2- Promoting Epistemic Vigilance Against Racist Attacks on Africans on Mediatised Permanent Education Sites
Corresponding Author(s) : Nhamo Anthony Mhiripiri
African Sociological Review,
Vol. 25 No. 2 (2021): African Sociological Review
Abstract
This paper analyses how tropes of racism against people of African descent manifest in public texts (permanent education sites) of different genres and forms. The selected permanent education sites include the mediatisation of the public and private lives of the British royal family’s Prince Harry and Meghan’s break away from royal duties, the FIFA World Cup and the English Premier League, the Chinese Museum in Hubei, and other public incidences that provoked racial controversies. These activities, controversies and exhibitions are vehicles through which racism is reproduced as part of the historical global capitalist system. This is the ubiquitous public pedagogy of permanent education. The porous but multifarious dominant sitesdiffuse diverse forms of pedagogical address to put into play a limited range of identities, ideologies, and subject positions that both reinforce neoliberal social relations and undermine the capacity for democratic politics. Critical scholarship has a normative duty to be mindful of all cultural activities and productions, their processes of signification, and implications for humanization and democracy. After conveniently selecting specific mass mediated permanent education sites, this paper theorises and historicises the colonial foundations of racism and the European construction of an imagined racial hierarchy. It then problematises China as an emergent global economic powerhouse located in this gradation, and its contemporary self- identities – both official and public – given notable allegations of incidences of Chinese racism against people of African descent. Popular sites of mediation are not studied for their own sake, but to develop a radical pan-African scholarship
strategically positioned to influence public education sites for social transformation and justice. Such vigilant critical decolonial scholarship makes necessary com onse to insidious sites ocultural education.
Keywords
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- Alrababa’h, A., Marble, W., Mousa, S. & Siegel, A. (2019) Can exposure to celebrities reduce prejudice? The effect of Mohamed Salah on Islamophobic behaviors and attitudes. SocArXiv Papers, Paper no. 19-04., Immigration policy lab.
- Andrews, K. (2018) Back to black: retelling black radicalism for the 21st century. London: Zed Books.
- “Aston Villa condemns ‘disgusting’ Marvelous Nakamba racist chants”, ZimLive.com, 7 October 2019. HYPERLINK
- “https://www.zimlive.com/2019/10/07/aston-villa-condemns-disgusting-marvelous-nakamba-racist-chants/” https://www.zimlive.com/2019/10/07/aston-villa-condemns-disgusting-marvelous-nakamba-racist-chants/ (Accessed 29 December 2019).
- Bourdieu, P. (2008) Political interventions: Social science and political action, London: Verso.
- Cabral, A. (1979) Unity and struggle. New York: Monthly Review Press.
- Chasi. C. (2018) Decolonising the humanities: A smash-and-grab approach. In B. Mutsvairo (ed.), The Palgrave Handbook of Media and Communication research in Africa, Cham: Springer Nature.
- Chasi. C. and Rodney-Gumede, Y. (2018) Decolonising communication studies: Advancing the discipline through fermenting participation studies. In B. Mutsvairo (ed.), The Palgrave Handbook of Media and Communication research in Africa, Cham: Springer Nature.
- Choudry, A. (2015). Leaning activism: the intellectual life of contemporary social movements.Ontario: University of Toronto Press.
- Collins, P.H. (2013). On intellectual activism. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Collins, P.H. (2017)
- Delgado, R. and Stefancic, J. (2013) Critical race theory: the cutting edge. New York: Temple University Press.
- Delgado, R. and Stefancic, J. (2017) Critical race theory: an introduction. New York: New York University Press.
- Du Bois, W.B.E (1903). The souls of black folks. New York: Bantam Press.
- Eveleth, R. (2018) World Cup bad announcer Bingo. HYPERLINK “https://www.lastwordonnothing.com/2018/06/14/world-cup-bad-announcer- bingo/” https://www.lastwordonnothing.com/2018/06/14/world-cup-bad- announcer-bingo/ (Accessed 25 January
- .
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- Fisher, J.(2005) The syncretic turn: cross-cultural practices in the age of multiculturalism. In Z. Kocur and S. Leung (eds), Theory in contemporary art since 1985. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
- Hall, S. (1997) “Race, the floating signifier”. Media Education Foundation. HYPERLINK “https://www.mediaed.org/transcripts/Stuart-Hall- Race-the-Floating-Signifier-Transcript.pdf ” https://www.mediaed.org/ transcripts/Stuart-Hall-Race-the-Floating-Signifier-Transcript.pdf.
