odularu, G., Ufua, D., and Osabohien, R., 2023, Socioeconomic Shocks and Africa’s Development Agenda: Lessons and Policy Directions in a Post-Covid-19
- Era, New York: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003208358
- Otu, A., Ebenso, B., Labonte, R., and Yaya, S., 2020, 'Tackling Covid-19: can the African continent play the long game?' Journal of Global Health, Vol. 10, No. 1. Page, J. D., n.d., Ghana, https://www.britannica.com/place/Ghana. Accessed 28 June 2021.
- Potgieter, T., 2022, 'Dealing with Diverse Challenges on the African Continent: Covid-19 and Beyond', Africa Journal of Public Sector Development and Governance, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 5–42.
- Quakyi, N. K., Agyemang Asante, N. A., Nartey, Y. A., Bediako, Y., and Sam-Agudu, N. A., 2021, 'Covid-19 Response: The Black Star can do Even Better', BMJ Global Health, Vol. 6, e005569. https://doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005569. Accessed 26 June 2021.
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- Sibiri, H., Prah, D., and Zankawah, S.M., 2021, 'Containing the Impact of Covid-19: Review of Ghana’s Response Approach', Health Policy and Technology, Vol. 10,
- pp. 13–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.10.015. Accessed 24 June 2021.
- Sullivan, J., 1998, 'Reaching Migrants across Borders in West Africa', AIDSlink: Eastern, Central and Southern Africa, Vol. 49, No. 11.
- Teye, A., 2019, Migrants’ and Non-Migrants’ Access and Use of Health Care in Ghana, PhD dissertation, University of Ghana.
- UNICEF, 2020, UNICEF Ghana: Covid-19 Situation Report# 3. UN Children’s Fund. https://reliefweb.int/report/ghana/unicef-ghana-covid-19-situation-report-3-1st-15th-may-2020. Accessed 1 June 2021.
- United Nations Development Group (UNDG), 2015, Socio-Economic Impact of Ebola Virus Disease in West African Countries: A call for national and regional containment, recovery and prevention. https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/africa/ebola-west-africa.pdf
- World Bank, 2020, 'Covid-19 (Coronavirus) Drives Sub-Saharan Africa Toward First Recession in 25 Years', World Bank, 9 April. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/04/09/covid-…virus-drives-sub-saharan-africa-toward-first-recession-in-25-years. Accessed 24 June 2021.
- Yen aw, E., 2022, Cross-border migration of itinerant immigrant retailers in Ghana, Journal of International Migration and Integration, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 205–225.
Les références
Aduhene, D. T., and Osei-Assibey, E., 2021, 'Socio-economic Impact of Covid-19 on Ghana’s Economy: Challenges and Prospects', International Journal of Social Economics, Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 543–556. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-08-2020-0582. Accessed 16 June 2021.
Africa Check, 2020, 'Melinda Gates said she feared coronavirus in Africa would lead to dead being put out in street, as in Ecuador', Africa Check, 20 April. https://africacheck.org/fact-checks/fbchecks/melinda-gates-said-she-feared-coronavirus-africa-would-lead-dead-being-put-out. Accessed 9 June 2021.
Amat, F., Arenas, A., Falcó-Gimeno, A., and Muñoz, J., 2020, 'Pandemics meet democracy. Experimental evidence from the Covid-19 crisis in Spain' SocArxiv Papers https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/dkusw/ Accessed 1 June 2023.
Asante, L. A., and Mills, R. O., 2020, 'Exploring the Socio-Economic Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic in Marketplaces in Urban Ghana', Africa Spectrum, Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 170–181. https://10.1177/0002039720943612. Accessed 15 June 2021.
Awoonor-Williams, J. K., Moyer, C. A., and Adokiya, M. N., 2021, 'Self-reported challenges to border screening of travelers for Ebola by district health workers in northern Ghana: An observational study', Plos One, Vol. 16, No. 1, e0245039.
Bwire, G., Ario, A. R., Eyu, P., Ocom, F., Wamala, J. F., Kusi, K. A., and Talisuna, A. O., 2022, 'The Covid-19 pandemic in the African continent', BMC medicine, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 1–23.
Citi News Room, 2020, 'Coronavirus: over 40 Ghanaians, foreigners caught trying to enter Ghana illegally', Send West Africa, 24 June. https://www.sendwestafrica.org/nu/blog/coronavirus-over-40-ghanaians-foreigners-caught-trying-to-enter-ghana-illegally/. Accessed 15 June 2021.
Cohen, N. J., 2016, 'Travel and border health measures to prevent the international spread of Ebola', MMWR supplements, No. 65.
ECOWAS, 2019, 40 years of free movement in ECOWAS. https://www.ecowas.int/40-years-of-free-movement-in-ecowas/. Accessed 24 June 2021.
Griffiths, I., 1986, The scramble for Africa: Inherited political boundaries, The Geographical Journal, Vol. 152, No. 2, pp. 204–216.
Heath, E., 2010, 'Berlin Conference of 1884–1885', in Gates, H. L. and Appiah, K. A. eds., Oxford Encyclopaedia of Africa, Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195337709.001.0001/acref-9780195337709-e-0467. Accessed 20 June 2021.
Horton R., 2019, 'Offline: the mistakes we made over Ebola', The Lancet, Vol. 395(10208). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31657728/. Accessed 19 June 2021.
