2 - Circus Ethiopia: Dilemmas of a Development- oriented Entertainment NGO in Ethiopia
Corresponding Author(s) : Aklil Getachew
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 39 No 4 (2014): Afrique et développement
Résumé
Comme dans la plupart des autres pays d’Afrique sub-saharienne, le cirque n’avait pas de précédents historiques en Ethiopie jusqu’à ce qu’il soit introduit dans le pays comme une forme d’art étranger par un Occidental au début des années 1990, qui recrute des enfants comme ses interprètes. « Circus Ethiopia » s’est progressivement adapté et s’est imprégné de « la culture éthiopienne ». Bien qu’initialement conçu comme un cirque bon, se concentrant principalement sur les arts du cirque et l’interprétation des numéros de cirque comme un art ou une forme de pratique culturelle en Ethiopie, l’organisation est devenue plus tard une ONG qui s’est également assignée la mission de promouvoir le développement social ou communautaire. En conséquence, Circus Ethiopia a assumé deux responsabilités: une formation artistique (auto- définie) et la responsabilité civique (définie par les donateurs), et fonctionne toujours à la fois comme un moyen artistique et comme une ONG en utilisant les arts du cirque pour informer et sensibiliser son public sur les différentes questions sociales liées à la santé. Le document examine la mesure dans laquelle le cirque a été en mesure de se survivre sur la base de cette double mission et éventuellement contradictoire et compte tenu de sa dépendance institutionnelle de sources de financement extérieures. Ce faisant, il identifie la capacité du cirque, en tant qu’activité culturelle, à jouer un rôle important dans les efforts de développement. En outre, il découvre des défis auxquelles est confronté Circus Ethiopia – en tant qu’ONG du Sud – et la façon dont elle s’y prend pour apporter des solutions durables à ces problèmes.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
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- Alemnesh, H. and Yirga Gabre, D., 2000, ‘Five Year Strategic Plan & Management, 2001-2005’, Addis Ababa: Circus in Ethiopia.
- Boeren, A. and Epskamp, K., 1992, ‘Introduction’, in Boeren, A. and Epskamp, K., eds, The Empowerment of Culture: Development Communication and Popular Media, The Hague, CESO.
- Bouissac, P., 1976, Circus and Culture: A Semiotic Approach, Bloomington, Indiana University Press.
- Circus in Ethiopia, 2002, The Hero: An Opera by Circus in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Circus in Ethiopia, 2003, Quarterly Newsletter of Circus in Ethiopia, Vol. 1, No. 1.
- Ebrahim, A., 2003, Building Analytical and Adaptive Capacity: Lessons from Northern and Southern NGOs, Denver: ARNOVA.
- Edwards, M. and Hulme, D., 1995, ‘NGO Performance and Accountability: Introduction and Overview’, in Edward, M. and Fowler, A., eds, Non- governmental Organizations: Performance and Accountability: Beyond the Magic Bullet, London, Earthscan Publishing Ltd.
- Gould, H. and Marsh, M., 2003, ‘Routemapping Culture and Development: Report on a Pilot Research Project Exploring the use of Cultural Approaches to Development within Five UK Development Agencies’, UK: Creative Exchange.
- Gould, H. and Marsh, M., 2005, Culture: Hidden Development, London: ECO Distribution.
- Hudock, A., 1999, NGOs and Civil Society: Democracy by Proxy?, Polity Press, London.
- Javanovich, H.B., 1992, ‘Introduction’, in Serageldin, I. and Taboroff, J., eds, Culture and Development in Africa, Washington DC, The World Bank.
- Lewis, D., 2001, The Management of Non-Governmental Development Organizations: An Introduction, London and New York, Routledge.
- Plastow, J., 1996, African Theatre and Politics: The Evolution of Theatre in Ethiopia, Tanzania and Zimbabwe. A Comparative Study, Amsterdam & Atlanta: Rodopi.
- Plastow, J., 1998, ‘Uses and abuses of theatre for development. A case study focusing on the relationship between political struggle and development theatre in the Ethiopia-Eritrea war, 1961-91’, in Kamal Sahli, ed., African Theatre for Development, pp. 97-114, Exeter: Intellect Books.
- Salim, S.A., 1992, ‘Opening Remark’, in Serageldin, I. and Taboroff, J., eds, Culture and Development in Africa, Washington DC, The World Bank.
- Semenuik, R., 1997, ‘The World is a Circus’, Equinox, June/July 1997 issue. Singer, M., 1959, ‘Preface’, in Milton Singer, ed., Traditional India: Structure and Change, Philadelphia, American Folklore Society.
- Singer, M., 1972, When a Great Tradition Modernizes: An Anthropological Approach to Indian Civilization, New York, Praeger Publishers.
- Suzuki, N., 1998, ‘Inside NGOs: Managing Conflicts between Headquarters and the Field Offices in Non-governmental Organizations’, London, Intermediate Technology Publications.
