5 - Family Structure, Race, Gender and Poverty: The Case of Food Deprivation in South Africa
Corresponding Author(s) : Boitumelo Marilyn Patience Setlalentoa
African Sociological Review,
Vol. 19 No. 1 (2015): African Sociological Review
Abstract
This study sought to examine the relationship between race, family structure and gender on one
hand, and food deprivation as a measure of poverty on the other hand in South Africa. Main
effects were found for race, residence, presence of children and adults, while interaction effect
was found for race and family structure. Whites, and to a large extent Indians/Asians, were
less likely to experience food deprivation, while black Africans and coloureds were most likely
to experience food deprivation. Couple-headed households were the least likely to experience
food deprivation, compared to households headed by either male or female. Finally, the presence
of children and the elderly in a household was negatively associated with food deprivation, a
finding which supports the view that most poor families in the country depend on social grants
to children and the elderly for survival.
Keywords
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- Anderson, K.L. and Allen, W.R. (1960). Correlates of Extended Household Structure.
- Phylon, 45:2. Pp145-157.
- Atkinson, A.B. (1987). On the Measurement of Poverty. Econometrica, 55(4), 749-764.
- Awumbila, M. (2006). Gender equality and poverty in Ghana: implications for poverty reduction strategies. GeoJournal, 67(2), 149-161.
- Betson, D.M. and Michael, R.T. (1997). Why so many children are poor. Future Child. 7, 25-39.
- Bianchi, S.M. (1999). Feminization and Juvenilization of Poverty: Trends, Relative Risks, Causes, and Consequences. Annual Review of Sociology, 25, 307-333.
- Budlender, D. (2005). Women and Poverty. Agenda, 64, Beyond Beijing, 30-36. Budlender, D. (1997).
- The debate about household headship. Central Statistical Service. Castigla, P.T. (1999). Extended families: social support systems for children. Journal of Pediatriatic Health care, 13, 13-141.
- Duncun, F. (2010). Money, money, money, money. Accessed 9 October 2012, http://www.moneyweb.co.za/mw/content/en/moneyweb-theburning-question?oid= 515308&sn=2009+Detail&pid=292678
- Economic Research Service (2003). Rural income, poverty and welfare: Rural child poverty. Retrieved March 19, 2003, from ttp://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/ IncomePovertyWelfare/ChildPov Elmelech, Y. and Hsien-Hen, L. (2004). “Race, Ethnicity, and the Gender Poverty Gap.”
- In Ermisch, J. and Salvo, P.D. (1997). The economic determinants of young old formation. Economica, 64, 627—644.
- Hosegood, V., Herbst, K. and Timaeus, I. (2003). “The Impact of adult AIDS deaths on households and children’s living arrangements in rural South Africa”.
- Kabeer, N. (1997). Tactics and trade-offs: Revisiting the link between gender and poverty.
- Institute of Development Studies Bulletin, 25(3), 1-13. Brighton: University of Sussex Leibbrandt, M. et al. (2010). «Trends in South African Income Distribution and Poverty since the Fall of Apartheid», OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 101, OECD Publishing, © OECD. doi:10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en
- Lichter, D.T. and Landale, N.S. (1995). Parental Work, Family Structure, and Poverty among Latino Children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 57(2), 346-354.
- Menon, R. et al (1998). ”The economic impact of adult mortality on Households in Rakai District, Uganda”. In the impact of Aids. United Nations Economic and Social Affairs. 2004. 16 September.
- Monasch, R. and Boerma, J.T. (2004). Orphanhood and childcare patterns in sub- Saharan Africa: an analysis of national surveys from 40 countries. AIDS, 18(suppl 2): S55-S65.
- Patel, L. (2005). Social Welfare and Social Development in South Africa. Cape Town:Oxford University Press.
- Pearce, D. (1988). Farewell to alms: women’s fare under welfare. See Freeman 1988, pp.502-15.
- Razavi, S. (Ed.) 2000. Gendered poverty and well-being. Oxford: Blackwell.
- South Africa, Department of Welfare, (1996). Report of the Lund Committee on Child and Family Support
- Statistics South Africa, (2009). Poverty Profile of South Africa: Application of the Poverty Lines on the LCS 2008/2009. Pretoria, Report No. 03-10-03 (2008/2009).
- Statistics South Africa, (1996). Census ’96. An Overview. Pretoria.
- Van Aardt, C.J. and Coetzee, M. (2010). Personal income estimates for South Africa, 2010. Pretoria: University of South Africa (Unisa). Accessed 13 September 2012, www.unisa.ac.za/contents/faculties/ems/docs/Press396.pdf
- Wilson, M.N. (1989). Child development in the context of the black extended family.