- Jansson, A. (2002) “The mediatization of consumption: towards an analytical framework of image culture”. Journal of consumer culture, 2(1): 5-31.
- Jhally, S. (1997) “Introduction”. In Stuart Hall, “Race, the floating signifier”. Media Education Foundation. HYPERLINK “https://www.mediaed.org/transcripts/Stuart-Hall-Race-the-Floating-Signifier-Transcript. pdf ” https://www.mediaed.org/transcript/Stuart-Hall-Race-the-Floating- Signifier-Transcript.pdf.
- Liu, T. and Deng, Z. (2020) “They’ve made our blood ties black”: On the Burst of Online Racism Towards the African in China’s Social Media. Critical Arts, DOI: 10.1080/02560046.2020.1717567Nataka, M. (2007) Disciplining the savages, savaging the disciplines. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press.Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S. (2018) Epistemic freedom in Africa: deprovincialization and decolonization. London: Routledge. Gilley, B. (2017) The case for colonialism. Third world quarterly, DOI: 10.1080/01436597.2017.1369037. Giroux, H. A. (2004) The terror of neoliberalism: Authoritarianism and the eclipse of democracy. Colorado: Paradigm.Gramsci. A. (1971) Selections from the prison notebooks. London: Lawrence and Wishart. Hall, S (1996) Introduction: who needs identity?, in S. Hall and P. du Gay (eds),
- Questions of cultural identity. London: Sage.Han, Q. (2008) Negotiated “Chineseness” and divided loyalties: My American grandson, Critical Arts: south-north cultural and media studies (Special issue: Brand China), 31(6): 59-75.
- Hayek, F.A. (2006) The constitution of liberty. London: Routledge.Hewson, C. (2017). “Research design and tools for online research.” In N.G. Fielding,R.M. Lee and G. Blank (Eds.), The Sage handbook of online research methods. London: Sage.
- Hirsch, A. (2020) “Black Britons know why Meghan Markle wants out, The New York Times, 9 January, HYPERLINK
- “https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/09/ opinion/sunday/meghan-markle-prince-harry.html” https://www. nytimes.com/2020/01/09/opinion/sunday/meghan-markle-prince-harry.html ed 9 January 2020).
- Krug, S. (2019) Decolonisation requires a new economics. Public books. HYPERLINK “https://www.publicbooks.org/decolonization-requires-a-new- economics/” https://www.publicbooks.org/decolonization-requires-a-new- economics/ (Accessed 25 January 2020).
- Matsuda, M.J., Lawrence, C.R. Delagado, R. and Crenshaw, K.W. (1993) Words that wound: critical race theory, assaultive speech and the First Amendment. London: Routledge.
- Mboti, N. (2019). Towards Apartheid studies. Glimpse, 20: 15-70.
- Mkandawire, T. (2005) African intellectuals and nationalism. In T. Mkandawire (ed.), African intellectuals: rethinking politics, language,gender and development. Dakar: CODESRIA.
- Moyo, D. (2012) Winner take all: China’s race for resources and what it means for us.London: Penguin Books.
- Moyo, L and Mutsvairo, B. (2018) Can the subaltern think? The decolonial turn in communication research in Africa. In B. Mutsvairo (ed.), The Palgrave Handbook of Media and Communication research in Africa, Cham: Springer Nature.
- Mudimbe, V. Y. (1988) The invention of Africa: Gnosis, philosophy and the order of knowledge. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
- Mutsvairo, B. (2018) The Palgrave Handbook of Media and Communication research in Africa, Cham: Springer Nature.
- Ntarangwi, M., Mills, D. & Babiker, M. (2005) African anthropologies: history, critique and practice. Dakar: CODESRIA.
- Obbo, C. (2005) But we know it all! African perspectives on anthropological knowledge. In M.
- Ntarangwi, D. Mills, & M. Babiker (eds.) African anthropologies: history, critique and practice. Dakar: CODESRIA.
- Nye, J.S. (2004) Soft power: the means to success in world politics. New York: Public Affairs. Riva, N. (2017) Putonghua and language harmony: China’s resources of cultural soft power. Critical Arts: south-north cultural and media studies, (Special issue: Bran
- China), 31(6): 92-108.Kho, T. Y. (2014). Eurocentrism, modernity and Chinese sociality: An ethnographic study of everyday
- socio-cultural life in new-millennium China (Doctor’s thesis, Lingnan University, Hong Kong). Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http:// commons.ln.edu.hk/cs_etd/22” http://commons.ln.edu.hk/cs_etd/22.
