3 - Leadership Development Schemes for Middle-level Academics in Merged Universities: The Case of Kyambogo University
Corresponding Author(s) : George Wilson Kasule
Revue de l’enseignement supérieur en Afrique,
Vol. 17 No 1-2 (2019): Revue de l’enseignement supérieur en Afrique: Numéro sur Leadership et enseignement supérieur en Afrique
Résumé
La génération actuelle d’universitaires de niveau intermédiaire dans la plupart des universités africaines (doyens, chefs de département) possède-t-elle les compétences en leadership nécessaires pour gérer les obligations et les défis actuels et futurs de l’université ? En réponse à cette question, cet article, à travers une revue systématique de la littérature, explore les compétences en leadership des universitaires de niveau intermédiaire, les facteurs qui entravent le développement des compétences en leadership, et les mesures nécessaires pour améliorer les compétences en leadership dans les universités africaines, créées à partir de fusions comme ce fut le cas avec l’Université de Kyambogo en Ouganda. Ici, il est établi que les compétences en leadership des universitaires de niveau intermédiaire, par exemple les chefs de département, doit être amélioré; et les facteurs qui freinent le développement des compétences de leadership des universitaires de niveau intermédiaire peut être perçu en deux dimensions, à savoir les « Facteurs institutionnels » (par exemple, les mauvaises conditions de travail, la bureaucratie inefficace, etc.) et les « Facteurs personnels » (par exemple le manque d’engagement, la corruption, etc.). Les mesures nécessaires pour améliorer les compétences en leadership des universitaires comprennent la modernisation des installations universitaires, la participation appropriée des universitaires aux processus décisionnels de l’université et la dépolitisation de la gestion et du leadership universitaires, entre autres choses. Le document conclut que les universitaires de niveau intermédiaire tels que les doyens et les chefs de départements des universités africaines telles que Kyambogo doivent faire tout ce qui est en leur pouvoir pour améliorer leurs compétences en leadership en restant constants sur d’autres facteurs s’ils veulent s’attaquer de manière significative aux nombreux grands défis de l’enseignement universitaire africain.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- Altbach, P.G., 2011, ‘The Academic Profession: The Realities of Developing Countries’ in P.G. Altbach (ed), Leadership for World Class Universitie: Challenges for Developing Countries, (pp. 205-223), Abingdon, England: Routledge.
- Asiimwe, S. & Steyn, G.M., 2013, ‘Obstacles hindering the effective governance of Universities in Uganda’, Journal of Social Sciences, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 17-27.
- Ayebare, J., Kisige, A., Gitta, E., Betihamah, J. & Kimoga, J., 2017, ‘Appointing and removing academic staff in public institutions: the level of autonomy at Kyambogo University, Uganda’, International Research in Higher Education, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 101-109.
- Azziz, R., Hentschke, G.C., Jacobs, B.C., Jacobs, L.A. & Ladd, H., 2017, ‘Mergers in Higher Education: A proactive strategy to a better future?’, Retrieved from http:
- Baloyi, M.C. & Naidoo, G., 2016, ‘Higher education mergers in South Africa: a means towards an end’, African Journal of Public Affairs, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 9-19.
- Black, S.A., 2015, ‘Qualities of effective leadership in higher education’, Open Journal of Leadership, 4, pp. 54-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojl.2015.42006
- Boer, H.D., Goedegebuure, L. & Meek, V.L., 2009, The Changing Nature of Academic Middle Management: A Framework for Analysis.
- Bolden, R., Gosling, J., Marturano, A. & Dennison, P., 2003, A Review of Leadership Theory and Competency Frameworks, Exeter: University of Exeter.
- Boyko, L. & Jones, G.A., 2010, ‘The roles and responsibilities of middle management (chairs and deans) in Canadian universities’, in Meek V., Goedegebuure L., Santiago R. and Carvalho T., eds., The Changing Dynamics of Higher Education Middle Management, Springer, Dordrecht: Higher Education Dynamics.
- Briggs, A. R. J., 2001, ‘Academic middle managers in further education: reflections on leadership’, Research in Post-Compulsory Education, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 223-236.