- American Psychologist, 44, 380-385.
- World Bank, (1997). Confronting AIDS: Public Priorities in a Global Epidemic.
- Oxford University Press, New York, USA.
- World Bank, (2001b). Engendering development through gender equality in rights, resources and voice. Washington DC: World Bank Policy Research Report, World Bank and Oxford University Press.
- World Bank, (2001a). African poverty at the millennium: Causes, complexities and ashington DC: The World Bank.
References
Anderson, K.L. and Allen, W.R. (1960). Correlates of Extended Household Structure.
Phylon, 45:2. Pp145-157.
Atkinson, A.B. (1987). On the Measurement of Poverty. Econometrica, 55(4), 749-764.
Awumbila, M. (2006). Gender equality and poverty in Ghana: implications for poverty reduction strategies. GeoJournal, 67(2), 149-161.
Betson, D.M. and Michael, R.T. (1997). Why so many children are poor. Future Child. 7, 25-39.
Bianchi, S.M. (1999). Feminization and Juvenilization of Poverty: Trends, Relative Risks, Causes, and Consequences. Annual Review of Sociology, 25, 307-333.
Budlender, D. (2005). Women and Poverty. Agenda, 64, Beyond Beijing, 30-36. Budlender, D. (1997).
The debate about household headship. Central Statistical Service. Castigla, P.T. (1999). Extended families: social support systems for children. Journal of Pediatriatic Health care, 13, 13-141.
Duncun, F. (2010). Money, money, money, money. Accessed 9 October 2012, http://www.moneyweb.co.za/mw/content/en/moneyweb-theburning-question?oid= 515308&sn=2009+Detail&pid=292678
Economic Research Service (2003). Rural income, poverty and welfare: Rural child poverty. Retrieved March 19, 2003, from ttp://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/ IncomePovertyWelfare/ChildPov Elmelech, Y. and Hsien-Hen, L. (2004). “Race, Ethnicity, and the Gender Poverty Gap.”
In Ermisch, J. and Salvo, P.D. (1997). The economic determinants of young old formation. Economica, 64, 627—644.
Hosegood, V., Herbst, K. and Timaeus, I. (2003). “The Impact of adult AIDS deaths on households and children’s living arrangements in rural South Africa”.
Kabeer, N. (1997). Tactics and trade-offs: Revisiting the link between gender and poverty.
Institute of Development Studies Bulletin, 25(3), 1-13. Brighton: University of Sussex Leibbrandt, M. et al. (2010). «Trends in South African Income Distribution and Poverty since the Fall of Apartheid», OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 101, OECD Publishing, © OECD. doi:10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en
Lichter, D.T. and Landale, N.S. (1995). Parental Work, Family Structure, and Poverty among Latino Children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 57(2), 346-354.
Menon, R. et al (1998). ”The economic impact of adult mortality on Households in Rakai District, Uganda”. In the impact of Aids. United Nations Economic and Social Affairs. 2004. 16 September.
Monasch, R. and Boerma, J.T. (2004). Orphanhood and childcare patterns in sub- Saharan Africa: an analysis of national surveys from 40 countries. AIDS, 18(suppl 2): S55-S65.
Patel, L. (2005). Social Welfare and Social Development in South Africa. Cape Town:Oxford University Press.
Pearce, D. (1988). Farewell to alms: women’s fare under welfare. See Freeman 1988, pp.502-15.
Razavi, S. (Ed.) 2000. Gendered poverty and well-being. Oxford: Blackwell.
South Africa, Department of Welfare, (1996). Report of the Lund Committee on Child and Family Support
Statistics South Africa, (2009). Poverty Profile of South Africa: Application of the Poverty Lines on the LCS 2008/2009. Pretoria, Report No. 03-10-03 (2008/2009).
Statistics South Africa, (1996). Census ’96. An Overview. Pretoria.
Van Aardt, C.J. and Coetzee, M. (2010). Personal income estimates for South Africa, 2010. Pretoria: University of South Africa (Unisa). Accessed 13 September 2012, www.unisa.ac.za/contents/faculties/ems/docs/Press396.pdf
Wilson, M.N. (1989). Child development in the context of the black extended family.
American Psychologist, 44, 380-385.
World Bank, (1997). Confronting AIDS: Public Priorities in a Global Epidemic.
Oxford University Press, New York, USA.
World Bank, (2001b). Engendering development through gender equality in rights, resources and voice. Washington DC: World Bank Policy Research Report, World Bank and Oxford University Press.
World Bank, (2001a). African poverty at the millennium: Causes, complexities and ashington DC: The World Bank.