- Rodney, W. (1983) The groundings with my brothers. London: Bogle-L’Ouverture lishing Ltd.
- Ruby, J. (1992) Speaking for, speaking about, speaking with, or speaking alongside: An anthropological and documentary dilemma. Journal of film and video, 42(1 & 2): 42-66.
- Saleem, A. (2020) Harry and Meghan were meant to embody post-racial Britain. So much for that. The Guardian, 11 January, HYPERLINK “https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/jan/11/post-racial- britain-harry-meghan-tabloids” https://www.theguardian.com/ commentisfree/2020/jan/11/post-racial-britain-harry-meghan-tabloids (Accessed 3 February 2020).
- Said, E.W. (1978) Orientalism. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd.
- Segalov, M. (2018) The strangest animal I’ve seen is a black Tory, Huck Magazine, HYPERLINK “https://www.huckmag.com/perspectives/activism-2/ benjamin-zephaniah-windrush/” https://www.huckmag.com/perspectives/ activism-2/benjamin-zephaniah-windrush/ (Accessed 27 January 2020).Mos-Shogbamimu, S.(2019) Danny Baker and the white privilege of not noticing racism. Huffington Post, HYPERLINK “https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/danny-baker-white-privilege_uk_5cd52734e4b0796a95d95ffd”
- https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/danny-baker-white-privilege_ uk_5cd52734e4b0796a95d95ffd (Accessed 3 April 2020).
- Tomaselli, K.G. (2020): Humanities, Citations and Currency: Hierarchies of Value and Enabled Recolonisation, Critical Arts, DOI: 10.1080/02560046.2019.1690534. Tomaselli, K.G., Louw, E. & Merrett, C. (2019) Non-racialism, relationality and no- relation: recovering Biko’s Black Consciousness forgotten, Social Dynamics,45:2, 264-279, DOI: 10.1080/02533952.2019.1619294.
- Tsoi, G., Ni, V., Chen, H.& Allen, K.(2016) What’s behind China’s ‘racist’ whitewashing advert? BBC News, HYPERLINK “Https://www.bbc.com/news/ world-asia-china-36394917” Https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia- china-36394917, (Accessed 14 July 2018).
- Virdee, S. & McGeever, B. (2018) Racism, Crisis, Brexit, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 41:10: 1802-1819. DOI: 10.1080/01419870.2017.1361544
- wa Thiongo, N. (1986) De-colonizing the mind: the politics of language in African literature.London: James Currey.
- Willems, W. (2018) Provincializing hegemonic histories of media and communication studies: Towards a genealogy of epistemic
- resistance in Africa. Communication theory, 24: 415 – 434.7) Communications. New York: Barnes and Nobles.
References
Alrababa’h, A., Marble, W., Mousa, S. & Siegel, A. (2019) Can exposure to celebrities reduce prejudice? The effect of Mohamed Salah on Islamophobic behaviors and attitudes. SocArXiv Papers, Paper no. 19-04., Immigration policy lab.
Andrews, K. (2018) Back to black: retelling black radicalism for the 21st century. London: Zed Books.
“Aston Villa condemns ‘disgusting’ Marvelous Nakamba racist chants”, ZimLive.com, 7 October 2019. HYPERLINK
“https://www.zimlive.com/2019/10/07/aston-villa-condemns-disgusting-marvelous-nakamba-racist-chants/” https://www.zimlive.com/2019/10/07/aston-villa-condemns-disgusting-marvelous-nakamba-racist-chants/ (Accessed 29 December 2019).
Bourdieu, P. (2008) Political interventions: Social science and political action, London: Verso.
Cabral, A. (1979) Unity and struggle. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Chasi. C. (2018) Decolonising the humanities: A smash-and-grab approach. In B. Mutsvairo (ed.), The Palgrave Handbook of Media and Communication research in Africa, Cham: Springer Nature.
Chasi. C. and Rodney-Gumede, Y. (2018) Decolonising communication studies: Advancing the discipline through fermenting participation studies. In B. Mutsvairo (ed.), The Palgrave Handbook of Media and Communication research in Africa, Cham: Springer Nature.
