7 - Hidden Processes of Reconciliation in Mozambique: The Entangled Histories of Truth-seeking Commissions held between 1975 and 1982
Corresponding Author(s) : Maria Paula Meneses
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 41 No 4 (2016): Afrique et développement
Résumé
Au cours des 50 dernières années, la région de l'Afrique australe a connu plusieurs épisodes de conflits violents, et le Mozambique ne fait pas exception. La perspective dominante du Nord global sur la transition vers la démocratie insiste sur le renforcement d'une version eurocentrique de la modernité, symbolisée par une transition linéaire vers un système juridique unique et l’identité nationale. Ce dominant modèle international de justice reproduit la violence sous forme d'épistémicide, et la privatisation de la violence. Si les tribunaux ne peuvent pas mettre fin aux guerres civiles, quelles sont les alternatives ? Le but de cet article, qui se focalise sur le Mozambique et se fonde sur des entretiens et des données d'archives, est de déterminer dans quelle mesure divers processus de réconciliation nationale, qui sont presque invisibles et silencieux, peuvent trouver leur expression dans les approches de réconciliation nationale. Une attention particulière est mise sur l'analyse des initiatives menées (dans les années 1970 et 1980) pour s’occuper des « traîtres de la révolution » à travers l’organisation de rencontres publiques qui ont produit des pratiques de réconciliation nationale alors peu connues. Dans un tel contexte les limites du discours sur la « juridiction universelle » et des sanctions pénales contre les auteurs de violences sont sans doute mieux comprises et les alternatives peuvent se manifester plus fortement et s’exprimer de façon plus radicale.
Maria Paula Meneses, Centre for Social Studies, Colégio de Sao Jerónimo, Coimbra University, Portugal. Email: mpmeneses@gmail.com
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
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- Bragança, A., 1980, ‘Le Marxisme de Samora’, Afrique Asie, Vol. 217, p. xix-xxii.
- Cabrita, J., 2000, Mozambique: The Tortuous Road to Democracy, New York: Palgrave.
- Clifford, J., 2004, ‘Traditional Futures’, in M.-S. Phillips and G. Schochet, eds., Questions of Tradition, Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 152-168.
- Coelho, J.P.B., 2003, ‘Da Violência Colonial Ordenada à Ordem Pós-Colonial Violenta: Sobre um Legado das Guerras Coloniais nas Ex-Colónias Portuguesas’, Lusotopie 2003, p. 175-193.
- Coelho, J.P.B., 2014, ‘Politics and Contemporary History of Mozambique: a set of epistemological notes’, Kronos, Vol. 39, p. 20-31.
- Fanon, F., 1963, The Wretched of the Earth, New York: Grove Press.
- FRELIMO, 1977, O Processo Revolucionário da Guerra Popular de Libertação, Maputo: Departamento do Trabalho Ideológico da FRELIMO.
- FRELIMO, 1982 [1969], ‘Self-Criticism’, in A. Bragança and I. Wallerstein, eds., The African Liberation Reader, Vol. 2: the National Liberation Movements, London: Zed Press. p. 122-124.
- Geffray, C., 1990, La Cause des Armes au Mozambique: Anthropologie d’une Guerre Civile, Paris: Karthala.
- Hayner, P., 2001, Unspeakable Truths: Confronting State Terror and Atrocity, New York: Routledge.
- Hoagland, S.L., 2009, Giving Testimony and the Coloniality of Knowledge. (http://www.cavehill.uwi.edu/fhe/histphil/chips/archives/2009/docs/hoagland2009.aspx). 23 July 2014.
- Igrejas, V., 2008, ‘Memories as Weapons: the politics of peace and silence in post-civil war Mozambique’, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 34, No. 3, p. 539-556.
- Kelly, T. and Thiranagama, S., 2009, ‘Introduction: Specters of Treason’, in S. Thiranagama and T. Kelly, eds., Traitors: Suspicion, Intimacy, and the Ethics of State-Building, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 1-22.
- Koselleck, R., 1990, Futures Past. On the semantics of historical time, New York: Columbia University Press.
- Laban, M., 1998, Moçambique - Encontro com Escritores, Porto: Fundação Eng. António Almeida, 3 Volumes.
- Langa, A.V., 2011, Memórias de um combatente da causa, Maputo: JV Editores.
- Lugones, M., 2006, ‘On Complex Communication’, Hypatia, Vol. 21, No. 3, p. 75-85.
