1 - Why Measurement Matters: The Learning Outcomes Approach – A Case Study from Canada
Corresponding Author(s) : Alexandra MacFarlane
Journal of Higher Education in Africa,
Vol. 15 No. 1 (2017): Journal of Higher Education in Africa: Special Issue on Trends in Higher Education and Quality Assurance in East Africa
Abstract
Learning outcomes assessment can be a valuable tool for improving educational quality and institutional accountability. When learning outcomes, learning experiences and assessment tasks are aligned, the learning outcomes approach can ground quality assurance and teaching, and learning improvements in direct evidence of student learning. We offer our experiences as an informal case study on the use and development of learning outcomes assessment for quality assurance purposes. Since assessment is the keystone of the learning outcomes approach, our reflections are more broadly driven by the question of how best to measure and demonstrate student learning. This question takes on challenging new dimensions when we consider the fact that the evidence collected through the assessment of learning outcomes must be sound enough to support multiple policy goals.
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- Association of American Colleges and Universities, 2014, AAC&U VALUE Rubric Development Project. (http://www.aacu.org/value/rubrics/).
- Banta, T., and Pike, G., 2012, ‘Making the case against – one more time’, in P. Ewell, and R. Benjamin, eds, The Seven Red Herrings about Standardized Assessments in Higher Education, pp. 24–30, NILOA Occasional Paper #15, Champaign, IL National Institute for Learning Outcomes Assessment.
- Barrie, S., Hughes, C., Crisp, G., and Bennison, A., 2014, Assessing and Assuring Australian Graduate Learning Outcomes: Principles and Practices within and across Disciplines, Sydney: Office for Learning and Teaching.
- Behar-Horenstein, L., and Niu, L., 2011, ‘Teaching critical thinking skills in higher education: a review of the literature’, Journal of College Teaching and Learning, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 25–42.
- Beneitone, P., Esquetini, C., González, J., Maletá, M. M., Siufi, G., and Wagenaar, R.,eds, 2007, Reflections on and outlook for Higher Education in Latin America: Final Report of the Tuning Latin America Project, 2004–2007. (http://tuning.unideusto.org/tuningal/ index.php). 30 May 2014.
- Benjamin, R., 2013, Three Principle Questions about Critical-Thinking Tests, New York: Council for Aid to Education.
- Bologna Follow Up Group on Qualifications Frameworks, 2005, A Framework for Qualifications of the European Higher Education Area, Copenhagen, Denmark: Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation.
- Borwein, S., 2014, The Great Skills Divide: A Review of the Literature, Toronto: Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario.
- Brooks, R., 2011, ‘Making the case for discipline-based assessment’, in D. Heiland, and L.J. Rosenthal, eds, Literary Study, Measurement, and the Sublime: Disciplinary Assessment,pp. 47–57, New York: The Teagle Foundation.
- Cameron, M., Hipkins, R., Lander, J., and Whatman, J., 2011, The Transfer of Literacy, Language and Numeracy Skills from Learning Programs into the Workplace: Literature Review, Wellington: New Zealand Department of Labour and New Zealand Council for Educational Research.
- Canadian Council of Chief Executives, 2014, Preliminary Survey Report: The Skills Needs of Major Canadian Employers, Ottawa: Canadian Council of Chief Executives. (http:// www.ceocouncil.ca/skills).16 January 2015.
- Christodoulou, D., 2014, ‘Minding the knowledge gap: the importance of content in student learning’, American Educator, Spring, pp. 27–33.
- Conley, D.T., 2013, January 22, ‘Rethinking the notion of “non cognitive”’, Education Week. Available online at http://www.edweek.org. Accessed on 17 November 2014. Council of Ministers of Education, Canada, 2007, Ministerial Statement on Quality
- Assurance of Degree Education in Canada, Toronto: Author.
- Council of Ontario Universities, 2011, Ensuring the Value of University Degrees in Ontario, Toronto: Author.
- Deller, F., Brumwell, S,. and MacFarlane, A., 2015,The Language of Learning Outcomes: Definitions and Assessments, Toronto: Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario.(http://www.heqco.ca/en-ca/Research/ResPub/Pages/The-Language-of-Learning- Outcomes-Definitions-and-Assessments-.aspx).8 July 2016.
