1 - The Shifting Landscape of Development Cooperation: Repercussions for African Higher Education
Corresponding Author(s) : Damtew Teferra
Journal of Higher Education in Africa,
Vol. 12 No. 2 (2014): Journal of Higher Education in Africa: Special Issue on Academic Freedom in Africa
Abstract
The higher education system in Africa is typically an amalgam of European and American higher education models. The system was built through the conception, direct intervention and support of the colonialists before other important players, such as private foundations, joined in. By design, African higher education was expected to become part of the global higher education system – albeit marginally – and without the consent of Africans. Nevertheless, the dynamics of development cooperation has been evolving with the emergence of new global players, the diminishing influence of the North, and sustained economic growth in Africa. This article (i) explores prospects and challenges based on recent developments and past experience; (ii) analyses current and emerging global trends; and (iii) concludes, with views, on what Africa ought to be doing by way of higher education partnerships.
Keywords
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- Acquah, Edward H. K. and Budu, Joseph M., forthcoming, ‘Flagship Universities in Africa: The Case of University of Ghana’, INHEA-AAU (planned), Durban and Accra.
- African Union Commission, 25 May 2011, ‘2nd Africa India Forum Summit Concludes With Adoption of Key Documents’. Available at: http://summits.au.int/en/africaindia/news/2nd-africa-india-forum-summit-concludes-adoption-key. Accessed on 23 November 2013, 2:43 PM.
- Ajayi, J. F. Ade; Goma, Lameck K. H.; and Johnson, G. Ampah, 1996, The African Experience with Higher Education. London: James Currey; and Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.
- Allison, Simon, 2013, ‘Fixing China’s Image in Africa, One Student at a Time’. Guardian Africa Network. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/31/ china-africa-students-scholarship-programme.Accessed 14 November 2013at 1:22 pm.
- Ashby, E., 1966, Universities: British, Indian, African: A Study in the Ecology of Higher Education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, and London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
- Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA), 2011, ‘The Korea- Africa Day’.
- Available at: http://www.adeanet.org/triennale/eng/index. php?categoryid=79. Accessed on 23 November 2013 at 3:04 pm.
- Ayalew, E., forthcoming, ‘Flagship Universities in Africa: The Case of Addis Ababa University’.
- Flagship Universities in Africa: Role, Impact and Trajectory (wor- king title). INHEA-AAU (planned): Durban and Accra.
- Bagayoko, Diola and Diawara, Mousaa M., 2003, ‘Mali’. In: Teferra, D. & Altbach, P. G., eds, African Higher Education: An International Reference Handbook, Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, pp. 423 – 430.
- Berman, Edward H., 1991, ‘Foundations, Philanthropy, and Neocolonialism’. In: Alt- bach, Philip G. and Kelly, Gail P., eds. Education and the Colonial Experience, 2nd rev. 253 – 272, New York: Advent Books.
- Bernstein, S. B., 2014, ‘Two Major US Universities Cut Ties With China’s Confucius Institute Over Its Government Connections’. Reuters. 1 October 2014. http://www.businessinsider.com/r-second-us-university-cuts-ties-with-chinas-confucius-institute-2014-10#ixzz3FwxPjp6D
- Bervoets, Jeremy, 2011, ‘The Soviet Union in Angola: Soviet and African Perspectives on the Failed Socialist Transformation’, Vestnik, The Journal of Russian and Asian Studies. Available at http://www.sras.org/the_soviet_union_in_angola. Accessed on 10 Nov. 2013 at 3:31 am.
- Bloom, D., Canning, D., and Chan, K., 2006, Higher Education and Economic Development in Africa, Washington D.C.: World Bank.
- Bloom, D. E., Canning, D., Chan, K., Luca, D. L., 2014, ‘Higher Education and Eco- nomic Growth in Africa’, International Journal of African Higher Education, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 23-57.
- Brock-Utne, B., 2000, Whose Education for All? The Recolonization of the African Mind, New York: Falmer Press.