- Machava, B., 2011, ‘State Discourse on Internal Security and the Politics of Punishment in Post-independence Mozambique, 1975-1983’, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 37, No. 3, p. 593-609.
- Machel, S.M., 1974, A Luta Continua: antologia de discursos do presidente da FRELIMO, Porto: Afrontamento.
- Machel, S.M., 1977, A Vitória Constrói-se, a Vitória Organiza-se, Maputo: Departamento do Trabalho Ideológico da FRELIMO.
- Machel, S.M., 1978 [1970], Educar o Homem para Vencer a Guerra, Criar uma Sociedade Nova e Desenvolver a Pátria, Maputo: Departamento do Trabalho Ideológico da FRELIMO.
- Mamdani, M., 2012, ‘Historical Research with Historical Depth: Africa, Human Rights and Citizenship’, CODESRIA Bulletin, Nos. 3&4, p. 7.
- Mamdani, M., 2015, ‘Beyond Nuremberg: The Historical Significance of the Postapartheid Transition in South Africa’, Politics & Society, Vol. 43, No. 1, p. 61- 88.
- Mateus, D.M., 2006, Memórias do Colonialismo e da Guerra, Porto: Edições Asa.
- Meneses, M.P., 2007, ‘Pluralism, Law and Citizenship in Mozambique: mapping the complexity’, Oficina do CES, Vol. 291.
- Meneses, M.P., 2011, ‘Images Outside the Mirror? Mozambique and Portugal in World History’, Human Architecture, Vol. IX, p. 121-137.
- Meneses, M.P., 2012, ‘Powers, Rights and Citizenship: The ‘return’ of the traditional authorities in Mozambique’, in T. Bennett et al., ed., African Perspectives on Tradition and Justice, Cambridge: Intersentia. p. 67-94.
- Meneses, M.P., 2015, ‘Xiconhoca, o inimigo: Narrativas de violência sobre a construção da nação em Moçambique’, Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais, Vol. 106, p. 9-52.
- Moiane, J., 1984, ‘O Direito nas Zonas Libertadas’, Justiça Popular, Vol. 8&9, p.11-14.
- Mondlane, E.C., 1967, ‘Helen Kitchen: Conversations with Eduardo Mondlane’, Africa Report, Vol. 12, No. 8, p.31-32 and 49-51.
- Nalyambipano, S.T., 2013, Memórias de um General da Linha da Frente, Maputo: Gabinete de Estudos da Presidência da Republica.
- Ncomo, B., 2003, Uria Simango, Um Homem, Uma Causa, Maputo: Edições Novafrica.
- Pachinuapa, R., ed., 2011, Memórias da Revolução 1962-1974, Maputo: Centro de Pesquisa da História da Luta de Libertação Nacional e Associação Nachingwea.
- Peixoto, C. and Meneses, M.P., 2013, ‘Domingos Arouca: um percurso de militância nacionalista em Moçambique’, Topoi, Vol. 14, No. 26, p. 86-104.
- Peterson, D.R., 2012, Ethnic Patriotism and the East African Revival: a history of dissent, c. 1935-1972, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Pitcher, A., 2006, ‘Forgetting from Above and Memory from Below: strategies of legitimation and struggles in post-socialist Mozambique’, Africa, Vol. 76, No,1, p. 88-112.
- Quinn, J.R., 2009, ‘What of Reconciliation? Traditional mechanisms of acknowledgement in Uganda’, in Quinn, J.R., ed., Reconciliation(s): Transitional Justice in Postconflict Societies, Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press. p. 174-206.
- Ricoeur, P., 2006, Memory, History, Forgetting, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Roth-Arriaza, N. and Mariezcurrena, J., eds, 2006, Transitional Justice in the Twenty-First Century: Beyond Truth Versus Justice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Santos, B.S., 1998, ‘The Fall of the Angelus Novus: beyond the modern game of roots and options’, Current Sociology, Vol. 46, No. 2, p. 81-118.
- Santos, B.S., 2004a, The World Social Forum: a User’s Manual. (http:// www.ces.uc.pt/bss/documentos/fsm_eng.pdf.), 20 June 2013.
- Santos, B.S., 2004b, ‘A Critique of the Lazy Reason: against the Waste of Experience’, in Wallerstein, I., ed., The Modern World-System in the Long Durée, London: Paradigm Publishers. p. 157-197.
- Santos, B.S. and Avritzer, L., 2007, ‘Introduction: Opening Up the Canon of Democracy’, in B.S. Santos, ed., Democratizing Democracy, London: Verso Press. p. xxxiv-lxxiv. S/a, 1977, Tortura na colónia de Moçambique: 1963-1974, Porto: Afrontamento.
