4 - The reform of public universities in Tanzania: Governmentality and the exercise of power
Corresponding Author(s) : Beverly Thaver
Revue africaine de sociologie,
Vol. 23 No 1 (2019): Revue africaine de sociologie
Résumé
En général, les pays africains, à partir du milieu du 20e siècle, ont connu une expansion croissante et massive du secteur universitaire. Au cours de la première décennie du 21ème siècle, alors que le secteur se développait encore davantage, la pression en faveur de réformes politiques augmentait dans le monde entier et dans les régions africaines. Ces réformes ont été définies comme des instruments permettant de faire progresser le développement national, à savoir dans la trajectoire de réduction de la pauvreté par une croissance durable (économique et sociale). S’appuyant sur la Tanzanie, pays d’Afrique de l’Est, cet article porte sur la mise en œuvre d’une réforme des politiques dans trois universités publiques. La réforme (inscrite dans le discours politique sur les stratégies de croissance et de réduction de la pauvreté) est appelée en swahili «Mkakati wa Kukuza Uchumi na Kupunguza Umaskini». Les dynamiques associées au processus de mise en œuvre sont interprétées dans le cadre de la théorie de la gouvernementalité de Michel Foucault, fondée sur une forme et un exercice particuliers des relations de pouvoir. À cet égard, l ’article cherche à comprendre comment la réforme a été élaborée en tant que régime de gouvernance, c’est-à-dire en tant que réglementation du comportement dans trois universités en Tanzanie, avec une référence spécifique aux mandats de «l’accès» et de la «qualité».
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
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- Akosua A., Beoku J, Osirim, M. (2008). Researching African Women and Gender Studies: New Social Science Perspectives, African and Asian Studies 7: 327-341. Altbach, P. G., Reisberg, L., & Rumbley, L. E. (2009). Trends in global higher education: Tracking an academic revolution. (Sense: UNESCO Publishing).
- Bloom, D., Canning, D., & Chan, K. (2006). Higher education and economic development in Africa. Massachusetts: Harvard University.
- Brigg, M. (2002). Post-development, Foucault and the colonization metaphor. Third World Quarterly, 23(3), 421-436.
- Dean, M. (1998). ‘Administering Asceticism: Reworking the ethical life of the unemployed Citizen’, in M. Dean & B. Hindess (eds.), Governing Australia: Studies in contemporary rationalities of government, Cambridge: Cambridge university Press, 87-107.
- Dean, M. (1999). Governmentality: power and rule in modern society. London: Sage Publications.
- Dean, M. (2002). Liberal government and authoritarianism. Economy and Society, 31(1), 37–61.
- Denzin, N. K. (2002). The interpretive process. The qualitative researcher’s companion, 349-366.
- Fejes, A.(2006). Constructing the Adult Learner: A Governmentality Analysis, Linköping: Liu-Tryck.
- Fimyar, O. (2008). Using governmentality as a conceptual tool in education policy research. Educate, 1(1), 3-18.
- Foucault, M, (1991). Governmentality. In Burchell, G., Gordon, C., & Miller, P. (Eds).The Foucault Effect: Studies in governmentality. University of Chicago Press.
- Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and Punish. New York: Vintage.
- Foucault, M. (1978). The History of Sexuality: Volume I- An Introduction. New York; Random House
- Foucault, M. (1979). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. London: Penguin. Foucault, M. (1980). Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings, 1972-1977.
- Foucault, M. (1980b). ‘ Power and Strategies’. In C. Gordon (Ed.), Power/Knowledge (pp. 134-145). New York:
- Foucault, M. (1982). The History of Sexuality (Vol. 1): An Introduction. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
- Foucault, M. (1988). Politics, Philosophy, Culture: Interviews and Other Writings (pp.1977–1984). New York: Routledge.
- Foucault, M. (1991). Governmentality. In Burchell, G., Gordon, C., Miller, P. (Eds.), The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
- Foucault, M. (1992). The use of pleasure: Volume two of the history of sexuality. New York: Vintage. (Original work published 1984).
- Foucault, M., (2000). ‘Omnes et Singulatim’: towards a critique of political reason’. In: Faubion, J.D. (Ed.), Power: Essential works of Foucault, 1954–1984, Vol. 3. Penguin, London.
- Hayward, F.M.(2006). Quality assurance and accreditation of higher education in Africa. Conference on “Higher Education Reform in Francophone Africa: Understanding the Keys of Success”. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, June 13-15, 2006.
- Jann, W. and K. Wegrich (2006). ‘Theories of the Policy Cycle’, In F. Fischer, G. Miller, M. Sidney (Eds.), Handbook of Public Policy Analysis: Theory, Politics, and Methods. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 43–62.
- Lihamba, A; Mwaipopo, R; Shule, L. (2006). The Challenges of Affirmative Action in Tanzania Higher Education Institutions: A Case Study of the University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. In Woman’s Studies International Forum (Vol 29, No 6, pp 581 – 591); Pergamon.