- Confucius Institute Online, 2013, ‘Confucius Institute Online’ Available at: http://www.chinesecio.com/. Accessed on 23 November 2013 at 2:59 pm Dunga, S. Henry, 2013, ‘Financing Higher Education in Malawi: Prospects, Chal- lenges and Opportunities’, In: Teferra, D., ed., Funding Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa, Hampshire:Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 184-213.
- The Economist, 2000, ‘Hopeless Africa’. Available at: http://www.economist.com/ node/333429.
- Accessed on 26 November 2013 at 11:37 am.
- The Economist, 2011, ‘The Hopeful Continent: Africa Rising’. Available at: http://www.economist.com/node/21541015. Accessed on 26 November 2013, at 11:39 am.
- Gorbatov, O. M. and Ia. L., 1973, Cherkasski, Sotrudnichestvo SSSR so stranami Arabskogo Vostoka i Afriki [Cooperation between the USSR and the Countries of Arab East and Africa], Moscow: Nauka.
- Habte Sellassie, Sergew and Tamerat, Tadesse, 1970, ‘The Church of Ethiopia: A Panorama of History and Spiritual Life’, Addis Ababa: EOTC. Available at: http://www.ethiopianorthodox.org/english/ethiopian/school.html. Accessed on 21 November 2013 at 9:47 am.
- Howell, Jude, 1994, ‘The End of an Era: The Rise and Fall of GDR Aid’, Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 305-328. Accessed on 11 November 2013 at 7:39:43 am (from www.jstor.org).
- Ilon, Lynn, 2003, ‘Foreign Aid Financing of Higher Education in Africa’. In: Teferra, D. & Altbach, P. G. eds. African Higher Education: An International Reference Handbook.
- Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, Pp. 61 – 72.
- The Indian Post, November 2011, ‘India Offers $5 Billion Credit Line to Africa. http://www.indiapost.com/india-offers-5-billion-credit-line-to-africa-2/. Accessed on 26 Nov. 2013, at 11:02 pm.
- Ishengoma, J. 2013, ‘Funding Higher Education in Tanzania: Modalities, Challenges, Prospects and a Proposal for New Funding Modalities’. In: Teferra, D. ed., Funding Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa, pp. 214-246, Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan.
- Khanga Y., 1992, ‘Soul to Soul: A Black Russian American Family, 1865 – 1992’, Transl. S. Jacoby, New York: Norton.
- Kesha, Fikes and Alaina, Lemon, 2002, ‘African Presence in Former Soviet Spaces’. Annual. Review of Anthropology, Vol. 31, pp 497 – 524. doi: 10.1146/annurev. anthro.31.040402.085420. available at:
- http://www.abkhazworld.com/Pdf/Fikes_Lemon_31_2002.pdf accessed on 10 November 2013 2:12 am.
- Kim, Soyeun, 2013, ‘Korea in Africa: A Missing Piece of the Puzzle?’ Available at: http://www.lse.ac.uk/IDEAS/publications/reports/pdf/SR016/SR-016-Kim. pdf., pp. 51-66. Accessed on 26 Nov. 2013, at 12:09 pm.
- Lulat, Y. G.-M., 2003, ‘The Development of Higher Education in Africa: A Historical Survey’. In: Teferra, D. & Altbach, P. G., eds. African Higher Education: An International Reference Handbook.
- Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, pp. 15 – 31.
- Masaiti, Gift, 2013, ‘Students’ Perceptions of Financing Public Universities in Zam- bia: Toward a More Sustainable and Inclusive Policy Strategy’, In: Teferra, D. ed., Funding Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa. Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 296-326.
- Matusevich, Maxim, 2009, ‘Probing the Limits of Internationalism: African Students Confront Soviet Ritual’, Anthropology of East Europe Review, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 19-39.
- Moges, Y., 2013, ‘Funding Higher Education in Ethiopia: Modalities, Challenges, Opportunities and Prospects’. In: Teferra, D., ed. Funding Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa, Hampshire:Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 38-70.
- National Research Foundation (NRF), 2013, ‘SA-Brazil Strengthen Science & Technology Collaboration’. Available at: http://www.nrf.ac.za/news_articles. php?nid=254. Accessed on 27 November 2013, at 8:36 am.