- Dion, N., and Maldonado, V., 2013, Making the Grade? Troubling Trends in Postsecondary Student Literacy, Toronto: Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario.
- Ewell, P., 2009, Assessment, Accountability, and Improvement: Revisiting the Tension, NILOA Occasional Paper #1,Champaign, IL: National Institute for Learning Outcomes Assessment.
- Ewell, P., 2012, ‘A world of assessment: OECD’s AHELO initiative’, Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning, September/October 2012, pp. 33–42.
- Expert Panel on STEM Skills for the Future, 2015, Some Assembly Required: STEM Skills and Canada’s Economic Productivity, Ottawa: Council of Canadian Academies. Available online at http://www.scienceadvice.ca/uploads/ENG/AssessmentsPublicationsNewsReleases/STEM/STEMFullReportEn.pdf.Accessed on 7 April 2014.
- Goff, L., Potter, M., Pierre, E., Carey, T., Gullage, A., Kustra, E., Lee, R., Lopes, V., Marshall, L., Martin, L., Raffoul, J., Siddiqui, A., and Van Gastel, G., 2015, Learning Outcomes Assessment: A Practitioner’s Handbook, Toronto: Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario.
- Goleman, D., 1998,Working with Emotional Intelligence, New York: Bantam Dell. González, J., and Wagenaar, R., eds, 2008, Universities’ Contribution to the Bologna Process:An Introduction, 2nd ed., Bilbao, Spain: Publicaciones de la Universidad de Deusto and The Tuning Project.
- Heiland, D., and Rosenthal, L. (2011). Literary Study, Measurement, and the Sublime: Disciplinary Assessment. New York: The Teagle Foundation.
- Hoidn, S., and Kärkkäinen, K., 2014, Promoting Skills for Innovation in Higher Education: A Literature Review on the Effectiveness of Problem-based Learning and of Teaching Behaviours, OECD Education Working Papers #100. Available online at http://dx.doi. org/10.1787/5k3tsj67l226-en. Accessed on 4 October 2014.
- Institute for Evidence-Based Change, 2012, ‘Tuning American higher education: the process’, Tuning USA. Available online at http://tuningusa.org/TuningUSA/tuningusa. publicwebsite/c5/c58681b6-801e-49e1-bf55-4ff29e1b800b.pdf.Accessed on 11October 2014.
- Jackson, D., 2013, ‘Business graduate employability – where are we going wrong?’, Higher Education Research and Development, Vol. 32, No.5, pp. 776–790.
- Kaupp, J., Frank, B., and Chen, A., 2014, Evaluating Critical Thinking and Problem Solving in Large Classes: Model Eliciting Activities for Critical Thinking Development, Toronto: Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario.
- Kennedy, D., Hyland, A., and Ryan, N., 2006, ‘Writing and Using Learning Outcomes: A Practical Guide’, Journal of the European Higher Education Area, In Implementing Bologna in your institution, C 3.4-1, 1–30. Available online at http://sss.dcu.ie/afi/docs/
- bologna/writing_and_using_learning_outcomes.pdf. Accessed on 10 January 2015. Kenny, N., 2011, ‘Program-level learning outcomes’, University of Guelph: Teaching Support Services. Available online at http://www.uoguelph.ca/vpacademic/avpa/outcomes/. Accessed on 8 May 2014.
- Lennon, M. C., Frank, B., Humphreys, J., Lenton, R., Madsen, K., Omri, A., and Turner, R., 2014, Tuning: Identifying and Measuring Sector-Based Learning Outcomes in Postsecondary Education, Toronto: Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario.
- Liu, O., Frankel, L., and RoohrCrotts, K., 2014, Assessing Critical Thinking in Higher Education: Current State and Directions for Next-Generation Assessment, Educational Testing Service Research Reports (ETS RR-14-10).
- Lumina Foundation, 2011, The Degree Qualification Profile, Indianapolis, IN Lumina Foundation.
- Ontario Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities, 2009,Ontario Qualifications Framework. Available online at http://www.tcu.gov.on.ca/pepg/programs/oqf/. Accessed on 14 October 2014.