International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2018, IOM Supports Ebola Prevention Measures across East Africa, Enhances Response in DR Congo, IOM, 10 December. https://www.iom.int/news/iom-supports-ebola-prevention- measures-across-east-africa-enhances-response-dr-congo. Accessed 10 June 2021. Joseph, H. A., Wojno, A. E., Winter, K., Grady-Erickson, O., Hawes, E., Benenson,
G. A., and Cetron, M., 2019, 'The Check and Report Ebola (CARE+) program to monitor travelers for Ebola after arrival to the United States, 2014–2016', Public Health Reports, Vol. 134, No. 6, pp. 592–598.
Kilberg, R., 2014, 'Building Borders around Ebola', Migration Policy, 16 December, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/building-borders-around-ebola. Accessed 11 June 2021.
Kuwonu, F., 2017, 'Public health schemes: Getting it right: Ghana grapples with making health care universally accessible', Africa Renewal, December 2016– March 2017. https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2016-march-2017/public-health-schemes-getting-it-right. Accessed 24 June 2021.
Lartey, N. L., 2020, 'Covid-19 Lockdown: Government announces free food for over 400,000 Ghanaians', Citi Newsroom, 6 April. https://citinewsroom.com/2020/04/covid-19-lockdown-governmentannounces-free-food-for-over-400000-ghanaians/ Accessed 10 June 2021.
MacKenzie, J. M., 2016, 'Partition of Africa', in The Encyclopedia of Empire, pp. 1–8. John Wiley & Sons.
Modern Ghana, 2021, Ghana entry points. https://www.modernghana.com/ ghanahome/ghana/entry_points.asp. Accessed 24 June 24 2021.
Nkansah, M. A., 2020, 'Case Study, Ghana’s Multifarious Response to Covid-19: Through a Citizen’s Lens', International Network for Government Science Advice, 3 June. https://www.ingsa.org/covidtag/covid-19-commentary/asantewah-nkansah-ghana/. Accessed 17 May 2021.
Nyarko, R. K., 2020, 'Hawa Koomson Urges Market Women, Traders to Own Handwashing Campaign', My Joy Online, 24 March. https://www.myjoyonline.com/hawa-koomson-urges-market-women-traders-to-own-handwashing-campaign/ Accessed 24 May 2021.
Olu, O. O., Lako, R., Wamala, J. F., Ramadan, P. O., Ryan, C., Udenweze, I., ...and Chimbaru, A., 2020, 'What did we learn from preparing for cross-border transmission of Ebola virus disease into a complex humanitarian setting – The Republic of South Sudan?' Infectious diseases of poverty, Vol. 9, pp. 1–7.
Osabuohien, E., Odularu, G., Ufua, D., and Osabohien, R., 2022, Covid-19 in the African Continent: Sustainable Development and Socioeconomic Shocks, Bingley: Emerald Publishers Limited. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80117-686-620221002
Osabuohien, E., Odularu, G., Ufua, D., and Osabohien, R., 2023, Socioeconomic Shocks and Africa’s Development Agenda: Lessons and Policy Directions in a Post-Covid-19
Era, New York: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003208358
Otu, A., Ebenso, B., Labonte, R., and Yaya, S., 2020, 'Tackling Covid-19: can the African continent play the long game?' Journal of Global Health, Vol. 10, No. 1. Page, J. D., n.d., Ghana, https://www.britannica.com/place/Ghana. Accessed 28 June 2021.
Potgieter, T., 2022, 'Dealing with Diverse Challenges on the African Continent: Covid-19 and Beyond', Africa Journal of Public Sector Development and Governance, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 5–42.
Quakyi, N. K., Agyemang Asante, N. A., Nartey, Y. A., Bediako, Y., and Sam-Agudu, N. A., 2021, 'Covid-19 Response: The Black Star can do Even Better', BMJ Global Health, Vol. 6, e005569. https://doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005569. Accessed 26 June 2021.
Reissig, J., 2020, International Migrants Day 2020: IOM invites to reimagine human mobility together. https://ghana.un.org/en/107535-international-migrants-day- 2020-iom-invites-reimagine-human-mobility-together
Roos, R., 2014, 'Migrations in Africa seen as a challenge to stopping Ebola', CIDRAP News. https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/ebola/migrations-west-africa-seen-challenge-stopping-ebola Accessed 3 June 2023.
Sibiri, H., Prah, D., and Zankawah, S.M., 2021, 'Containing the Impact of Covid-19: Review of Ghana’s Response Approach', Health Policy and Technology, Vol. 10,
pp. 13–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.10.015. Accessed 24 June 2021.
Sullivan, J., 1998, 'Reaching Migrants across Borders in West Africa', AIDSlink: Eastern, Central and Southern Africa, Vol. 49, No. 11.
Teye, A., 2019, Migrants’ and Non-Migrants’ Access and Use of Health Care in Ghana, PhD dissertation, University of Ghana.
UNICEF, 2020, UNICEF Ghana: Covid-19 Situation Report# 3. UN Children’s Fund. https://reliefweb.int/report/ghana/unicef-ghana-covid-19-situation-report-3-1st-15th-may-2020. Accessed 1 June 2021.
United Nations Development Group (UNDG), 2015, Socio-Economic Impact of Ebola Virus Disease in West African Countries: A call for national and regional containment, recovery and prevention. https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/africa/ebola-west-africa.pdf
World Bank, 2020, 'Covid-19 (Coronavirus) Drives Sub-Saharan Africa Toward First Recession in 25 Years', World Bank, 9 April. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/04/09/covid-…virus-drives-sub-saharan-africa-toward-first-recession-in-25-years. Accessed 24 June 2021.
Yen aw, E., 2022, Cross-border migration of itinerant immigrant retailers in Ghana, Journal of International Migration and Integration, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 205–225.