- Obamba, M., 2013, ‘China in African Education – A Force for Good?’ University World News 274, 01 June . Available at: http://www.universityworldnews.com/ article.php?story=20130528175252513.
- OECD, 2005/2008, ‘The Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness and the Accra Agenda for Action’. Available at: http://www.oecd.org/dac/effectiveness/34428351.pdf.
- Open Society Foundation for South Africa, 2013, ‘Dialogue in South Africa-Cuba Relations’.
- Available at: http://www.safpi.org/news/article/2013/dialogue- south-africa-cuba-relations. Accessed on 23 November 2013, 2:56 PM.
- Partnership for Higher Education in Africa (PHEA), 2013, ‘What is the Partnership?’ Available at: http://www.foundation-partnership.org/index.php?id=9. Accessed on 23 November 2013, 2:47 PM.
- Penny, A. and Teferra, D., 2010, Country Evaluation – Ethiopia. VLIR-UOS, Flemish University Council, University Development Cooperation. Belgium. Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (PFUR), 2013. Available at: http://www.rudn.ru/en/?pagec=49. Accessed on 26 Nov. 2013, 11:57 AM.
- Said, Mohsen E., 2003, ‘Egypt’. In: Teferra, D. & Altbach, P. G., eds, African Higher Education: An International Reference Handbook, Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, pp. 285 – 300.
- Samoff, J., and Carroll, B., 2002, ‘The Promise of Partnership and the Continuities of Dependence: External Support to Higher Education in Africa’. Report Presented at the 45th Annual Meeting of the African Studies Association, Washington, DC.
- Sawahel, Wagdy,2013, ‘Brazil Launches African higher Education Collaboration’, University World News, 15 June Issue No: 276. Available at: http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=2013061510043840. Accessed on 23 November 2013, 2:40 PM.
- Sawahel, Wagdy, 2014, ‘Turkey and Arab States Announce New HE Collaboration’. University World News No. 319. May. Avilable at: http://www.universityworld- news.com/article.php?story=20140508182557576 Shrivastava, Namita, 2013, ‘India-Africa Partnership in Agriculture Launched’. International Agriculture Consulting Group. Available at: http://www.freshplaza.com/article/110851/India-Africa-Partnership-in-Agriculture-launched#SlideFrame_1;http://www.iacg.in/about_us.html
- Sifuna, Daniel, 2015, ‘Flagship Universities in Africa: The Case of Makerere University.
- INHEA-AAU (planned). Durban and Accra.
- Ssempebwa, Jude and Ssegawa, Dalton Elijah, 2013, ‘Funding Higher Education in Uganda: Making the Case for the Liberalisation of Student Fees’. In: Teferra, D., ed., Funding Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa, Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 276-295.
- Teferra, D., 2009, ‘Higher Education in Africa: The Dynamics of International Par- tnerships and Interventions’. In: Roberta M. Bassett & Alma M. Maldonado, eds, International Organizations and Higher Education Policy: Thinking Globally, Acting Locally? New York: Taylor and Francis, pp.155-173.
- Teferra, D., 2011, ‘University Partnerships in Africa: Capacity Building for Both Partners’.
- Available at http://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/world-view/ university-partnerships.Accessed on 21 Noverber.
- Teferra, D., 2012, Partnerships in Africa in the New Era of Internationalization. International Higher Education, 67. 19-21.
- Teferra, D., 2013, ‘Introduction’. In: Teferra, D., ed., Funding Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa. 1-12, Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan.
- Teferra, D., 2013, ‘The African Quest for Nurturing Doctoral Education’. World View – Inside Higher Education. Available at http://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/world-view/african-quest-nurturing-doctoral-education. Accessed on 21 November 2013, 3:18 pm.
- Teferra, D., ‘Funding Higher Education in Africa: State, Trends and Perspectives’, Journal of Higher Education in Africa. 2013/II(1&2)/Teferra, D., (January 2011). The Market Place of Higher Education Partnerships: ReEngaging Africa in the New Era of Internationalization. International Network for Higher Education in Africa –
- Editorial Series. Available at: http://www.bc.edu/research/cihe/inhea/editorial/archives/jan2011.html.
- Woodhall, Maureen, 2003, ‘Financing and Economics of Higher Education in Africa’. In: Teferra, D.& Altbach, P. G., eds African Higher Education: An International Reference Handbook, Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. 44 – 52.
- World Bank, 2014a, ‘World Bank to Finance 19 Centers of Excellence to Help Transform Science,Technology, and Higher Education in Africa’, Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Available at: http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2014/04/15/world-bank-centers-excellence-science-technology- education-africa World Bank, 2014b, ‘Partnering to Build Engineering, Scientific and Technical Skills for Africa’s Socioeconomic Transformation’, Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Available at:
- http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/06/30/partnering-to-build-engineering-scientific-and-technical-skills-for-africas-socioeconomic-transformation Xinhua, 2006, ‘Confucius Institute: Promoting Language, Culture and Friendliness’,2 October.
References
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African Union Commission, 25 May 2011, ‘2nd Africa India Forum Summit Concludes With Adoption of Key Documents’. Available at: http://summits.au.int/en/africaindia/news/2nd-africa-india-forum-summit-concludes-adoption-key. Accessed on 23 November 2013, 2:43 PM.
Ajayi, J. F. Ade; Goma, Lameck K. H.; and Johnson, G. Ampah, 1996, The African Experience with Higher Education. London: James Currey; and Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.
Allison, Simon, 2013, ‘Fixing China’s Image in Africa, One Student at a Time’. Guardian Africa Network. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/31/ china-africa-students-scholarship-programme.Accessed 14 November 2013at 1:22 pm.
Ashby, E., 1966, Universities: British, Indian, African: A Study in the Ecology of Higher Education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, and London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA), 2011, ‘The Korea- Africa Day’.
Available at: http://www.adeanet.org/triennale/eng/index. php?categoryid=79. Accessed on 23 November 2013 at 3:04 pm.
Ayalew, E., forthcoming, ‘Flagship Universities in Africa: The Case of Addis Ababa University’.
Flagship Universities in Africa: Role, Impact and Trajectory (wor- king title). INHEA-AAU (planned): Durban and Accra.
Bagayoko, Diola and Diawara, Mousaa M., 2003, ‘Mali’. In: Teferra, D. & Altbach, P. G., eds, African Higher Education: An International Reference Handbook, Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, pp. 423 – 430.
Berman, Edward H., 1991, ‘Foundations, Philanthropy, and Neocolonialism’. In: Alt- bach, Philip G. and Kelly, Gail P., eds. Education and the Colonial Experience, 2nd rev. 253 – 272, New York: Advent Books.
Bernstein, S. B., 2014, ‘Two Major US Universities Cut Ties With China’s Confucius Institute Over Its Government Connections’. Reuters. 1 October 2014. http://www.businessinsider.com/r-second-us-university-cuts-ties-with-chinas-confucius-institute-2014-10#ixzz3FwxPjp6D
Bervoets, Jeremy, 2011, ‘The Soviet Union in Angola: Soviet and African Perspectives on the Failed Socialist Transformation’, Vestnik, The Journal of Russian and Asian Studies. Available at http://www.sras.org/the_soviet_union_in_angola. Accessed on 10 Nov. 2013 at 3:31 am.
Bloom, D., Canning, D., and Chan, K., 2006, Higher Education and Economic Development in Africa, Washington D.C.: World Bank.
Bloom, D. E., Canning, D., Chan, K., Luca, D. L., 2014, ‘Higher Education and Eco- nomic Growth in Africa’, International Journal of African Higher Education, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 23-57.
Brock-Utne, B., 2000, Whose Education for All? The Recolonization of the African Mind, New York: Falmer Press.
Confucius Institute Online, 2013, ‘Confucius Institute Online’ Available at: http://www.chinesecio.com/. Accessed on 23 November 2013 at 2:59 pm Dunga, S. Henry, 2013, ‘Financing Higher Education in Malawi: Prospects, Chal- lenges and Opportunities’, In: Teferra, D., ed., Funding Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa, Hampshire:Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 184-213.
The Economist, 2000, ‘Hopeless Africa’. Available at: http://www.economist.com/ node/333429.
Accessed on 26 November 2013 at 11:37 am.
The Economist, 2011, ‘The Hopeful Continent: Africa Rising’. Available at: http://www.economist.com/node/21541015. Accessed on 26 November 2013, at 11:39 am.
Gorbatov, O. M. and Ia. L., 1973, Cherkasski, Sotrudnichestvo SSSR so stranami Arabskogo Vostoka i Afriki [Cooperation between the USSR and the Countries of Arab East and Africa], Moscow: Nauka.
Habte Sellassie, Sergew and Tamerat, Tadesse, 1970, ‘The Church of Ethiopia: A Panorama of History and Spiritual Life’, Addis Ababa: EOTC. Available at: http://www.ethiopianorthodox.org/english/ethiopian/school.html. Accessed on 21 November 2013 at 9:47 am.
Howell, Jude, 1994, ‘The End of an Era: The Rise and Fall of GDR Aid’, Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 305-328. Accessed on 11 November 2013 at 7:39:43 am (from www.jstor.org).
Ilon, Lynn, 2003, ‘Foreign Aid Financing of Higher Education in Africa’. In: Teferra, D. & Altbach, P. G. eds. African Higher Education: An International Reference Handbook.
Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, Pp. 61 – 72.
The Indian Post, November 2011, ‘India Offers $5 Billion Credit Line to Africa. http://www.indiapost.com/india-offers-5-billion-credit-line-to-africa-2/. Accessed on 26 Nov. 2013, at 11:02 pm.
Ishengoma, J. 2013, ‘Funding Higher Education in Tanzania: Modalities, Challenges, Prospects and a Proposal for New Funding Modalities’. In: Teferra, D. ed., Funding Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa, pp. 214-246, Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan.
Khanga Y., 1992, ‘Soul to Soul: A Black Russian American Family, 1865 – 1992’, Transl. S. Jacoby, New York: Norton.
Kesha, Fikes and Alaina, Lemon, 2002, ‘African Presence in Former Soviet Spaces’. Annual. Review of Anthropology, Vol. 31, pp 497 – 524. doi: 10.1146/annurev. anthro.31.040402.085420. available at:
http://www.abkhazworld.com/Pdf/Fikes_Lemon_31_2002.pdf accessed on 10 November 2013 2:12 am.
Kim, Soyeun, 2013, ‘Korea in Africa: A Missing Piece of the Puzzle?’ Available at: http://www.lse.ac.uk/IDEAS/publications/reports/pdf/SR016/SR-016-Kim. pdf., pp. 51-66. Accessed on 26 Nov. 2013, at 12:09 pm.
Lulat, Y. G.-M., 2003, ‘The Development of Higher Education in Africa: A Historical Survey’. In: Teferra, D. & Altbach, P. G., eds. African Higher Education: An International Reference Handbook.
Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, pp. 15 – 31.
Masaiti, Gift, 2013, ‘Students’ Perceptions of Financing Public Universities in Zam- bia: Toward a More Sustainable and Inclusive Policy Strategy’, In: Teferra, D. ed., Funding Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa. Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 296-326.
Matusevich, Maxim, 2009, ‘Probing the Limits of Internationalism: African Students Confront Soviet Ritual’, Anthropology of East Europe Review, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 19-39.
Moges, Y., 2013, ‘Funding Higher Education in Ethiopia: Modalities, Challenges, Opportunities and Prospects’. In: Teferra, D., ed. Funding Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa, Hampshire:Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 38-70.
National Research Foundation (NRF), 2013, ‘SA-Brazil Strengthen Science & Technology Collaboration’. Available at: http://www.nrf.ac.za/news_articles. php?nid=254. Accessed on 27 November 2013, at 8:36 am.
Obamba, M., 2013, ‘China in African Education – A Force for Good?’ University World News 274, 01 June . Available at: http://www.universityworldnews.com/ article.php?story=20130528175252513.
OECD, 2005/2008, ‘The Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness and the Accra Agenda for Action’. Available at: http://www.oecd.org/dac/effectiveness/34428351.pdf.
Open Society Foundation for South Africa, 2013, ‘Dialogue in South Africa-Cuba Relations’.
Available at: http://www.safpi.org/news/article/2013/dialogue- south-africa-cuba-relations. Accessed on 23 November 2013, 2:56 PM.
Partnership for Higher Education in Africa (PHEA), 2013, ‘What is the Partnership?’ Available at: http://www.foundation-partnership.org/index.php?id=9. Accessed on 23 November 2013, 2:47 PM.
Penny, A. and Teferra, D., 2010, Country Evaluation – Ethiopia. VLIR-UOS, Flemish University Council, University Development Cooperation. Belgium. Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (PFUR), 2013. Available at: http://www.rudn.ru/en/?pagec=49. Accessed on 26 Nov. 2013, 11:57 AM.
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Sawahel, Wagdy,2013, ‘Brazil Launches African higher Education Collaboration’, University World News, 15 June Issue No: 276. Available at: http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=2013061510043840. Accessed on 23 November 2013, 2:40 PM.
Sawahel, Wagdy, 2014, ‘Turkey and Arab States Announce New HE Collaboration’. University World News No. 319. May. Avilable at: http://www.universityworld- news.com/article.php?story=20140508182557576 Shrivastava, Namita, 2013, ‘India-Africa Partnership in Agriculture Launched’. International Agriculture Consulting Group. Available at: http://www.freshplaza.com/article/110851/India-Africa-Partnership-in-Agriculture-launched#SlideFrame_1;http://www.iacg.in/about_us.html
Sifuna, Daniel, 2015, ‘Flagship Universities in Africa: The Case of Makerere University.
INHEA-AAU (planned). Durban and Accra.
Ssempebwa, Jude and Ssegawa, Dalton Elijah, 2013, ‘Funding Higher Education in Uganda: Making the Case for the Liberalisation of Student Fees’. In: Teferra, D., ed., Funding Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa, Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 276-295.
Teferra, D., 2009, ‘Higher Education in Africa: The Dynamics of International Par- tnerships and Interventions’. In: Roberta M. Bassett & Alma M. Maldonado, eds, International Organizations and Higher Education Policy: Thinking Globally, Acting Locally? New York: Taylor and Francis, pp.155-173.
Teferra, D., 2011, ‘University Partnerships in Africa: Capacity Building for Both Partners’.
Available at http://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/world-view/ university-partnerships.Accessed on 21 Noverber.
Teferra, D., 2012, Partnerships in Africa in the New Era of Internationalization. International Higher Education, 67. 19-21.
Teferra, D., 2013, ‘Introduction’. In: Teferra, D., ed., Funding Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa. 1-12, Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan.
Teferra, D., 2013, ‘The African Quest for Nurturing Doctoral Education’. World View – Inside Higher Education. Available at http://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/world-view/african-quest-nurturing-doctoral-education. Accessed on 21 November 2013, 3:18 pm.
Teferra, D., ‘Funding Higher Education in Africa: State, Trends and Perspectives’, Journal of Higher Education in Africa. 2013/II(1&2)/Teferra, D., (January 2011). The Market Place of Higher Education Partnerships: ReEngaging Africa in the New Era of Internationalization. International Network for Higher Education in Africa –
Editorial Series. Available at: http://www.bc.edu/research/cihe/inhea/editorial/archives/jan2011.html.
Woodhall, Maureen, 2003, ‘Financing and Economics of Higher Education in Africa’. In: Teferra, D.& Altbach, P. G., eds African Higher Education: An International Reference Handbook, Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. 44 – 52.
World Bank, 2014a, ‘World Bank to Finance 19 Centers of Excellence to Help Transform Science,Technology, and Higher Education in Africa’, Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Available at: http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2014/04/15/world-bank-centers-excellence-science-technology- education-africa World Bank, 2014b, ‘Partnering to Build Engineering, Scientific and Technical Skills for Africa’s Socioeconomic Transformation’, Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Available at:
http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/06/30/partnering-to-build-engineering-scientific-and-technical-skills-for-africas-socioeconomic-transformation Xinhua, 2006, ‘Confucius Institute: Promoting Language, Culture and Friendliness’,2 October.