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2013,OECD Skills Outlook 2013: First Results from the Survey of Adult Skills, Paris: OECD Publishing. Available online athttp://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264204256-en. Accessed on 8 May 2014.
- People for Education, 2014, Broader Measures of Success: Measuring What Matters in Education,Toronto: People for Education. Available online at http://peopleforeducation. ca/mwm. Accessed on 9 February 2015.
- Possin, K., 2013, February 21, ‘A fatal flaw in the collegiate learning assessment test’, Assessment Update: Progress, Trends, and Practices in Higher Education. Available online at http://www.assessmentupdate.com/sample-articles/a-fatal-flaw-in-the-collegiate learning-assessment-test.aspx. Accessed on 12 January 2015.
- Quality Assurance Agency, 2008, The Framework for Higher Education Qualifications in England, Wales and Northern Ireland: August 2008, Mansfield: Author.
- Refling, E., and Borwein, S., 2014, Bridging the Divide, Part II: What Canadian Job Ads Produced, Toronto: Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario. Available online athttp://www.heqco.ca/SiteCollectionDocuments/Skills%20Part%203.pdf. Accessed on 9 February 2015.
- Tamburri, R., 2013, February 6, ‘Trend to measure learning outcomes gains proponents’ University Affairs. Available online at: http://www.universityaffairs.ca/trend-to-measure-learning-outcomes-gains-proponents.aspx. Accessed on 14 October 2014.
- Tuning Russia, 2013, Tuning Russia. (http://tuningrussia.org/). Accessed on 30 May 2014.
- Tuning Educational Structures USA, 2014, Tuning USA. (http://tuningusa.org/). Accessed on 1 August 2017).
- Wabash National Study of Liberal Arts Education, 2009,Wabash National Study 2006–2012: Overview(http://www.liberalarts.wabash.edu/study-overview)/. Accessed on 30 May 2014. Weingarten, H., 2014, ‘Managing for quality: classifying learning outcomes’, In, It’s Not Academic: Thoughts, Ideas, Kudos & Brickbats from HEQCO. (http://www.heqco.ca/
- en-CA/blog/default.aspx). Accessed on 5 May 2014.
- What is Tuning Africa?, 2016, Tuning Africa. (http://tuningafrica.org/en/what-is-tuning- africa). Accessed on 8 July 2016.
- Yopp, J. and Marshall, D., 2014, ‘Tuning USA: meeting the challenges of US higher education’ (Webinar), Institute for Evidence-Based Change. (http://www.iebcnow.org/News And Publications/Videos.aspx). Accessed on 30 May 2014.
References
Association of American Colleges and Universities, 2014, AAC&U VALUE Rubric Development Project. (http://www.aacu.org/value/rubrics/).
Banta, T., and Pike, G., 2012, ‘Making the case against – one more time’, in P. Ewell, and R. Benjamin, eds, The Seven Red Herrings about Standardized Assessments in Higher Education, pp. 24–30, NILOA Occasional Paper #15, Champaign, IL National Institute for Learning Outcomes Assessment.
Barrie, S., Hughes, C., Crisp, G., and Bennison, A., 2014, Assessing and Assuring Australian Graduate Learning Outcomes: Principles and Practices within and across Disciplines, Sydney: Office for Learning and Teaching.
Behar-Horenstein, L., and Niu, L., 2011, ‘Teaching critical thinking skills in higher education: a review of the literature’, Journal of College Teaching and Learning, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 25–42.
Beneitone, P., Esquetini, C., González, J., Maletá, M. M., Siufi, G., and Wagenaar, R.,eds, 2007, Reflections on and outlook for Higher Education in Latin America: Final Report of the Tuning Latin America Project, 2004–2007. (http://tuning.unideusto.org/tuningal/ index.php). 30 May 2014.
Benjamin, R., 2013, Three Principle Questions about Critical-Thinking Tests, New York: Council for Aid to Education.
Bologna Follow Up Group on Qualifications Frameworks, 2005, A Framework for Qualifications of the European Higher Education Area, Copenhagen, Denmark: Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation.
Borwein, S., 2014, The Great Skills Divide: A Review of the Literature, Toronto: Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario.
Brooks, R., 2011, ‘Making the case for discipline-based assessment’, in D. Heiland, and L.J. Rosenthal, eds, Literary Study, Measurement, and the Sublime: Disciplinary Assessment,pp. 47–57, New York: The Teagle Foundation.
Cameron, M., Hipkins, R., Lander, J., and Whatman, J., 2011, The Transfer of Literacy, Language and Numeracy Skills from Learning Programs into the Workplace: Literature Review, Wellington: New Zealand Department of Labour and New Zealand Council for Educational Research.
Canadian Council of Chief Executives, 2014, Preliminary Survey Report: The Skills Needs of Major Canadian Employers, Ottawa: Canadian Council of Chief Executives. (http:// www.ceocouncil.ca/skills).16 January 2015.
Christodoulou, D., 2014, ‘Minding the knowledge gap: the importance of content in student learning’, American Educator, Spring, pp. 27–33.
Conley, D.T., 2013, January 22, ‘Rethinking the notion of “non cognitive”’, Education Week. Available online at http://www.edweek.org. Accessed on 17 November 2014. Council of Ministers of Education, Canada, 2007, Ministerial Statement on Quality
Assurance of Degree Education in Canada, Toronto: Author.
Council of Ontario Universities, 2011, Ensuring the Value of University Degrees in Ontario, Toronto: Author.
Deller, F., Brumwell, S,. and MacFarlane, A., 2015,The Language of Learning Outcomes: Definitions and Assessments, Toronto: Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario.(http://www.heqco.ca/en-ca/Research/ResPub/Pages/The-Language-of-Learning- Outcomes-Definitions-and-Assessments-.aspx).8 July 2016.
Dion, N., and Maldonado, V., 2013, Making the Grade? Troubling Trends in Postsecondary Student Literacy, Toronto: Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario.
Ewell, P., 2009, Assessment, Accountability, and Improvement: Revisiting the Tension, NILOA Occasional Paper #1,Champaign, IL: National Institute for Learning Outcomes Assessment.
Ewell, P., 2012, ‘A world of assessment: OECD’s AHELO initiative’, Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning, September/October 2012, pp. 33–42.
Expert Panel on STEM Skills for the Future, 2015, Some Assembly Required: STEM Skills and Canada’s Economic Productivity, Ottawa: Council of Canadian Academies. Available online at http://www.scienceadvice.ca/uploads/ENG/AssessmentsPublicationsNewsReleases/STEM/STEMFullReportEn.pdf.Accessed on 7 April 2014.
Goff, L., Potter, M., Pierre, E., Carey, T., Gullage, A., Kustra, E., Lee, R., Lopes, V., Marshall, L., Martin, L., Raffoul, J., Siddiqui, A., and Van Gastel, G., 2015, Learning Outcomes Assessment: A Practitioner’s Handbook, Toronto: Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario.
Goleman, D., 1998,Working with Emotional Intelligence, New York: Bantam Dell. González, J., and Wagenaar, R., eds, 2008, Universities’ Contribution to the Bologna Process:An Introduction, 2nd ed., Bilbao, Spain: Publicaciones de la Universidad de Deusto and The Tuning Project.
Heiland, D., and Rosenthal, L. (2011). Literary Study, Measurement, and the Sublime: Disciplinary Assessment. New York: The Teagle Foundation.
Hoidn, S., and Kärkkäinen, K., 2014, Promoting Skills for Innovation in Higher Education: A Literature Review on the Effectiveness of Problem-based Learning and of Teaching Behaviours, OECD Education Working Papers #100. Available online at http://dx.doi. org/10.1787/5k3tsj67l226-en. Accessed on 4 October 2014.
Institute for Evidence-Based Change, 2012, ‘Tuning American higher education: the process’, Tuning USA. Available online at http://tuningusa.org/TuningUSA/tuningusa. publicwebsite/c5/c58681b6-801e-49e1-bf55-4ff29e1b800b.pdf.Accessed on 11October 2014.
Jackson, D., 2013, ‘Business graduate employability – where are we going wrong?’, Higher Education Research and Development, Vol. 32, No.5, pp. 776–790.
