4 - Déni et violence : Paradoxes dans les perspectives des hommes sur les relations sexuelles et la grossesse avant le mariage Zimbabwé rural
Corresponding Author(s) : Jeremiah Chikovore
Revue africaine de sociologie,
Vol. 7 No 1 (2003): Revue africaine de sociologie
Résumé
Cet article décrit les points de vue des hommes sur les relations sexuelles et la grossesse avant le mariage en milieu rural.
Zimbabwe. Il est basé sur des données recueillies à l'aide de trois méthodes qualitatives, y compris le focus discussions de groupe et entretiens individuels entre hommes et femmes, et questions et déclarations parmi les jeunes de l'école. L'article éclaire les paradoxes de le déni et la violence implicites dans la façon de parler des hommes : en tant que proches d'une part et en tant que et en tant que partenaires d'autre part concernant la grossesse chez les filles. Les hommes disent qu'ils réagissent
violemment à une grossesse prénuptiale, mais ils ne tolèrent pas non plus l'activité sexuelle, ni ne permettent information ou service sur la contraception pour les filles et sœurs non mariées, même si leurs récits suggèrent paradoxalement que les abus sexuels sur les jeunes filles sont endémiques. Malgré leur refusant des services préventifs et des informations, les hommes s'exprimant comme des partenaires attendent des filles avoir des connaissances sur la sexualité, le cycle menstruel et la grossesse. Ils accusent leur copines pour tomber enceinte, malgré les indications des comptes des filles que cela Ce sont les partenaires masculins qui poussent les filles à avoir des relations sexuelles non protégées. Dans un tel circonstances, les filles disent que la grossesse peut se traduire par un avortement provoqué dangereux. Ce sont des complexités au niveau micro qui doivent être comprises pour toute programme d'amélioration de la santé sexuelle et reproductive des adolescents.
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
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- Ahlberg B.M. 1994. ‘Is there a distinct African sexuality? A critical response to Caldwell’. Africa 64, 220-40.
- Ahlberg B.M, Jylkas E, Krantz I. 2001. ‘Gendered construction of sexual risks: implications for safer sex among young people in Kenya and Sweden’. Reprod Health Matters 9, 26-36.
- Barbour R, Kitzinger J. 1999.(eds.) Developing focus group research: politics, theory, and practice. London. Sage.
- Bassett M.T., Mhloyi M. 1991. ‘Women and AIDS in Zimbabwe: the making of an epidemic’. Int J Health Serv 21, 143-56.
- Batezat E., Mwalo M. 1989. Women in Zimbabwe. Harare. SAPES Trust.
- Campbell B., Mbizvo M.T. 1994. ‘Sexual behaviour and HIV knowledge among adolescent boys in Zimbabwe’. Cent Afr J Med 40, 245-50.
- Card J.J. 1999. ‘Teen pregnancy prevention: do any programs work?’ Annu Rev Public Health 20, 257-285.
- Central Statistical Office Zimbabwe and Macro International Inc. 2000. Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey 1999. Calverton: Maryland. Central Statistical Office and Macro International Inc.
- Chikovore J., Lindmark G., Nystrom L., Mbizvo M.T., Ahlberg B.M.. 2002. ‘The hide and seek game: men’s perspectives on abortion and contraceptive use within marriage in a rural community in Zimbabwe’. J Biosoc Sci. In press.
- Epprecht M. 1998. ‘The “unsaying” of indigenous homosexualities in Zimbabwe: mapping a blindspot in an African masculinity’. Journal of Southern African Studies 24, 631-652.
- Fetters T., Mupela E., Rutenberg N. 1998. Youth talk about sexuality: A participatory assessment of adolescent sexual and reproductive health in Lusaka, Zambia. Lusaka. Care Zambia and Population Council.
- Finlay F., Simpson N., Jones R. 1998. ‘Adolescent health services’. Arch Dis Child 78, 195.
- Fuglesang M. 1997. ‘Lessons for life -past and present modes of sexuality education in Tanzanian society’. Soc Sci Med 44, 1245-54.
