5 - Ethnicism and the Democratization of Civil Society: Envisioning Changes in the Proximal and Causal Ideologies of ‘Marginality’ in Africa and America
Corresponding Author(s) : Irene Omolola Adadevoh
Afrika Zamani,
No 9-10 (2002): Afrika Zamani: Revue annuelle d’histoire africaine
Résumé
Cette communication traite des possibilités de transformation de la marginalité sociale et démocratique à travers la démocratisation des groupes ethniques dans les sociétés caractérisées par une construction multiethnique du conflit «de clas- ses défavorisées», telles que l’Amérique et l’Afrique, ceci dans le but de poser des débats prioritaires, censés promouvoir les intérêts de l’existence collective, dans le cadre de la recherche d’objectifs nationaux viables dans les deux conti- nents. Bien que le concept d’ethnicité englobe divers aspects intéressants de no- tre expérience empirique, ceux-ci n’en revêtent pas moins une signification théo- rique en tant que métaphore de la lutte sociale pour les principes démocratiques d’égalité et de justice.
Cette présentation soutient que pour développer un programme démocratique plus large, qui puisse éclipser les vives controverses survenant dans le cadre de la recherche d’une certaine égalité entre les sexes au niveau des systèmes ethniques, il est absolument nécessaire d’initier une reconstruction démocratique des straté- gies de gouvernance qui ont jadis créé d’énormes difficultés concernant la ré- évaluation des systèmes sociaux du nationalisme et de l’ethnicisme sur le conti- nent, et bien plus, qui ne sont pas arrivées à examiner les approches interactives antiracistes et anti-tribales de l’alliance communautaire.
Elle examine également les raisons de la faible opposition à l’endroit du sys- tème de relations ethniques institutionnalisées, qui continue de soutenir les systè- mes de domination, de victimisation et d’exploitation, aussi bien en Afrique qu’en Amérique. Cette présentation analyse la tendance hiérarchique théorique et prati- que de l’éthnicisme et du féminisme, qui transforme ces relations en source de dysfonctionnement social. En posant la possibilité d’instauration de défis reconstructeurs caractérisés par la vision dominante qui assimile le féminisme à la coopération ethnique, cette communication procède également à une déconstruction critique de l’attaque de la «socialité sexuelle», et du «sexisme démocratique» aux État-Unis, et dans une plus large mesure, en Afrique.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
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- Appelbaum, R.P. and Chambliss, W.J., 1995, Sociology, New York, Harpers and Collin.
- Aristotle, 1962, The Politics, trans. T.A. Sinclair, Harmondsworth, Penguin.
- Asante, M. K., 1991, Afrocentricity, Tredon N.J., Africa World Press.
- Barrow, R., 1973, Athenian Democracy, London, Macmillan Press.
- Barth, F., (ed.), 1970, Ethnic Groups and Boundaries, Bergen, Oslo, Universities Forlaget.
- Berlin, I., 1969, Four Essays On Liberty, London, Oxford University Press.
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- Cyrus & Rohw, (eds.), 1987, Readings in African Political Philosophy, Nairobi, Heinemann Educational Books Ltd.
- Davidson, B., 1991, Africa in History, New York, Macmillan
- Depress, L. A., 1975, Ethnicity and Resources Competition in Plural Societies, The Hague, Mouton.
- Depress, L. A., 1967, Cultural Pluralism and Nationalist Politics in British Guiana, Chicago, Rand Nally.
- Deutsch, H., 1945, The Psychology of Women: A Psychoanalytic Interpretation, New York, Grune and Statton.
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- Finley, M., 1973, Democracy: Ancient and Modern, London, Macmillan Press.
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- Franklin, J. H., 1974, From Slavery To Freedom, New York, Alfred A. Knopf.
- Goldstein, J. S., 1999, International Relations, USA, Longman.
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- Gordon, A. A., 1996, Transforming Capitalism and Patriarchy, USA, Lynne Rienner Publishers.
- Grimshaw, J., 1986, Feminist Philosophers: Women Perspectives on Philosophical Traditions, London, Wheat Sheaf Books Ltd.
- Heater, B. D., 1964, Political Ideas in the Modern World, London, George G. Harp Co. Ltd.
- Hoselitz, B. F., 1987, Non-Economic Barriers to Economic Development, London, Edward Arnold/Headline Plc.
- Jaggar, A., 1983, Feminist Politics And Human Nature, USA, Rowman & Allanhed Publisher.
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- Katz, M. B., (ed), 1993, The “Underclass“ Debate, Princeton, Princeton Univer- sity Press.
- Kuper and M. G. Smith (eds), 1969, Pluralism in Africa, Berkeley, University of California Press Turton.
- Lovenduski, T., 1986, Women and European Politics: Contemporary Feminism And Public Policy, London, Wheat Sheaf Books Ltd.
- Maccia, E.S., 1975, Women and Education, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield 111.
- Machinyre, A., 1973, ‘The Essential Contestability of Some Social Concepts’, Ethics, 84.
- Macpherson, C. B., 1976, Democratic Theory: Essays in Retrieval, Oxford, OUP.
- Martin et al., 1995, A Concise History of America And Its People, New York, Harper Collins college publisher.
- Mazrui, A. A., 1975, ‘Ethnic Stratification and the Military Agrarian Complex: the Uganda Case’, in N. Glajer & D. P Moyniha (eds). Harvard University Press.
- Model, S., 1993, ‘The Ethnic Niche and the Structure of Opportunity: Immigrants and Minority In New York City’, in M. B. Katz (ed.), The “Underclass” Debate, Princeton University Press.
- Ngugi, W., 1997, Writers in Politics, London, Viller’s Publications.
- Nkrumah, K., 1962, Towards Colonial Freedom, London, Panaf Books Ltd.
- Osaghae, E., 1994, Ethnicity & the Management in Africa: The Democratisation Link, Lagos, Malt House Press Limited.
- Otite, O., 1990, Ethnic Pluralism and Ethnicity in Nigeria, Ibadan, Shanesson Ltd.
- Otite, O., 1975, ‘Resources Competition and Inter-Ethnic Relations in Nigeria’, in L. A. Depress (ed.), Ethnicity and Resource Competition in Plural Society.
- Parson, T., 1975, ‘Some Therorical Considerations on the Nature and Trends of Change Ethnicity’, in N. Glazer and D. P. Moyniha (eds). Ethnicity: Theory and Experience, Harvard University Press.
- Post, K. and Vickers M., 1973, Structure and Conflict in Nigeria 1960-1966, London, Heinemann.
- Riggs, FW., 1994, ‘Ethno-Nationalism, Industrialism and the Modern State’. In Third World Quarterly, 15, 4.
- Said, A. A. & Simmons L. R, 1975, ‘The Ethnic Factor in World Politics’, in Society, 12, 2.
- Schaar, J. H., 1964, Escape From Authority, New York, Harper and Row.
- Shumpeter, J. A., 1954, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, London, Allen and Unwin.
- Sithole, M., 1992 ‘Political Conflicts in Zimbabwe: The Dominance of Ethnicity Over Class’, CODESRIA, Seminar on Ethnic Conflicts in Africa.
- Smith, M. C., 1986 ‘Institutional and Political Conditions of Pluralism’, in L. Kuper & M. G. Smith (eds), Pluralism in Africa, Berkeley, University of California Press, Turton.
- Sugrue, T. J., 1993, ‘The Structure of Urban Poverty: The Reorganization of Space and Work in Three Periods of American History’ in M.B. Katz, The ‘Underclass’ Debate, Princeton, Princeton University Press.
- Women in Nigeria and Policy Recommendations to 2000 AD, 1992, Zaria, Ahmadu Bello University Press Ltd.
- Zimmerin, A., 1929, The Prospect of Democracy, London, Chatto and Windus.
Les références
Andersen & al., 1995, Race, Class and Gender, USA, Wadsworth, Publishing Company.
Appelbaum, R.P. and Chambliss, W.J., 1995, Sociology, New York, Harpers and Collin.
Aristotle, 1962, The Politics, trans. T.A. Sinclair, Harmondsworth, Penguin.
Asante, M. K., 1991, Afrocentricity, Tredon N.J., Africa World Press.
Barrow, R., 1973, Athenian Democracy, London, Macmillan Press.
Barth, F., (ed.), 1970, Ethnic Groups and Boundaries, Bergen, Oslo, Universities Forlaget.
Berlin, I., 1969, Four Essays On Liberty, London, Oxford University Press.
Brinkley, A., 1997, The Unfinished Notion: A Concise History of the American People, vol. 1. USA, Mc Graw Hill Companies Inc.
Campebell, A., 1997, Western Primitivism and African Ethnicity, London, Cassell.
Cyrus & Rohw, (eds.), 1987, Readings in African Political Philosophy, Nairobi, Heinemann Educational Books Ltd.
Davidson, B., 1991, Africa in History, New York, Macmillan
Depress, L. A., 1975, Ethnicity and Resources Competition in Plural Societies, The Hague, Mouton.
Depress, L. A., 1967, Cultural Pluralism and Nationalist Politics in British Guiana, Chicago, Rand Nally.
Deutsch, H., 1945, The Psychology of Women: A Psychoanalytic Interpretation, New York, Grune and Statton.