Kaupp, J., Frank, B., and Chen, A., 2014, Evaluating Critical Thinking and Problem Solving in Large Classes: Model Eliciting Activities for Critical Thinking Development, Toronto: Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario.
Kennedy, D., Hyland, A., and Ryan, N., 2006, ‘Writing and Using Learning Outcomes: A Practical Guide’, Journal of the European Higher Education Area, In Implementing Bologna in your institution, C 3.4-1, 1–30. Available online at http://sss.dcu.ie/afi/docs/
bologna/writing_and_using_learning_outcomes.pdf. Accessed on 10 January 2015. Kenny, N., 2011, ‘Program-level learning outcomes’, University of Guelph: Teaching Support Services. Available online at http://www.uoguelph.ca/vpacademic/avpa/outcomes/. Accessed on 8 May 2014.
Lennon, M. C., Frank, B., Humphreys, J., Lenton, R., Madsen, K., Omri, A., and Turner, R., 2014, Tuning: Identifying and Measuring Sector-Based Learning Outcomes in Postsecondary Education, Toronto: Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario.
Liu, O., Frankel, L., and RoohrCrotts, K., 2014, Assessing Critical Thinking in Higher Education: Current State and Directions for Next-Generation Assessment, Educational Testing Service Research Reports (ETS RR-14-10).
Lumina Foundation, 2011, The Degree Qualification Profile, Indianapolis, IN Lumina Foundation.
Ontario Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities, 2009,Ontario Qualifications Framework. Available online at http://www.tcu.gov.on.ca/pepg/programs/oqf/. Accessed on 14 October 2014.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2013,OECD Skills Outlook 2013: First Results from the Survey of Adult Skills, Paris: OECD Publishing. Available online athttp://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264204256-en. Accessed on 8 May 2014.
People for Education, 2014, Broader Measures of Success: Measuring What Matters in Education,Toronto: People for Education. Available online at http://peopleforeducation. ca/mwm. Accessed on 9 February 2015.
Possin, K., 2013, February 21, ‘A fatal flaw in the collegiate learning assessment test’, Assessment Update: Progress, Trends, and Practices in Higher Education. Available online at http://www.assessmentupdate.com/sample-articles/a-fatal-flaw-in-the-collegiate learning-assessment-test.aspx. Accessed on 12 January 2015.
Quality Assurance Agency, 2008, The Framework for Higher Education Qualifications in England, Wales and Northern Ireland: August 2008, Mansfield: Author.
Refling, E., and Borwein, S., 2014, Bridging the Divide, Part II: What Canadian Job Ads Produced, Toronto: Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario. Available online athttp://www.heqco.ca/SiteCollectionDocuments/Skills%20Part%203.pdf. Accessed on 9 February 2015.
Tamburri, R., 2013, February 6, ‘Trend to measure learning outcomes gains proponents’ University Affairs. Available online at: http://www.universityaffairs.ca/trend-to-measure-learning-outcomes-gains-proponents.aspx. Accessed on 14 October 2014.
Tuning Russia, 2013, Tuning Russia. (http://tuningrussia.org/). Accessed on 30 May 2014.
Tuning Educational Structures USA, 2014, Tuning USA. (http://tuningusa.org/). Accessed on 1 August 2017).
Wabash National Study of Liberal Arts Education, 2009,Wabash National Study 2006–2012: Overview(http://www.liberalarts.wabash.edu/study-overview)/. Accessed on 30 May 2014. Weingarten, H., 2014, ‘Managing for quality: classifying learning outcomes’, In, It’s Not Academic: Thoughts, Ideas, Kudos & Brickbats from HEQCO. (http://www.heqco.ca/
en-CA/blog/default.aspx). Accessed on 5 May 2014.
What is Tuning Africa?, 2016, Tuning Africa. (http://tuningafrica.org/en/what-is-tuning- africa). Accessed on 8 July 2016.
Yopp, J. and Marshall, D., 2014, ‘Tuning USA: meeting the challenges of US higher education’ (Webinar), Institute for Evidence-Based Change. (http://www.iebcnow.org/News And Publications/Videos.aspx). Accessed on 30 May 2014.