Choudry, A. (2015). Leaning activism: the intellectual life of contemporary social movements.Ontario: University of Toronto Press.
Collins, P.H. (2013). On intellectual activism. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Collins, P.H. (2017)
Delgado, R. and Stefancic, J. (2013) Critical race theory: the cutting edge. New York: Temple University Press.
Delgado, R. and Stefancic, J. (2017) Critical race theory: an introduction. New York: New York University Press.
Du Bois, W.B.E (1903). The souls of black folks. New York: Bantam Press.
Eveleth, R. (2018) World Cup bad announcer Bingo. HYPERLINK “https://www.lastwordonnothing.com/2018/06/14/world-cup-bad-announcer- bingo/” https://www.lastwordonnothing.com/2018/06/14/world-cup-bad- announcer-bingo/ (Accessed 25 January
.
Fabian, J. (2005) Forgetting Africa. In M. Ntarangwi, D. Mills, & M. Babiker (eds.)African anthropologies: history, critique and practice. Dakar: CODESRIA. Fanon. F. (1967) Black Skin white masks. New York: Grove Press.8) Concerning violence. London: Penguin.
Fisher, J.(2005) The syncretic turn: cross-cultural practices in the age of multiculturalism. In Z. Kocur and S. Leung (eds), Theory in contemporary art since 1985. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Hall, S. (1997) “Race, the floating signifier”. Media Education Foundation. HYPERLINK “https://www.mediaed.org/transcripts/Stuart-Hall- Race-the-Floating-Signifier-Transcript.pdf ” https://www.mediaed.org/ transcripts/Stuart-Hall-Race-the-Floating-Signifier-Transcript.pdf.
Jansson, A. (2002) “The mediatization of consumption: towards an analytical framework of image culture”. Journal of consumer culture, 2(1): 5-31.
Jhally, S. (1997) “Introduction”. In Stuart Hall, “Race, the floating signifier”. Media Education Foundation. HYPERLINK “https://www.mediaed.org/transcripts/Stuart-Hall-Race-the-Floating-Signifier-Transcript. pdf ” https://www.mediaed.org/transcript/Stuart-Hall-Race-the-Floating- Signifier-Transcript.pdf.
Liu, T. and Deng, Z. (2020) “They’ve made our blood ties black”: On the Burst of Online Racism Towards the African in China’s Social Media. Critical Arts, DOI: 10.1080/02560046.2020.1717567Nataka, M. (2007) Disciplining the savages, savaging the disciplines. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press.Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S. (2018) Epistemic freedom in Africa: deprovincialization and decolonization. London: Routledge. Gilley, B. (2017) The case for colonialism. Third world quarterly, DOI: 10.1080/01436597.2017.1369037. Giroux, H. A. (2004) The terror of neoliberalism: Authoritarianism and the eclipse of democracy. Colorado: Paradigm.Gramsci. A. (1971) Selections from the prison notebooks. London: Lawrence and Wishart. Hall, S (1996) Introduction: who needs identity?, in S. Hall and P. du Gay (eds),
Questions of cultural identity. London: Sage.Han, Q. (2008) Negotiated “Chineseness” and divided loyalties: My American grandson, Critical Arts: south-north cultural and media studies (Special issue: Brand China), 31(6): 59-75.
Hayek, F.A. (2006) The constitution of liberty. London: Routledge.Hewson, C. (2017). “Research design and tools for online research.” In N.G. Fielding,R.M. Lee and G. Blank (Eds.), The Sage handbook of online research methods. London: Sage.
Hirsch, A. (2020) “Black Britons know why Meghan Markle wants out, The New York Times, 9 January, HYPERLINK
“https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/09/ opinion/sunday/meghan-markle-prince-harry.html” https://www. nytimes.com/2020/01/09/opinion/sunday/meghan-markle-prince-harry.html ed 9 January 2020).
Krug, S. (2019) Decolonisation requires a new economics. Public books. HYPERLINK “https://www.publicbooks.org/decolonization-requires-a-new- economics/” https://www.publicbooks.org/decolonization-requires-a-new- economics/ (Accessed 25 January 2020).
Matsuda, M.J., Lawrence, C.R. Delagado, R. and Crenshaw, K.W. (1993) Words that wound: critical race theory, assaultive speech and the First Amendment. London: Routledge.
Mboti, N. (2019). Towards Apartheid studies. Glimpse, 20: 15-70.
Mkandawire, T. (2005) African intellectuals and nationalism. In T. Mkandawire (ed.), African intellectuals: rethinking politics, language,gender and development. Dakar: CODESRIA.
Moyo, D. (2012) Winner take all: China’s race for resources and what it means for us.London: Penguin Books.
Moyo, L and Mutsvairo, B. (2018) Can the subaltern think? The decolonial turn in communication research in Africa. In B. Mutsvairo (ed.), The Palgrave Handbook of Media and Communication research in Africa, Cham: Springer Nature.
Mudimbe, V. Y. (1988) The invention of Africa: Gnosis, philosophy and the order of knowledge. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Mutsvairo, B. (2018) The Palgrave Handbook of Media and Communication research in Africa, Cham: Springer Nature.
Ntarangwi, M., Mills, D. & Babiker, M. (2005) African anthropologies: history, critique and practice. Dakar: CODESRIA.
Obbo, C. (2005) But we know it all! African perspectives on anthropological knowledge. In M.
Ntarangwi, D. Mills, & M. Babiker (eds.) African anthropologies: history, critique and practice. Dakar: CODESRIA.
Nye, J.S. (2004) Soft power: the means to success in world politics. New York: Public Affairs. Riva, N. (2017) Putonghua and language harmony: China’s resources of cultural soft power. Critical Arts: south-north cultural and media studies, (Special issue: Bran
China), 31(6): 92-108.Kho, T. Y. (2014). Eurocentrism, modernity and Chinese sociality: An ethnographic study of everyday
socio-cultural life in new-millennium China (Doctor’s thesis, Lingnan University, Hong Kong). Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http:// commons.ln.edu.hk/cs_etd/22” http://commons.ln.edu.hk/cs_etd/22.
Rodney, W. (1983) The groundings with my brothers. London: Bogle-L’Ouverture lishing Ltd.
Ruby, J. (1992) Speaking for, speaking about, speaking with, or speaking alongside: An anthropological and documentary dilemma. Journal of film and video, 42(1 & 2): 42-66.
Saleem, A. (2020) Harry and Meghan were meant to embody post-racial Britain. So much for that. The Guardian, 11 January, HYPERLINK “https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/jan/11/post-racial- britain-harry-meghan-tabloids” https://www.theguardian.com/ commentisfree/2020/jan/11/post-racial-britain-harry-meghan-tabloids (Accessed 3 February 2020).
Said, E.W. (1978) Orientalism. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd.
Segalov, M. (2018) The strangest animal I’ve seen is a black Tory, Huck Magazine, HYPERLINK “https://www.huckmag.com/perspectives/activism-2/ benjamin-zephaniah-windrush/” https://www.huckmag.com/perspectives/ activism-2/benjamin-zephaniah-windrush/ (Accessed 27 January 2020).Mos-Shogbamimu, S.(2019) Danny Baker and the white privilege of not noticing racism. Huffington Post, HYPERLINK “https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/danny-baker-white-privilege_uk_5cd52734e4b0796a95d95ffd”
https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/danny-baker-white-privilege_ uk_5cd52734e4b0796a95d95ffd (Accessed 3 April 2020).
Tomaselli, K.G. (2020): Humanities, Citations and Currency: Hierarchies of Value and Enabled Recolonisation, Critical Arts, DOI: 10.1080/02560046.2019.1690534. Tomaselli, K.G., Louw, E. & Merrett, C. (2019) Non-racialism, relationality and no- relation: recovering Biko’s Black Consciousness forgotten, Social Dynamics,45:2, 264-279, DOI: 10.1080/02533952.2019.1619294.
Tsoi, G., Ni, V., Chen, H.& Allen, K.(2016) What’s behind China’s ‘racist’ whitewashing advert? BBC News, HYPERLINK “Https://www.bbc.com/news/ world-asia-china-36394917” Https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia- china-36394917, (Accessed 14 July 2018).
Virdee, S. & McGeever, B. (2018) Racism, Crisis, Brexit, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 41:10: 1802-1819. DOI: 10.1080/01419870.2017.1361544
wa Thiongo, N. (1986) De-colonizing the mind: the politics of language in African literature.London: James Currey.
Willems, W. (2018) Provincializing hegemonic histories of media and communication studies: Towards a genealogy of epistemic
resistance in Africa. Communication theory, 24: 415 – 434.7) Communications. New York: Barnes and Nobles.