- Centre for Higher Education Transformation, 2002, Capacity Building Initiatives in Higher Education, Sunnyside: comPress.
- Chikere, C. & Nwoka, J., 2015, ‘The systems theory of management in modern day organisations - A study of Aldgate Congress Resort Limited, Port Harcourt’, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 1-7.
- Conraths, B. & Trusso, A., 2007, Managing the University Community: Exploring Good Practice, Brussels: European University Association.
- Council on Higher Education, 2016, Reflections of South African University Leaders, 1981 to 2014, Cape Town: African Minds & Council on Higher Education.
- Creswell, J.W., 2002, Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research, Upper Saddle Creek, NJ.: Pearson Education.
- Deuren, R.V., 2013, Capacity Development in Higher Education Institutions in Developing Countries, Maastricht, The Netherlands: Maastricht School of Management.
- Fiedler, F.E., 1978, ‘The leadership game: matching the man to the situation’, Organisational Dynamics, 4(3), pp. 6-16.
- Floyd, A., 2016, ‘Supporting academic middle managers in higher education: do we care?’, Higher Education Policy, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 167–183.
- Floyd, A., 2009, ‘Life histories of academics who become heads of department: socialisation, identity and career trajectory’, Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Leicester.
- Frantz, T.L., 2014, ‘A behavioral theory of the merger: dynamics of the post-merger integration process’, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Carnegie Mellon University.
- Gill, R., 2006, Theory and Practice of Leadership, London: Sage Publications Ltd.
- Halvorsen, T., 2016, ‘Higher education in developing countries: peril and promise, a decade and a half later: Development lost? International Journal of African Higher Education, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 80-95.
- Hersey, P., Blanchard, K.H. & Johnson, D.E., 2001, Management of Organisational Behaviour – Leading Human Resources, 8th Ed., New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India.
- Inspectorate of Government, 2015, ‘Report on Investigations into Corruption and Mismanagement of Kyambogo University – Volume V: Governance’, Retrieved from https://www.igg.go.ug/static/.../IG_Governance_Report_on_Kyambogo_2015_2.pdf
- John, S. & Chattopadhyay, P., 2015, ‘Factors impacting leadership effectiveness: a literature review’, Arabian Journal of Business Management Review, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1-5.
- Joseph, E.E. & Winston, B.E., 2005, ‘A correlation of servant leadership, leader trust and organisational trust’, Leadership & Organisation Development Journal, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 6-22.
- Kasozi, A.B.K., 2013. Merging Kyambogo University was a mistake. Retrieved from https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/.../merging-kyambogo-university-mistake.
- Kasozi, A.B.K., 2016, The National Council for Higher Education and the Growthof the University Sub-sector in Uganda, 2002–2012, Dakar: Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa.
- Kasule, G.W., 2015, ‘Impact of work environment on academic staff job performance: Case of a Uganda university’, International Journal of Advances in Management and Economics, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 95-103.
- Kirkpatrick, S.A. & Locke, E.A., 1991, ‘Leadership: do traits matter?’, Academy of Management Executive, vol. 5, no.2, pp. 48-60.
- Kumar, R., 2011, Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginner, 3rd Ed., London: SAGE Publication Ltd.
- Kyambogo University Human Resources Manual, 2014, Retrieved from https:// kyu.ac.ug/downloads/Final%20Approved%20HR%20Manual%20March%202015.pdf
- Lord, R.G. & Emrich, C.G., 2000, Thinking outside the box by looking inside the box: Extending the cognitive revolution in leadership research’, Leadership Quarterly, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 551-579.
- Marshall, S., 2008, ‘Leading change at the middle: Stories of higher education middle leaders ‘success’’, Unpublished Masters Degree Thesis, Unitec, Institute of Technology.
- Mayer, P., Wilde, M., Dinku, A., Fedrowitz, J., Shitemi, N.L., Wahlers, M. & Ziegele, F., 2011, Challenges for Faculty Management at African Higher Education Institutions, Osnabruck: University of Applied Sciences. Retrieved from https://www.che.de/wp content/uploads/upload/Challenges_for_faculty_management_ at_African_higher_education_institutions_Mayer_et_al_2011.pdf
- McBain, L., 2012, ‘College and University Mergers: An Update on Recent Trends’, American Association of State Colleges and Universities: A Higher Education Policy Brief, May 2012.