- Gage A.J., Meekers D. 1994. ‘Sexual activity before marriage in sub-Saharan Africa’. Social Biology, 41, 44-60.
- Gelfand M. 1971. Diet and tradition in African culture. Edinburgh. Livingstone. Geographical Magazine. 2001. Geopolitics: Land rights and wrongs. Website:
- http://www.geographical.co.uk/geographical features/nov_2000_zimbabwe.html Glover K., Bannerman A., Miller R. 1997. Adapting reproductive health strategies to adolescent needs. Findings from three Ghanaian towns. Accra. Planned Parenthood Association of Ghana and The Population Council.
- Government of Zimbabwe. 1997. Maternal mortality statistics. Harare. Central Statistical Office.
- Guba E.G., Lincoln Y.S. 1989. Fourth generation evaluation. London. Sage.
- Gwagwa N.N. 1998. ‘Money as a source of tension: an analysis of low income households in Durban’. In M. Matseliso, A. Larsson & A. Schlyter (eds.) Changing gender relations in Southern Africa: Issues of urban life. Stockholm. Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.
- International Political Economic Network (IPENET). 2002. The disintegration of immunity and subsistence: women. AIDS and ESAP in Zimbabwe. Website: http://csf.colorado.edu/IPENET/po497/tonia/paper.html Kasule J., Mbizvo M.T., Gupta V., Rusakaniko S., Mwateba R., Mpanju-Shumbushu W., Kinoti S.H., Padachy J. 1997. ‘Zimbabwean teenagers’ knowledge of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases’. East Afr Med J 74,76-81.
- Katapa R. 1998. ‘Teenage mothers in their second pregnancies’. In M.K. Rwebangira & R. Liljestrom (eds.) Haraka haraka…look before you leap. Youth at the crossroad of custom and modernity. Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. Stockholm.
- Kebede T. 2001 Teens pay the deadly price of religious taboo. Website: http://www.panos.org.uk
- Koster-Oyekan W. 1998. ‘Why resort to illegal abortion in Zambia? Findings of a community- based study in Western Province’. Soc Sci Med 46, 1303-1312.
- Leach F., Machakanja P., Mandoga J. 2000. Preliminary investigation of the abuse of girls in Zimbabwean secondary schools. London. Department for International Development.
- Liljestrom R., Masanja P., Mkai C.P.B., Tumbo-Masabo Z. 1994. ‘The pubescent girl-past and present’. In Z. Tumbo-Masabo & R. Liljestrom (eds.) Chelewa, chelewa: the dilemma of teenage girls.
- Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. Stockholm.
- Lincoln Y.S., Guba E.G. 1985. Naturalistic Inquiry. London. Sage.
- Nare C., Katz K., Tolley E. 1997. ‘Adolescents’ access to reproductive health and family planning services in Dakar, Senegal’. Afr J Reprod Health 1,15-25.
- Oka T., Shaw I. 2000. ‘Introduction to social work research’. Qualitative Research in Social Work.
- Online Journal: Website: http://pweb.sophia.ac.jp/~t-oka/qrsw.html.
- Okpani A.O.U., Okpani J.U. 2000. ‘Sexual activity and contraceptive use among female adolescents - a report from Port Harcourt, Nigeria’. Afr J Reprod Health 4, 40-47.
- PANOS. 1999. Young lives at risk - adolescents and sexual health. PANOS briefing No. 35. Website: http://www.panos.org.uk/briefing/young_lives_at_risk.htm
- Population Council. 2001a. Gender, Family and Development. Website: http://www.popcouncil.org/gfd/gfd.html
- Population Council. 2001b. Adolescents and reproductive tract infections. Website: http://www.popcouncil.org/rhfp/rtifactsheets/adolescents.html
- Population Reference Bureau (PRB). 2000a. The world’s youth 2000. Population Reference Bureau. Washington.
- Population Reference Bureau (PRB). 2000b. Meeting young women’s reproductive and sexual needs.
- Population Reference Bureau. Washington.