- Morley, L. (2003), Quality and Power in Higher Education, Society for Research into Higher Buckingham, UK.
- Myenzi, Y. (2009). Women’s Land Rights in Tanzania: What Are the Challenges. Hakiardhi presentation at Mzumbe University Dar es Salaam Campus, 10th January, 2009 Dar es Salaam. http://www.hakiardhi.org/HA-Docs/women.pdf.
- Rose, N. (1996) ‘Governing ‘advanced’ liberal democracies’. In A. Barry, T. Osborne & N. Rose (Eds.) Foucault and political reason: liberalism, neo-liberalism and rationalities of government London: UCL Press, 37–64.
- United Republic of Tanzania, (2005). National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP).Dar es Salaam: The Vice President’s Office, June 2005.
Les références
Akosua A., Beoku J, Osirim, M. (2008). Researching African Women and Gender Studies: New Social Science Perspectives, African and Asian Studies 7: 327-341. Altbach, P. G., Reisberg, L., & Rumbley, L. E. (2009). Trends in global higher education: Tracking an academic revolution. (Sense: UNESCO Publishing).
Bloom, D., Canning, D., & Chan, K. (2006). Higher education and economic development in Africa. Massachusetts: Harvard University.
Brigg, M. (2002). Post-development, Foucault and the colonization metaphor. Third World Quarterly, 23(3), 421-436.
Dean, M. (1998). ‘Administering Asceticism: Reworking the ethical life of the unemployed Citizen’, in M. Dean & B. Hindess (eds.), Governing Australia: Studies in contemporary rationalities of government, Cambridge: Cambridge university Press, 87-107.
Dean, M. (1999). Governmentality: power and rule in modern society. London: Sage Publications.
Dean, M. (2002). Liberal government and authoritarianism. Economy and Society, 31(1), 37–61.
Denzin, N. K. (2002). The interpretive process. The qualitative researcher’s companion, 349-366.
Fejes, A.(2006). Constructing the Adult Learner: A Governmentality Analysis, Linköping: Liu-Tryck.
Fimyar, O. (2008). Using governmentality as a conceptual tool in education policy research. Educate, 1(1), 3-18.
Foucault, M, (1991). Governmentality. In Burchell, G., Gordon, C., & Miller, P. (Eds).The Foucault Effect: Studies in governmentality. University of Chicago Press.
Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and Punish. New York: Vintage.
Foucault, M. (1978). The History of Sexuality: Volume I- An Introduction. New York; Random House
Foucault, M. (1979). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. London: Penguin. Foucault, M. (1980). Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings, 1972-1977.
Foucault, M. (1980b). ‘ Power and Strategies’. In C. Gordon (Ed.), Power/Knowledge (pp. 134-145). New York:
Foucault, M. (1982). The History of Sexuality (Vol. 1): An Introduction. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Foucault, M. (1988). Politics, Philosophy, Culture: Interviews and Other Writings (pp.1977–1984). New York: Routledge.
Foucault, M. (1991). Governmentality. In Burchell, G., Gordon, C., Miller, P. (Eds.), The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Foucault, M. (1992). The use of pleasure: Volume two of the history of sexuality. New York: Vintage. (Original work published 1984).
Foucault, M., (2000). ‘Omnes et Singulatim’: towards a critique of political reason’. In: Faubion, J.D. (Ed.), Power: Essential works of Foucault, 1954–1984, Vol. 3. Penguin, London.
Hayward, F.M.(2006). Quality assurance and accreditation of higher education in Africa. Conference on “Higher Education Reform in Francophone Africa: Understanding the Keys of Success”. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, June 13-15, 2006.
Jann, W. and K. Wegrich (2006). ‘Theories of the Policy Cycle’, In F. Fischer, G. Miller, M. Sidney (Eds.), Handbook of Public Policy Analysis: Theory, Politics, and Methods. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 43–62.
Lihamba, A; Mwaipopo, R; Shule, L. (2006). The Challenges of Affirmative Action in Tanzania Higher Education Institutions: A Case Study of the University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. In Woman’s Studies International Forum (Vol 29, No 6, pp 581 – 591); Pergamon.
Morley, L. (2003), Quality and Power in Higher Education, Society for Research into Higher Buckingham, UK.
Myenzi, Y. (2009). Women’s Land Rights in Tanzania: What Are the Challenges. Hakiardhi presentation at Mzumbe University Dar es Salaam Campus, 10th January, 2009 Dar es Salaam. http://www.hakiardhi.org/HA-Docs/women.pdf.
Rose, N. (1996) ‘Governing ‘advanced’ liberal democracies’. In A. Barry, T. Osborne & N. Rose (Eds.) Foucault and political reason: liberalism, neo-liberalism and rationalities of government London: UCL Press, 37–64.
United Republic of Tanzania, (2005). National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP).Dar es Salaam: The Vice President’s Office, June 2005.