- Megheirkouni, M., 2016, ‘Factors influencing leadership development in an uncertain environment’, Journal of Management Development, vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 1232-1254.
- Mele, C., Pels, J. and Polese, F., 2010, ‘A brief review of systems theories and their managerial applications’, Service Science, vol. 2, no. 1-2, pp. 126-135.
- Mouton, J. & Wildschut, L., 2015, Leadership and Management Case Studies in Training in Higher Education in Africa, Cape Town, South Africa: African Minds.
- Mushemeza, E.D., 2016, ‘Opportunities and challenges of academic staff in higher education in Africa’, International Journal of Higher Education, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 236-246.
- Nakimuli A. & Turyahebwa, A., 2015, ‘Institutional efficiency in selected universities in Uganda’, Journal of Education and Practice, vol. 6, no.10, pp. 90-96.
- Namubiru, G., Onen, D. & Oonyu, J., 2017, ‘University leadership during times of significant transformation: A case of Kyambogo University in Uganda’, Journal of Education and Practice, vol. 8, no. 10, pp. 78-85.
- Northouse, P.G., 1997, Leadership: Theory and Practice, Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications Inc.
- Oanda, I. & Sall, E., 2016, ‘From peril to promise: repositioning higher education for the reconstruction of Africa’s future’, International Journal of African Higher Education, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 52-78.
- Ogunruku, A.O., 2012, ‘Leadership and governance in higher education: Challenges and prospects of developing the next generation of university leaders, academics and researchers – The management models’, Paper delivered at the Consultative Policy Dialogue on The Future and Relevance of Nigeria Universities and Other Tertiary Institutions: Towards Higher Education Transformation, held at CVC/ AVCNU Conference Hall, Abuja, Nigeria.
- Otara, A., 2014, ‘The Academic Dean and the Challenges of Meeting Changing Expectations within a Competitive Higher Education Environment in Africa’, JHEA, 12 (1), 133-150.
- Owens, R.G., 2004, Organisational Behavior in Education: Adaptive Leadership and School Reform, 8th Ed., Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
- Pare, G., Trudel, M.C., Jaana, J. & Kitsiou, S., 2015, ‘Synthesising information systems knowledge: a typology of literature reviews’, Information & Management, vol. 52, no. 183, p. 99.
- Refsnes, F.O., 2012, ‘What explains mergers’ success or failure?: The role of organisational structures, strategies and external environments in mergers – empirical evidence from two contrasting cases’, Unpublished Masters Thesis, Centre for Technology, Innovation and Culture, University of Oslo.
- Russell, R.F., 2001, ‘The role of values in servant leadership’, Leadership &Organisation Development Journal, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 76-84.
- Salmi, J., 2009, The Challenge of Establishing World-class Universities, Washington, DC: The World Bank.
- Schofield, A., 1996, ‘Strengthening the skills of middle management in universities’, A study undertaken within the framework of the UNESCO/ACU-CHEMS Joint Action Plan in Higher Education Management, Paris.
- Simala, K.I., 2014, ‘Deanship, leadership dilemmas and management challenges facing the social sciences in public university education in Kenya’, JHEA, vol. 12, no. 1, pp.1-26.
- Skodvin O., 2014, ‘Merger as an instrument to achieve quality in higher education – rhetoric or reality?’, Paper presented in Track 1 at the EAIR 36th Annual Forum in Essen, Germany, 27-30 August 2014.
- Skodvin, O., 2009, ‘Mergers in higher education – success or failure?’, Tertiary Education and Management, vol. 5, pp.65-80.
- Stewart, G., 2003, ‘College mergers: lessons to be learned from other sectors’, Research in Post- Compulsory Education, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 305-327.
- Tagoe, C.N.B., 2013, ‘Challenges of university administration and management in West Africa’, Association of West Africa Universities, Ougadougou, Nov. 4-8, 2013.