Ehrenreich, B., 1999, ‘The Real Truth About Female Body’, in Time, March 15: 4.
Finley, M., 1973, Democracy: Ancient and Modern, London, Macmillan Press.
Fox-Genovese, E., 1982, ‘Placing Women’s History’ in New Left Review 133.
Franklin, J. H., 1974, From Slavery To Freedom, New York, Alfred A. Knopf.
Goldstein, J. S., 1999, International Relations, USA, Longman.
Gordon, M. M., 1964, Assimilation in American Life, New York, Oxford Univer- sity Press.
Gordon, A. A., 1996, Transforming Capitalism and Patriarchy, USA, Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Grimshaw, J., 1986, Feminist Philosophers: Women Perspectives on Philosophical Traditions, London, Wheat Sheaf Books Ltd.
Heater, B. D., 1964, Political Ideas in the Modern World, London, George G. Harp Co. Ltd.
Hoselitz, B. F., 1987, Non-Economic Barriers to Economic Development, London, Edward Arnold/Headline Plc.
Jaggar, A., 1983, Feminist Politics And Human Nature, USA, Rowman & Allanhed Publisher.
Kasfir, N., 1976, The Shrinking of a Political Arena: Participation and Ethnicity in African Politics With A Case Study of Uganda, University of California Press.
Katz, M. B., (ed), 1993, The “Underclass“ Debate, Princeton, Princeton Univer- sity Press.
Kuper and M. G. Smith (eds), 1969, Pluralism in Africa, Berkeley, University of California Press Turton.
Lovenduski, T., 1986, Women and European Politics: Contemporary Feminism And Public Policy, London, Wheat Sheaf Books Ltd.
Maccia, E.S., 1975, Women and Education, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield 111.
Machinyre, A., 1973, ‘The Essential Contestability of Some Social Concepts’, Ethics, 84.
Macpherson, C. B., 1976, Democratic Theory: Essays in Retrieval, Oxford, OUP.
Martin et al., 1995, A Concise History of America And Its People, New York, Harper Collins college publisher.
Mazrui, A. A., 1975, ‘Ethnic Stratification and the Military Agrarian Complex: the Uganda Case’, in N. Glajer & D. P Moyniha (eds). Harvard University Press.
Model, S., 1993, ‘The Ethnic Niche and the Structure of Opportunity: Immigrants and Minority In New York City’, in M. B. Katz (ed.), The “Underclass” Debate, Princeton University Press.
Ngugi, W., 1997, Writers in Politics, London, Viller’s Publications.
Nkrumah, K., 1962, Towards Colonial Freedom, London, Panaf Books Ltd.
Osaghae, E., 1994, Ethnicity & the Management in Africa: The Democratisation Link, Lagos, Malt House Press Limited.
Otite, O., 1990, Ethnic Pluralism and Ethnicity in Nigeria, Ibadan, Shanesson Ltd.
Otite, O., 1975, ‘Resources Competition and Inter-Ethnic Relations in Nigeria’, in L. A. Depress (ed.), Ethnicity and Resource Competition in Plural Society.
Parson, T., 1975, ‘Some Therorical Considerations on the Nature and Trends of Change Ethnicity’, in N. Glazer and D. P. Moyniha (eds). Ethnicity: Theory and Experience, Harvard University Press.
Post, K. and Vickers M., 1973, Structure and Conflict in Nigeria 1960-1966, London, Heinemann.
Riggs, FW., 1994, ‘Ethno-Nationalism, Industrialism and the Modern State’. In Third World Quarterly, 15, 4.
Said, A. A. & Simmons L. R, 1975, ‘The Ethnic Factor in World Politics’, in Society, 12, 2.
Schaar, J. H., 1964, Escape From Authority, New York, Harper and Row.
Shumpeter, J. A., 1954, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, London, Allen and Unwin.
Sithole, M., 1992 ‘Political Conflicts in Zimbabwe: The Dominance of Ethnicity Over Class’, CODESRIA, Seminar on Ethnic Conflicts in Africa.
Smith, M. C., 1986 ‘Institutional and Political Conditions of Pluralism’, in L. Kuper & M. G. Smith (eds), Pluralism in Africa, Berkeley, University of California Press, Turton.
Sugrue, T. J., 1993, ‘The Structure of Urban Poverty: The Reorganization of Space and Work in Three Periods of American History’ in M.B. Katz, The ‘Underclass’ Debate, Princeton, Princeton University Press.
Women in Nigeria and Policy Recommendations to 2000 AD, 1992, Zaria, Ahmadu Bello University Press Ltd.
Zimmerin, A., 1929, The Prospect of Democracy, London, Chatto and Windus.