- Teitel, R., 2003, ‘Transitional Justice Genealogy’, Harvard Human Rights Journal, Vol. 16, p. 69-94.
- Thomaz, O., 2008, ‘‘Escravos sem dono’: a experiência social dos campos de trabalho em Moçambique no período socialista’, Revista de Antropologia da USP, Vol. 51, No. 1, p. 177- 214.
- Trouillot, M.-R., 1995, Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History, Boston: Beacon Press.
- West, H., 2003, ‘Voices Twice Silenced: betrayal and mourning at colonialism’s end in Mozambique’, Anthropological Theory, Vol. 3, p. 343-365.
- Wieviorka, A., 2006, The Era of the Witness, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Les références
Bell, C. 2009, ‘Transitional Justice, Interdisciplinarity and the State of the ‘Field’ or ‘Non-Field’’, International Journal of Transitional Justice, Vol. 3, No. 1, p. 5-27.
Bragança, A., 1980, ‘Le Marxisme de Samora’, Afrique Asie, Vol. 217, p. xix-xxii.
Cabrita, J., 2000, Mozambique: The Tortuous Road to Democracy, New York: Palgrave.
Clifford, J., 2004, ‘Traditional Futures’, in M.-S. Phillips and G. Schochet, eds., Questions of Tradition, Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 152-168.
Coelho, J.P.B., 2003, ‘Da Violência Colonial Ordenada à Ordem Pós-Colonial Violenta: Sobre um Legado das Guerras Coloniais nas Ex-Colónias Portuguesas’, Lusotopie 2003, p. 175-193.
Coelho, J.P.B., 2014, ‘Politics and Contemporary History of Mozambique: a set of epistemological notes’, Kronos, Vol. 39, p. 20-31.
Fanon, F., 1963, The Wretched of the Earth, New York: Grove Press.
FRELIMO, 1977, O Processo Revolucionário da Guerra Popular de Libertação, Maputo: Departamento do Trabalho Ideológico da FRELIMO.
FRELIMO, 1982 [1969], ‘Self-Criticism’, in A. Bragança and I. Wallerstein, eds., The African Liberation Reader, Vol. 2: the National Liberation Movements, London: Zed Press. p. 122-124.
Geffray, C., 1990, La Cause des Armes au Mozambique: Anthropologie d’une Guerre Civile, Paris: Karthala.
Hayner, P., 2001, Unspeakable Truths: Confronting State Terror and Atrocity, New York: Routledge.
Hoagland, S.L., 2009, Giving Testimony and the Coloniality of Knowledge. (http://www.cavehill.uwi.edu/fhe/histphil/chips/archives/2009/docs/hoagland2009.aspx). 23 July 2014.
Igrejas, V., 2008, ‘Memories as Weapons: the politics of peace and silence in post-civil war Mozambique’, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 34, No. 3, p. 539-556.
Kelly, T. and Thiranagama, S., 2009, ‘Introduction: Specters of Treason’, in S. Thiranagama and T. Kelly, eds., Traitors: Suspicion, Intimacy, and the Ethics of State-Building, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 1-22.
Koselleck, R., 1990, Futures Past. On the semantics of historical time, New York: Columbia University Press.
Laban, M., 1998, Moçambique - Encontro com Escritores, Porto: Fundação Eng. António Almeida, 3 Volumes.
Langa, A.V., 2011, Memórias de um combatente da causa, Maputo: JV Editores.
Lugones, M., 2006, ‘On Complex Communication’, Hypatia, Vol. 21, No. 3, p. 75-85.
Machava, B., 2011, ‘State Discourse on Internal Security and the Politics of Punishment in Post-independence Mozambique, 1975-1983’, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 37, No. 3, p. 593-609.
Machel, S.M., 1974, A Luta Continua: antologia de discursos do presidente da FRELIMO, Porto: Afrontamento.
Machel, S.M., 1977, A Vitória Constrói-se, a Vitória Organiza-se, Maputo: Departamento do Trabalho Ideológico da FRELIMO.
Machel, S.M., 1978 [1970], Educar o Homem para Vencer a Guerra, Criar uma Sociedade Nova e Desenvolver a Pátria, Maputo: Departamento do Trabalho Ideológico da FRELIMO.
Mamdani, M., 2012, ‘Historical Research with Historical Depth: Africa, Human Rights and Citizenship’, CODESRIA Bulletin, Nos. 3&4, p. 7.