- Talemwa, M., 2012, ‘Kyambogo celebrates Ndiege exit’, The Observer, November 2, 2012, Retrieved from https://observer.ug/news-headlines/21893-kyambogo- celebrates-ndiege-exit
- Tevis, M.M., 2015, ‘Reflections on the termination of two universities and the creation of a new university’, Journal of Philosophy & History of Education, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 109-122.
- Wall, K.J., 2015, ‘Administrative development for academic deans in the California State University system’, Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, California State University, San Bernardino.
- Wende, M.V.D., 2013, ‘On mergers and missions: implications for institutional governance and governmental steering’, Draft paper for the WCU-5 Conference Global Outreach of World-Class Universities: How It is Affecting Higher Education, 3-6 November 2013, Shanghai, China.
- World Bank, 2002, Constructing Knowledge Societies: New Challenges for Tertiary Education, Washington, DC: World Bank.
- Xiao, Y. & Watson, M., 2017, ‘Guidance on conducting a systematic literature review’, Journal of Planning Education and Research, pp. 1-20.
- Yizengaw, T., 2008, Challenges of Higher Education in Africa and Lessons of Experience for the Africa-U.S. Higher Education Collaboration Initiative’, Washington, DC: National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges.
Les références
Altbach, P.G., 2011, ‘The Academic Profession: The Realities of Developing Countries’ in P.G. Altbach (ed), Leadership for World Class Universitie: Challenges for Developing Countries, (pp. 205-223), Abingdon, England: Routledge.
Asiimwe, S. & Steyn, G.M., 2013, ‘Obstacles hindering the effective governance of Universities in Uganda’, Journal of Social Sciences, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 17-27.
Ayebare, J., Kisige, A., Gitta, E., Betihamah, J. & Kimoga, J., 2017, ‘Appointing and removing academic staff in public institutions: the level of autonomy at Kyambogo University, Uganda’, International Research in Higher Education, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 101-109.
Azziz, R., Hentschke, G.C., Jacobs, B.C., Jacobs, L.A. & Ladd, H., 2017, ‘Mergers in Higher Education: A proactive strategy to a better future?’, Retrieved from http:
Baloyi, M.C. & Naidoo, G., 2016, ‘Higher education mergers in South Africa: a means towards an end’, African Journal of Public Affairs, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 9-19.
Black, S.A., 2015, ‘Qualities of effective leadership in higher education’, Open Journal of Leadership, 4, pp. 54-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojl.2015.42006
Boer, H.D., Goedegebuure, L. & Meek, V.L., 2009, The Changing Nature of Academic Middle Management: A Framework for Analysis.
Bolden, R., Gosling, J., Marturano, A. & Dennison, P., 2003, A Review of Leadership Theory and Competency Frameworks, Exeter: University of Exeter.
Boyko, L. & Jones, G.A., 2010, ‘The roles and responsibilities of middle management (chairs and deans) in Canadian universities’, in Meek V., Goedegebuure L., Santiago R. and Carvalho T., eds., The Changing Dynamics of Higher Education Middle Management, Springer, Dordrecht: Higher Education Dynamics.
Briggs, A. R. J., 2001, ‘Academic middle managers in further education: reflections on leadership’, Research in Post-Compulsory Education, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 223-236.
Centre for Higher Education Transformation, 2002, Capacity Building Initiatives in Higher Education, Sunnyside: comPress.
Chikere, C. & Nwoka, J., 2015, ‘The systems theory of management in modern day organisations - A study of Aldgate Congress Resort Limited, Port Harcourt’, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 1-7.
Conraths, B. & Trusso, A., 2007, Managing the University Community: Exploring Good Practice, Brussels: European University Association.
Council on Higher Education, 2016, Reflections of South African University Leaders, 1981 to 2014, Cape Town: African Minds & Council on Higher Education.
Creswell, J.W., 2002, Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research, Upper Saddle Creek, NJ.: Pearson Education.
Deuren, R.V., 2013, Capacity Development in Higher Education Institutions in Developing Countries, Maastricht, The Netherlands: Maastricht School of Management.
Fiedler, F.E., 1978, ‘The leadership game: matching the man to the situation’, Organisational Dynamics, 4(3), pp. 6-16.