- Quattara M., Purna S., Thomson M. 1998. ‘Forced marriage, forced sex: the perils of childhood for girls’. Gender and Development 6, 27-33.
- Reproductive Health Outlook. 2002. Men and reproductive health: overview and issues. website:
- www.rho.org/html/menrh_overview.htm
- Rich M., Ginsburg K.R. 1999. ‘The reason and rhyme of qualitative research: why, when and how to use qualitative methods in the study of adolescent health’. J Adolesc Health, 25, 371-78.
- Rivers K., Aggleton P. 2002 Adolescent sexuality, gender and the HIV Epidemic, Gender and the HIV Epidemic. New York. UNDP HIV and Development Programme. Website: www.undp.org/hiv/publication/gender/adolesce.html
- Rogo K., Bohmer L., Ombaka C. 1999. Community level dynamics of unsafe abortion in Western Kenya and opportunities for prevention. Summaries of findings and recommendations for pre- intervention research. California. Pacific Institute for Women’s Studies.
- Rwenge M. 2000. ‘Sexual risk behaviours among young people in Bamenda, Cameroon’. International Family Planning Perspectives, 26, 118-23 & 130.
- Silberschmidt M., Rasch V. 2001. ‘Adolescent girls, illegal abortions, and sugar daddies in Dar Es Salaam: vulnerable victims and active social agents’. Soc Sci Med 52, 1815-26.
- Siziya S., Rusakaniko S., Marufu T., Matchaba R., Mudyarabikwa O., Gwanzura L. 1998. ‘Adolescent pregnancy in Zimbabwe: distribution by socio-demographic factors’. African Journal of Health Sciences 5, 174-77.
- Sunday News. 2001. Lobola beyond the reach of many. 6 January. Bulawayo. Zimpapers. UNAIDS. 1997.
- Women and AIDS. Geneva. UNAIDS (Best Practices Collection).
- UNAIDS. 1999a. Sex and youth: contextual factors affecting risk for HIV/AIDS. A comparative analysis of multi-site studies in developing countries. Geneva. UNAIDS (Best Practices Collection).
- UNAIDS. 1999b. Gender and HIV/AIDS: Taking stock of research and programmes. Geneva. UNAIDS (Best Practices Collection).
- UNICEF. 1996). Report on an evaluation of the implementation of the Grade 7 AIDS Action Programme Book ‘Lets Talk’ in schools in Zimbabwe. Harare: UNICEF.
- UNICEF. 2000. ‘Domestic Violence against women and girls’. Innocenti Digest No. 6 May 2000. Italy. UNICEF.
- Van Onselen C. 1976. Chibaro: African mine labour in Southern Rhodesia, 1910-1933. London. Pluto Press.
- Women’s Action Group.1996. Speak Out/Khulumani/Taurai. Volume no. 35. Harare. Women’s Action Group.
- WHO. 1997. Unsafe abortion: global and regional estimates of incidence of mortality due to unsafe abortion with the listing of available country data. Geneva. WHO.
Les références
Ahlberg B.M. 1994. ‘Is there a distinct African sexuality? A critical response to Caldwell’. Africa 64, 220-40.
Ahlberg B.M, Jylkas E, Krantz I. 2001. ‘Gendered construction of sexual risks: implications for safer sex among young people in Kenya and Sweden’. Reprod Health Matters 9, 26-36.
Barbour R, Kitzinger J. 1999.(eds.) Developing focus group research: politics, theory, and practice. London. Sage.
Bassett M.T., Mhloyi M. 1991. ‘Women and AIDS in Zimbabwe: the making of an epidemic’. Int J Health Serv 21, 143-56.
Batezat E., Mwalo M. 1989. Women in Zimbabwe. Harare. SAPES Trust.
Campbell B., Mbizvo M.T. 1994. ‘Sexual behaviour and HIV knowledge among adolescent boys in Zimbabwe’. Cent Afr J Med 40, 245-50.
Card J.J. 1999. ‘Teen pregnancy prevention: do any programs work?’ Annu Rev Public Health 20, 257-285.
Central Statistical Office Zimbabwe and Macro International Inc. 2000. Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey 1999. Calverton: Maryland. Central Statistical Office and Macro International Inc.
Chikovore J., Lindmark G., Nystrom L., Mbizvo M.T., Ahlberg B.M.. 2002. ‘The hide and seek game: men’s perspectives on abortion and contraceptive use within marriage in a rural community in Zimbabwe’. J Biosoc Sci. In press.
Epprecht M. 1998. ‘The “unsaying” of indigenous homosexualities in Zimbabwe: mapping a blindspot in an African masculinity’. Journal of Southern African Studies 24, 631-652.
Fetters T., Mupela E., Rutenberg N. 1998. Youth talk about sexuality: A participatory assessment of adolescent sexual and reproductive health in Lusaka, Zambia. Lusaka. Care Zambia and Population Council.
Finlay F., Simpson N., Jones R. 1998. ‘Adolescent health services’. Arch Dis Child 78, 195.
Fuglesang M. 1997. ‘Lessons for life -past and present modes of sexuality education in Tanzanian society’. Soc Sci Med 44, 1245-54.
Gage A.J., Meekers D. 1994. ‘Sexual activity before marriage in sub-Saharan Africa’. Social Biology, 41, 44-60.
Gelfand M. 1971. Diet and tradition in African culture. Edinburgh. Livingstone. Geographical Magazine. 2001. Geopolitics: Land rights and wrongs. Website:
http://www.geographical.co.uk/geographical features/nov_2000_zimbabwe.html Glover K., Bannerman A., Miller R. 1997. Adapting reproductive health strategies to adolescent needs. Findings from three Ghanaian towns. Accra. Planned Parenthood Association of Ghana and The Population Council.
Government of Zimbabwe. 1997. Maternal mortality statistics. Harare. Central Statistical Office.
Guba E.G., Lincoln Y.S. 1989. Fourth generation evaluation. London. Sage.
Gwagwa N.N. 1998. ‘Money as a source of tension: an analysis of low income households in Durban’. In M. Matseliso, A. Larsson & A. Schlyter (eds.) Changing gender relations in Southern Africa: Issues of urban life. Stockholm. Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.
International Political Economic Network (IPENET). 2002. The disintegration of immunity and subsistence: women. AIDS and ESAP in Zimbabwe. Website: http://csf.colorado.edu/IPENET/po497/tonia/paper.html Kasule J., Mbizvo M.T., Gupta V., Rusakaniko S., Mwateba R., Mpanju-Shumbushu W., Kinoti S.H., Padachy J. 1997. ‘Zimbabwean teenagers’ knowledge of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases’. East Afr Med J 74,76-81.
Katapa R. 1998. ‘Teenage mothers in their second pregnancies’. In M.K. Rwebangira & R. Liljestrom (eds.) Haraka haraka…look before you leap. Youth at the crossroad of custom and modernity. Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. Stockholm.
Kebede T. 2001 Teens pay the deadly price of religious taboo. Website: http://www.panos.org.uk
Koster-Oyekan W. 1998. ‘Why resort to illegal abortion in Zambia? Findings of a community- based study in Western Province’. Soc Sci Med 46, 1303-1312.
Leach F., Machakanja P., Mandoga J. 2000. Preliminary investigation of the abuse of girls in Zimbabwean secondary schools. London. Department for International Development.
Liljestrom R., Masanja P., Mkai C.P.B., Tumbo-Masabo Z. 1994. ‘The pubescent girl-past and present’. In Z. Tumbo-Masabo & R. Liljestrom (eds.) Chelewa, chelewa: the dilemma of teenage girls.
Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. Stockholm.
Lincoln Y.S., Guba E.G. 1985. Naturalistic Inquiry. London. Sage.
Nare C., Katz K., Tolley E. 1997. ‘Adolescents’ access to reproductive health and family planning services in Dakar, Senegal’. Afr J Reprod Health 1,15-25.
Oka T., Shaw I. 2000. ‘Introduction to social work research’. Qualitative Research in Social Work.
Online Journal: Website: http://pweb.sophia.ac.jp/~t-oka/qrsw.html.
Okpani A.O.U., Okpani J.U. 2000. ‘Sexual activity and contraceptive use among female adolescents - a report from Port Harcourt, Nigeria’. Afr J Reprod Health 4, 40-47.
PANOS. 1999. Young lives at risk - adolescents and sexual health. PANOS briefing No. 35. Website: http://www.panos.org.uk/briefing/young_lives_at_risk.htm
Population Council. 2001a. Gender, Family and Development. Website: http://www.popcouncil.org/gfd/gfd.html
Population Council. 2001b. Adolescents and reproductive tract infections. Website: http://www.popcouncil.org/rhfp/rtifactsheets/adolescents.html
Population Reference Bureau (PRB). 2000a. The world’s youth 2000. Population Reference Bureau. Washington.
Population Reference Bureau (PRB). 2000b. Meeting young women’s reproductive and sexual needs.
Population Reference Bureau. Washington.
Quattara M., Purna S., Thomson M. 1998. ‘Forced marriage, forced sex: the perils of childhood for girls’. Gender and Development 6, 27-33.
Reproductive Health Outlook. 2002. Men and reproductive health: overview and issues. website:
www.rho.org/html/menrh_overview.htm
Rich M., Ginsburg K.R. 1999. ‘The reason and rhyme of qualitative research: why, when and how to use qualitative methods in the study of adolescent health’. J Adolesc Health, 25, 371-78.
Rivers K., Aggleton P. 2002 Adolescent sexuality, gender and the HIV Epidemic, Gender and the HIV Epidemic. New York. UNDP HIV and Development Programme. Website: www.undp.org/hiv/publication/gender/adolesce.html
Rogo K., Bohmer L., Ombaka C. 1999. Community level dynamics of unsafe abortion in Western Kenya and opportunities for prevention. Summaries of findings and recommendations for pre- intervention research. California. Pacific Institute for Women’s Studies.
Rwenge M. 2000. ‘Sexual risk behaviours among young people in Bamenda, Cameroon’. International Family Planning Perspectives, 26, 118-23 & 130.
Silberschmidt M., Rasch V. 2001. ‘Adolescent girls, illegal abortions, and sugar daddies in Dar Es Salaam: vulnerable victims and active social agents’. Soc Sci Med 52, 1815-26.
Siziya S., Rusakaniko S., Marufu T., Matchaba R., Mudyarabikwa O., Gwanzura L. 1998. ‘Adolescent pregnancy in Zimbabwe: distribution by socio-demographic factors’. African Journal of Health Sciences 5, 174-77.
Sunday News. 2001. Lobola beyond the reach of many. 6 January. Bulawayo. Zimpapers. UNAIDS. 1997.
Women and AIDS. Geneva. UNAIDS (Best Practices Collection).
UNAIDS. 1999a. Sex and youth: contextual factors affecting risk for HIV/AIDS. A comparative analysis of multi-site studies in developing countries. Geneva. UNAIDS (Best Practices Collection).
UNAIDS. 1999b. Gender and HIV/AIDS: Taking stock of research and programmes. Geneva. UNAIDS (Best Practices Collection).
UNICEF. 1996). Report on an evaluation of the implementation of the Grade 7 AIDS Action Programme Book ‘Lets Talk’ in schools in Zimbabwe. Harare: UNICEF.
UNICEF. 2000. ‘Domestic Violence against women and girls’. Innocenti Digest No. 6 May 2000. Italy. UNICEF.
Van Onselen C. 1976. Chibaro: African mine labour in Southern Rhodesia, 1910-1933. London. Pluto Press.
Women’s Action Group.1996. Speak Out/Khulumani/Taurai. Volume no. 35. Harare. Women’s Action Group.
WHO. 1997. Unsafe abortion: global and regional estimates of incidence of mortality due to unsafe abortion with the listing of available country data. Geneva. WHO.