Mamdani, M., 2015, ‘Beyond Nuremberg: The Historical Significance of the Postapartheid Transition in South Africa’, Politics & Society, Vol. 43, No. 1, p. 61- 88.
Mateus, D.M., 2006, Memórias do Colonialismo e da Guerra, Porto: Edições Asa.
Meneses, M.P., 2007, ‘Pluralism, Law and Citizenship in Mozambique: mapping the complexity’, Oficina do CES, Vol. 291.
Meneses, M.P., 2011, ‘Images Outside the Mirror? Mozambique and Portugal in World History’, Human Architecture, Vol. IX, p. 121-137.
Meneses, M.P., 2012, ‘Powers, Rights and Citizenship: The ‘return’ of the traditional authorities in Mozambique’, in T. Bennett et al., ed., African Perspectives on Tradition and Justice, Cambridge: Intersentia. p. 67-94.
Meneses, M.P., 2015, ‘Xiconhoca, o inimigo: Narrativas de violência sobre a construção da nação em Moçambique’, Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais, Vol. 106, p. 9-52.
Moiane, J., 1984, ‘O Direito nas Zonas Libertadas’, Justiça Popular, Vol. 8&9, p.11-14.
Mondlane, E.C., 1967, ‘Helen Kitchen: Conversations with Eduardo Mondlane’, Africa Report, Vol. 12, No. 8, p.31-32 and 49-51.
Nalyambipano, S.T., 2013, Memórias de um General da Linha da Frente, Maputo: Gabinete de Estudos da Presidência da Republica.
Ncomo, B., 2003, Uria Simango, Um Homem, Uma Causa, Maputo: Edições Novafrica.
Pachinuapa, R., ed., 2011, Memórias da Revolução 1962-1974, Maputo: Centro de Pesquisa da História da Luta de Libertação Nacional e Associação Nachingwea.
Peixoto, C. and Meneses, M.P., 2013, ‘Domingos Arouca: um percurso de militância nacionalista em Moçambique’, Topoi, Vol. 14, No. 26, p. 86-104.
Peterson, D.R., 2012, Ethnic Patriotism and the East African Revival: a history of dissent, c. 1935-1972, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pitcher, A., 2006, ‘Forgetting from Above and Memory from Below: strategies of legitimation and struggles in post-socialist Mozambique’, Africa, Vol. 76, No,1, p. 88-112.
Quinn, J.R., 2009, ‘What of Reconciliation? Traditional mechanisms of acknowledgement in Uganda’, in Quinn, J.R., ed., Reconciliation(s): Transitional Justice in Postconflict Societies, Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press. p. 174-206.
Ricoeur, P., 2006, Memory, History, Forgetting, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Roth-Arriaza, N. and Mariezcurrena, J., eds, 2006, Transitional Justice in the Twenty-First Century: Beyond Truth Versus Justice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Santos, B.S., 1998, ‘The Fall of the Angelus Novus: beyond the modern game of roots and options’, Current Sociology, Vol. 46, No. 2, p. 81-118.
Santos, B.S., 2004a, The World Social Forum: a User’s Manual. (http:// www.ces.uc.pt/bss/documentos/fsm_eng.pdf.), 20 June 2013.
Santos, B.S., 2004b, ‘A Critique of the Lazy Reason: against the Waste of Experience’, in Wallerstein, I., ed., The Modern World-System in the Long Durée, London: Paradigm Publishers. p. 157-197.
Santos, B.S. and Avritzer, L., 2007, ‘Introduction: Opening Up the Canon of Democracy’, in B.S. Santos, ed., Democratizing Democracy, London: Verso Press. p. xxxiv-lxxiv. S/a, 1977, Tortura na colónia de Moçambique: 1963-1974, Porto: Afrontamento.
Teitel, R., 2003, ‘Transitional Justice Genealogy’, Harvard Human Rights Journal, Vol. 16, p. 69-94.
Thomaz, O., 2008, ‘‘Escravos sem dono’: a experiência social dos campos de trabalho em Moçambique no período socialista’, Revista de Antropologia da USP, Vol. 51, No. 1, p. 177- 214.
Trouillot, M.-R., 1995, Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History, Boston: Beacon Press.
West, H., 2003, ‘Voices Twice Silenced: betrayal and mourning at colonialism’s end in Mozambique’, Anthropological Theory, Vol. 3, p. 343-365.
Wieviorka, A., 2006, The Era of the Witness, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.