Floyd, A., 2016, ‘Supporting academic middle managers in higher education: do we care?’, Higher Education Policy, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 167–183.
Floyd, A., 2009, ‘Life histories of academics who become heads of department: socialisation, identity and career trajectory’, Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Leicester.
Frantz, T.L., 2014, ‘A behavioral theory of the merger: dynamics of the post-merger integration process’, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Carnegie Mellon University.
Gill, R., 2006, Theory and Practice of Leadership, London: Sage Publications Ltd.
Halvorsen, T., 2016, ‘Higher education in developing countries: peril and promise, a decade and a half later: Development lost? International Journal of African Higher Education, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 80-95.
Hersey, P., Blanchard, K.H. & Johnson, D.E., 2001, Management of Organisational Behaviour – Leading Human Resources, 8th Ed., New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India.
Inspectorate of Government, 2015, ‘Report on Investigations into Corruption and Mismanagement of Kyambogo University – Volume V: Governance’, Retrieved from https://www.igg.go.ug/static/.../IG_Governance_Report_on_Kyambogo_2015_2.pdf
John, S. & Chattopadhyay, P., 2015, ‘Factors impacting leadership effectiveness: a literature review’, Arabian Journal of Business Management Review, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1-5.
Joseph, E.E. & Winston, B.E., 2005, ‘A correlation of servant leadership, leader trust and organisational trust’, Leadership & Organisation Development Journal, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 6-22.
Kasozi, A.B.K., 2013. Merging Kyambogo University was a mistake. Retrieved from https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/.../merging-kyambogo-university-mistake.
Kasozi, A.B.K., 2016, The National Council for Higher Education and the Growthof the University Sub-sector in Uganda, 2002–2012, Dakar: Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa.
Kasule, G.W., 2015, ‘Impact of work environment on academic staff job performance: Case of a Uganda university’, International Journal of Advances in Management and Economics, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 95-103.
Kirkpatrick, S.A. & Locke, E.A., 1991, ‘Leadership: do traits matter?’, Academy of Management Executive, vol. 5, no.2, pp. 48-60.
Kumar, R., 2011, Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginner, 3rd Ed., London: SAGE Publication Ltd.
Kyambogo University Human Resources Manual, 2014, Retrieved from https:// kyu.ac.ug/downloads/Final%20Approved%20HR%20Manual%20March%202015.pdf
Lord, R.G. & Emrich, C.G., 2000, Thinking outside the box by looking inside the box: Extending the cognitive revolution in leadership research’, Leadership Quarterly, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 551-579.
Marshall, S., 2008, ‘Leading change at the middle: Stories of higher education middle leaders ‘success’’, Unpublished Masters Degree Thesis, Unitec, Institute of Technology.
Mayer, P., Wilde, M., Dinku, A., Fedrowitz, J., Shitemi, N.L., Wahlers, M. & Ziegele, F., 2011, Challenges for Faculty Management at African Higher Education Institutions, Osnabruck: University of Applied Sciences. Retrieved from https://www.che.de/wp content/uploads/upload/Challenges_for_faculty_management_ at_African_higher_education_institutions_Mayer_et_al_2011.pdf
McBain, L., 2012, ‘College and University Mergers: An Update on Recent Trends’, American Association of State Colleges and Universities: A Higher Education Policy Brief, May 2012.
Megheirkouni, M., 2016, ‘Factors influencing leadership development in an uncertain environment’, Journal of Management Development, vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 1232-1254.
Mele, C., Pels, J. and Polese, F., 2010, ‘A brief review of systems theories and their managerial applications’, Service Science, vol. 2, no. 1-2, pp. 126-135.
Mouton, J. & Wildschut, L., 2015, Leadership and Management Case Studies in Training in Higher Education in Africa, Cape Town, South Africa: African Minds.
Mushemeza, E.D., 2016, ‘Opportunities and challenges of academic staff in higher education in Africa’, International Journal of Higher Education, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 236-246.
Nakimuli A. & Turyahebwa, A., 2015, ‘Institutional efficiency in selected universities in Uganda’, Journal of Education and Practice, vol. 6, no.10, pp. 90-96.
