7 - Gender and Corruption in Nigerian Politics
Corresponding Author(s) : Amaechi D. Okonkwo
African Sociological Review,
Vol. 20 No. 1 (2016): African Sociological Review
Abstract
This article explores the relationships, or the lack thereof, between gender and grand corruption
in Nigeria. Methodologically, Butler’s theory of subject formation/performativity, and Kothari’s
critique of participation, was used to interrogate selected Nigerian grand corruption literature
and public indictment records. The objective was to tease-out and explain under-emphasized
influences on grand corruption, such as the roles of godfathers, women’s political socialization
and self-interests. Findings indicate that powerful political, cultural, military and industrial
godfathers and mothers regulate aspirants’ selection, electoral funding, appointments and extraconstitutional
protection from prosecution when they engage in grand corruption. Godfathers
regulate political participation in a manner that encourage protégées fantasies about, and
imitative adoption of their patrons’ corrupt worldviews and practices. Consequently, godfather
political socialization, extra-constitutional pressures on office holders, and crass materialist
accumulation interests of indicted female leaders seem to matter more than the gender binary.
Keywords
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Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
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- Ajayi, K. 2010. “The Concept of First Lady and Politics in Nigeria.” Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA) Monograph Series. Senegal.
- Ake, C. 1996. Democracy and Development in Africa. Washington D.C: The Brookings Institution.
- Ake, C. 2000. “The Feasibility of Democracy in Africa.” Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa: Dakar. (CODESRIA) Book Series.
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- Akunyili, D. N. 2006. “Women Leadership in Emerging Democracy: My NAFDAC Experience.” JENDA: A Journal of Culture and African Women Studies 9:1-14.
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- to Underdevelopment.” IJAH (An International Journal of Arts and Humanities) 3(3), S/No 11:102-127.
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- Amaize, E. and E. Anozie. (2013). Nigeria: Oduah’s Defence of N225 Million Armoured Cars Purchase
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- Qualitative Health Research, 15:1277–1288.
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References
ActionAid Nigeria. 2015. “Corruption and Poverty in Nigeria: A Report.” From http://www.actionaid.org/sites/files/actionaid/pc_report_content.pdf (Retrieved Nov 22,2016)
Adebanwi, Wale, and Ebenezer Obadare. 2010. “Introducing Nigeria at 50: The Nation in Narration.”
Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 28(4):379 - 405.
Ades, A. and R. Di Tella. 1999. “Rents, Competition, and Corruption.” American Economic Review,89(4):982-993.
Afigbo, A. E. 1981. Ropes of Sand. Studies in Igbo History and Culture. Nsukka: University of Nigeria Press.
Africa Confidential (AC London). 1999. “Nigeria Lousy Legacies” 40(24). From http://www.africa-confidential.com/article-preview/id/1297/Lousy_legacies (Retrieved Nov 22, 2016)
Agina-ude, A. 2004. “The First Lady Syndrome and all that Jazz.” Africawoman, 4. March, 2004.
Available at http://www.coldtype.net/Assets/Africawoman/ AW.19.Spec.pdf [Accessed Oct 31, 2011].
Ajayi, K. 2007. “Gender Self-endangering: The Sexist Issue in Nigerian Politics.” Journal of Social Science 14(2):137-147.
Ajayi, K. 2010. “The Concept of First Lady and Politics in Nigeria.” Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA) Monograph Series. Senegal.
Ake, C. 1996. Democracy and Development in Africa. Washington D.C: The Brookings Institution.
Ake, C. 2000. “The Feasibility of Democracy in Africa.” Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa: Dakar. (CODESRIA) Book Series.
Akindele, S. T., O. O. Adeyemi and K. Aluko. 2010. “The Myth and Reality of Women in Politics: A Discourse of the Core Issues.” African Journal of Political Science and International Relations 5(4): 190-207.
Akunyili, D. N. 2006. “Women Leadership in Emerging Democracy: My NAFDAC Experience.” JENDA: A Journal of Culture and African Women Studies 9:1-14.
Alatas, V., l. Cameron and A. Chaudhuri. 2009. “Gender, Culture, and Corruption: Insights from an Experimental Analysis.” Southern Economic Journal 75(3):663–680.
Alliyu, N., P. O. Kalejaiye. and A. A. Ogunola. 2014. “Nigeria’s Cobweb of Corruption and the Path
to Underdevelopment.” IJAH (An International Journal of Arts and Humanities) 3(3), S/No 11:102-127.
Amadiume, I. 1987. Male Daughters, Female Husbands: Gender and Sex in an African Society. London: Zed Books.
Amaize, E. and E. Anozie. (2013). Nigeria: Oduah’s Defence of N225 Million Armoured Cars Purchase
Immoral – Group. Lagos. Vanguard (Newspaper) 25 October, 2013.
Arowolo, D. and F. S. Aluko. 2010. “Women and Political Participation in Nigeria."European Journal of Social Sciences 14(4):581-593.
Ayoade, J. A. A. 2008. “Godfather Politics in Nigeria.” In Money and Politics in Nigeria.
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Ibadan: College Press and Publisher Ltd.
Beijing Declaration. 1995. Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action Fourth World Conference on Women. Available at http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/pdf/BDPfA%20E.pdf [Accessed April 28,2013].
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Enweremadu, D. U. 2012. “Anti-corruption campaign in Nigeria (1999-2007). The politics of a failed reform.” West African Politics and Society Series, Vol. 1. Leiden: African Studies Centre (ASC).
Esarey, J. and G. Chirillo. 2013.“Fairer Sex or Purity Myth? Corruption, Gender, and Institutional Context.” Politics and Gender 9(4):390-413.
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Garba, J. N. 1995. Fractured History: Elite Shifts and Policy Changes in Nigeria. Sungai Corp, New Jersey.
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Global Witness. 2010. International Thief Thief: The Complicity of British Banks in Nigerian Corruption. A Report by Global Witness. United Kingdom. Global Witness Ltd.
Goetz, A. M. 2002. “No Shortcuts to Power: Constraints on Women’s Political Effectiveness in Uganda.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 40(4):549-575.
Goetz, A. M. 2007. “Political Cleaners: Women as the New Anti-corruption Force?” Development and Change 38(1):87–105.
Grey, S. 2001. Women and Parliamentary Politics. Does Size Matter? Critical Mass and Women MPs in the New Zealand House of Representatives. Political Science Program, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University. Paper for the 51st Political Studies Association Conference 10-12 April 2001, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Hsieh, H.F. and Shannon, S. 2005. Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis.
Qualitative Health Research, 15:1277–1288.
Human Rights Watch. 2007. Criminal politics, violence, godfathers and corruption in Nigeria, 19 (16(A). New York: Human Rights Watch.
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Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). 2006. Proceedings of the INEC National Forum.
Abuja, Sheraton Hotel and Towers, August 29-31.
Inter-Parliamentary Union.1999.Participation of Women in Political Life.An assessment of developments in national parliaments, political parties, governments and the Inter Parliamentary
Union, five years after the Fourth World Conference on Women. Based on IPU’s world survey and analysed in August 1999 by Ms. Geneviève Pascaud-Bécane, former official of the French Senate, and the IPU Secretariat. Series “Reports and Documents” No 35. Geneva.
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Kifordu, H. A. 2011. Political Elite Composition and Democracy in Nigeria.
The Open Area Studies Journal 4:16-31.
Kothari, U. 2001. “Power, Knowledge and Social Control in Participatory Development.” In Participation: The New Tyranny? B. Cooke and U. Kothari (eds.). London: Zed Books, pp.139–152.
KPMG. and A. Oyebode. 2010. Status Update/ Report on the Investigation of the Affairs of the Nigerian Stock Exchange, Lagos: Nigerian Stock Exchange. Lambsdorff, J. G. and B. Frank. 2011.
“Corrupt Reciprocity - Experimental Evidence on a Men’s Game.” International Review of Law and Economics 31(2):116-125.
Lederman, D., N. V. Loayza. and R. R. Soares. 2006. “On the political nature of Corruption.” In The role of parliament in curbing corruption.
R. Stapenharst., N. Johnston. and R. Pelizzo (eds.). Washington: The World Bank Institute, pp.27-40.
tates of Development. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Lovenduski, J. 1993. “Introduction: The Dynamics of Gender and Party.” In Gender and Party Politics. J. Lovenduski and P. Norris (eds.). London: Sage, pp. 1–15.
Mohammed, U. 2013. Corruption in Nigeria: A Challenge to Sustainable Development in the Fourth Republic. European Scientific Journal 9(4):118-137.
Mama, A. 1997.“Feminism or Femocracy? State Feminism and Democratisation in Nigeria.” Africa Development XX(1):37-58.
Miles, M., and Huberman, A. M. 1994. Qualitative Data Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage Publications.
Nye, J. S. 1967. “Corruption and Political Development: A Cost-Benefit Analysis.” American Political Science Review 61(2):417-427.
Oduyoye, M. 1986. Hearing and Knowing: Theological Reflections on Christianity in Africa. New York:Orbis books.
Ojior, T. O. 2002. African Women and Political Development: A Case Study of Etsako Women in Edo State. Nigeria. USA: Bloomington.
Okeke, P. 1998. First Lady Syndrome: The (En)Gendering of Bureaucratic Corruption in Nigeria.
CODESRIA Bulletin, 3 and 4.
Okin, S. M. 1989. Justice, Gender, and the Family. New York: Basic Books. Omotola, S. J. 2007. “What is this Gender Talk all about After All? Gender, Power and Politics in Contemporary Nigeria.” African Study Monographs 28(1):33-46.
Osaze, E. 2011. The Specificities of Value Melt Down in the Nigerian Stock 2008-2010. Some Parallax Snaps. In Professorial Chair Lecture. Benin City: University of Benin, pp. 1–19.
Ribadu, N. 2006. Corruption: The Trouble with Nigeria. On the occasion of the 3rd Annual National
Trust Dialogue Held at Ladi Kwali Hall, Sheraton Hotel & Towers, Abuja Date: 19th January, 2006.
Ribadu, N. 2009. Capital Loss and Corruption: The Example of Nigeria. May 19, 2009.
http://www.house.gov/apps/list/hearing/financialsvcs_dem/ribadu_testimony. pdf (Accessed Nov 22,2016).
Ribadu, N. 2010. Show me the Money. Leveraging Anti-money Laundering Tools to Fight Corruption in Nigeria. An Insider Story. Washington DC: Centre for Global Development.
Rose-Ackerman, S. 1999. Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences and Reform. Cambridge University Press.
Sampson, I. T. and H. L. Decker. 2010. Gender and Corruption: Understanding the Increasing Role of
Nigerian Women in Corrupt Practices. Gender and Behaviour 8(2):3117-3142.
Seppänen, M. and Virtanen, P. 2008. Corruption, Poverty and Gender: With Case Studies of Nicaragua and Tanzania. Report prepared for the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, Helsinki.
Scott, J. C. 1998. Seeing like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition have Failed. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Sklar, R. L., Onwudiwe, E., & Kew, D. (2006). Nigeria: Completing Obasanjo’s Legacy. Journal of Democracy, 17(3), 100 -115.
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