- Tandon, R., 2002, ‘“Board Games”: Governance and Accountability in NGOs’, in
- Edward, M. and Fowler, A., eds, The Earthscan Reader on NGO Management, London, Earthscan Publishing Ltd.
- Turner, V., 1957, Schism and Continuity in an African Society: A Study of Ndembu Village Life, Manchester, Manchester University Press.
- Turner, V., 1967, The Forest of Symbols: Aspects of Ndembu Ritual, Ithaca, New York, Cornell University Press.
- Turner, V., 1969, The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd.
- Turner, V., 1977, ‘Variation on a Theme of Liminality’, in Moore, F.S. and Myerhoff, G.B., eds, Secular Ritual, Assen, Van Gorcum.
- Turner, V., 1984, ‘Liminality and the Performative Genres’, in MacAloon, J.J., ed., Rite, Drama, Festival, Spectacle: Rehearsal Toward a Theory of Cultural Performance, Philadelphia, Institute for the Study of Human Issues.
Les références
Alemnesh, H. and Yirga Gabre, D., 2000, ‘Five Year Strategic Plan & Management, 2001-2005’, Addis Ababa: Circus in Ethiopia.
Boeren, A. and Epskamp, K., 1992, ‘Introduction’, in Boeren, A. and Epskamp, K., eds, The Empowerment of Culture: Development Communication and Popular Media, The Hague, CESO.
Bouissac, P., 1976, Circus and Culture: A Semiotic Approach, Bloomington, Indiana University Press.
Circus in Ethiopia, 2002, The Hero: An Opera by Circus in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Circus in Ethiopia, 2003, Quarterly Newsletter of Circus in Ethiopia, Vol. 1, No. 1.
Ebrahim, A., 2003, Building Analytical and Adaptive Capacity: Lessons from Northern and Southern NGOs, Denver: ARNOVA.
Edwards, M. and Hulme, D., 1995, ‘NGO Performance and Accountability: Introduction and Overview’, in Edward, M. and Fowler, A., eds, Non- governmental Organizations: Performance and Accountability: Beyond the Magic Bullet, London, Earthscan Publishing Ltd.
Gould, H. and Marsh, M., 2003, ‘Routemapping Culture and Development: Report on a Pilot Research Project Exploring the use of Cultural Approaches to Development within Five UK Development Agencies’, UK: Creative Exchange.
Gould, H. and Marsh, M., 2005, Culture: Hidden Development, London: ECO Distribution.
Hudock, A., 1999, NGOs and Civil Society: Democracy by Proxy?, Polity Press, London.
Javanovich, H.B., 1992, ‘Introduction’, in Serageldin, I. and Taboroff, J., eds, Culture and Development in Africa, Washington DC, The World Bank.
Lewis, D., 2001, The Management of Non-Governmental Development Organizations: An Introduction, London and New York, Routledge.
Plastow, J., 1996, African Theatre and Politics: The Evolution of Theatre in Ethiopia, Tanzania and Zimbabwe. A Comparative Study, Amsterdam & Atlanta: Rodopi.
Plastow, J., 1998, ‘Uses and abuses of theatre for development. A case study focusing on the relationship between political struggle and development theatre in the Ethiopia-Eritrea war, 1961-91’, in Kamal Sahli, ed., African Theatre for Development, pp. 97-114, Exeter: Intellect Books.
Salim, S.A., 1992, ‘Opening Remark’, in Serageldin, I. and Taboroff, J., eds, Culture and Development in Africa, Washington DC, The World Bank.
Semenuik, R., 1997, ‘The World is a Circus’, Equinox, June/July 1997 issue. Singer, M., 1959, ‘Preface’, in Milton Singer, ed., Traditional India: Structure and Change, Philadelphia, American Folklore Society.
Singer, M., 1972, When a Great Tradition Modernizes: An Anthropological Approach to Indian Civilization, New York, Praeger Publishers.
Suzuki, N., 1998, ‘Inside NGOs: Managing Conflicts between Headquarters and the Field Offices in Non-governmental Organizations’, London, Intermediate Technology Publications.
Tandon, R., 2002, ‘“Board Games”: Governance and Accountability in NGOs’, in
Edward, M. and Fowler, A., eds, The Earthscan Reader on NGO Management, London, Earthscan Publishing Ltd.
Turner, V., 1957, Schism and Continuity in an African Society: A Study of Ndembu Village Life, Manchester, Manchester University Press.
Turner, V., 1967, The Forest of Symbols: Aspects of Ndembu Ritual, Ithaca, New York, Cornell University Press.
Turner, V., 1969, The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd.
Turner, V., 1977, ‘Variation on a Theme of Liminality’, in Moore, F.S. and Myerhoff, G.B., eds, Secular Ritual, Assen, Van Gorcum.
Turner, V., 1984, ‘Liminality and the Performative Genres’, in MacAloon, J.J., ed., Rite, Drama, Festival, Spectacle: Rehearsal Toward a Theory of Cultural Performance, Philadelphia, Institute for the Study of Human Issues.