Namubiru, G., Onen, D. & Oonyu, J., 2017, ‘University leadership during times of significant transformation: A case of Kyambogo University in Uganda’, Journal of Education and Practice, vol. 8, no. 10, pp. 78-85.
Northouse, P.G., 1997, Leadership: Theory and Practice, Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications Inc.
Oanda, I. & Sall, E., 2016, ‘From peril to promise: repositioning higher education for the reconstruction of Africa’s future’, International Journal of African Higher Education, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 52-78.
Ogunruku, A.O., 2012, ‘Leadership and governance in higher education: Challenges and prospects of developing the next generation of university leaders, academics and researchers – The management models’, Paper delivered at the Consultative Policy Dialogue on The Future and Relevance of Nigeria Universities and Other Tertiary Institutions: Towards Higher Education Transformation, held at CVC/ AVCNU Conference Hall, Abuja, Nigeria.
Otara, A., 2014, ‘The Academic Dean and the Challenges of Meeting Changing Expectations within a Competitive Higher Education Environment in Africa’, JHEA, 12 (1), 133-150.
Owens, R.G., 2004, Organisational Behavior in Education: Adaptive Leadership and School Reform, 8th Ed., Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Pare, G., Trudel, M.C., Jaana, J. & Kitsiou, S., 2015, ‘Synthesising information systems knowledge: a typology of literature reviews’, Information & Management, vol. 52, no. 183, p. 99.
Refsnes, F.O., 2012, ‘What explains mergers’ success or failure?: The role of organisational structures, strategies and external environments in mergers – empirical evidence from two contrasting cases’, Unpublished Masters Thesis, Centre for Technology, Innovation and Culture, University of Oslo.
Russell, R.F., 2001, ‘The role of values in servant leadership’, Leadership &Organisation Development Journal, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 76-84.
Salmi, J., 2009, The Challenge of Establishing World-class Universities, Washington, DC: The World Bank.
Schofield, A., 1996, ‘Strengthening the skills of middle management in universities’, A study undertaken within the framework of the UNESCO/ACU-CHEMS Joint Action Plan in Higher Education Management, Paris.
Simala, K.I., 2014, ‘Deanship, leadership dilemmas and management challenges facing the social sciences in public university education in Kenya’, JHEA, vol. 12, no. 1, pp.1-26.
Skodvin O., 2014, ‘Merger as an instrument to achieve quality in higher education – rhetoric or reality?’, Paper presented in Track 1 at the EAIR 36th Annual Forum in Essen, Germany, 27-30 August 2014.
Skodvin, O., 2009, ‘Mergers in higher education – success or failure?’, Tertiary Education and Management, vol. 5, pp.65-80.
Stewart, G., 2003, ‘College mergers: lessons to be learned from other sectors’, Research in Post- Compulsory Education, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 305-327.
Tagoe, C.N.B., 2013, ‘Challenges of university administration and management in West Africa’, Association of West Africa Universities, Ougadougou, Nov. 4-8, 2013.
Talemwa, M., 2012, ‘Kyambogo celebrates Ndiege exit’, The Observer, November 2, 2012, Retrieved from https://observer.ug/news-headlines/21893-kyambogo- celebrates-ndiege-exit
Tevis, M.M., 2015, ‘Reflections on the termination of two universities and the creation of a new university’, Journal of Philosophy & History of Education, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 109-122.
Wall, K.J., 2015, ‘Administrative development for academic deans in the California State University system’, Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, California State University, San Bernardino.
Wende, M.V.D., 2013, ‘On mergers and missions: implications for institutional governance and governmental steering’, Draft paper for the WCU-5 Conference Global Outreach of World-Class Universities: How It is Affecting Higher Education, 3-6 November 2013, Shanghai, China.
World Bank, 2002, Constructing Knowledge Societies: New Challenges for Tertiary Education, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Xiao, Y. & Watson, M., 2017, ‘Guidance on conducting a systematic literature review’, Journal of Planning Education and Research, pp. 1-20.
Yizengaw, T., 2008, Challenges of Higher Education in Africa and Lessons of Experience for the Africa-U.S. Higher Education Collaboration Initiative’, Washington, DC: National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges.