6 - Compassionate Imagination and Respect for Student Diversity1 in Effective Doctoral Supervision in African Universities
Corresponding Author(s) : Saidah Mbooge Najjuma
Journal of Higher Education in Africa,
Vol. 18 No. 2 (2020): Journal of Higher Education in Africa: Special Issue on Middle-level Academics and Leadership in African Universities
Abstract
Achieving the purpose of the doctoral journey through productive interaction requires that the student and supervisor engage with each other’s intellectual views, which means addressing any challenges posed by the student’s diversity. According to Vilakazi (2016), supervisors embrace democratic justice in contributing to society by supervising students, using their expertise to take care of students’ rights, enabling deliberative engagement and exposing them to critical learning. This is done through the interaction of voices, cultures, values and perspectives, amidst differences. Yet, engaging with diversity can bring about uncertainty, anxiety and other discomfort (Nieminin and Valcke 2018), which, if not handled well can be detrimental to a student’s progress. Identifying, accepting and understanding differences and similarities that exist between individual students and supervisors, to fully utilise their talents and abilities during the supervisory relationship, is an important contribution to knowledge creation. This article explores the notion of compassionate imagination2 as a cata yst to realising respect for student diversity in effective doctoral supervision.
Keywords
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- Agarwal, B., Humphries, J. and Robeyns, I., eds, 2004, Capabilities, Freedom, and Equality: Amartya Sen’s Work from a Gender Perspective, Delhi: Oxford University Press.
- Banks, J. A., 2008, An Introduction to Multicultural Education, 4th ed, Boston, MA: Pearson.
- Banks, J. A. and Banks, C. A., eds., 1995, Handbook of Research on Multicultural Education, New York: Macmillan.
- Bartlett, B. J. and Elliot, S. N., 2008, The Contributions of Educational Psychology to School Psychology, in Gutkin, T. and Reynolds, C. R., eds, The Handbook of School Psychology, New York: Wiley, pp. 65–83.
- Benaquisto, L., 2000, Graduate Supervision: Learning From Experience, McGill Journal of Education, suppl. 69, Reflections on Teaching and Learning: 30 Years at McGill.
- Bøgelund, P., 2015, How Supervisors Perceive PhD Supervision—And How They Practice It, International Journal of Doctoral Studies, Vol. 10, pp. 39–55 (http://ijds.org/Volume10/IJDSv10p039-055Bogelund0714.pdf ).
- Boughey, C. and McKenna, S., 2018, Negotiating the supervisory relationship: Making expectations explicit and negotiating the roles openly as key means of building supervisory relationship, Course Material, Module 3: DIES/CREST Training Course for Supervisors of Doctoral Candidates at African Universities, Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University.
- Castells, M., 1991, The Information City: A New Framework for Social Change, The City in the 1990s Series, Lecture 3, Research paper 184, Toronto: Center for Urban and Community Studies, University of Toronto.
- Clegg, S., McManus, M., Smith, K. and Todd, M. J., 2006, Self-Development in Support of Innovative Pedagogies: Peer Support Using Email, International Journal for Academic Development, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 91–100.
- Dancy, T. E., 2010, Managing Diversity—(Re) Visioning Equity on College Campuses, New York: Peter Lang, Inc.
- Dialogue on Innovative Higher Education Strategies/ Centre for Research on Evaluation, Science and Technology (DIES/CREST) 2018, Training Course for Su- pervisors of Doctoral Candidates at African Universities, Stellenbosch University.
- Dysthe, O. A., Mare, S. A. and Westerheim, K., 2006, Multivoiced Supervision of Master’s Students: A Case Study of Alternative Supervision Practices in Higher Education, Studies in Higher Education, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 299–318.
- Egan, R., Stockley, D., Brouwer, B., Tripp, D. and Stechyson, N., 2009, Relation- ships Between Area of Academic Concentration, Supervisory Style, Student Needs and Best Practices, Studies in Higher Education, Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 339–345.
- Enhancing Postgraduate Environments, 2017 (http://postgradenvironments. com/2017/02/24/pg-studies-project-teams/).
- Fernandez-Duque, D. J., Bair, D. and Posner, M. I., 2000, Executive Attention and Metacognitive Regulation, Consciousness and Cognition, Vol. 9, pp. 288–307.
- Freire, P., 1970, Pedagogy of the Oppressed, New York: Seabury Press.
- Frick, L., Albertyn, R. and Rutgers, L., 2010, The Socratic Method: Adult Educa- tion Theories, Course Material, Module 4: DIES/CREST Training Course for Supervisors of Doctoral Candidates at African Universities, Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University.
- Goffman, E., 1974, Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience, New York: Harper, Torchbooks.
- Government of Uganda, 1995, The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, Kam- pala: Government of Uganda.
- Grant, B., 1999, Walking on a Rackety Bridge: Mapping Supervision, Paper presented at the HERDSA International Conference, Melbourne, Australia.
- Grant, B. M., 2005, Fighting for Space in Supervision: Fantasies, Fairytales, Fictions and Fallacies, International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 337–354.
- Grant, B. and Manathunga, C., 2011, Supervision and Cultural Difference: Rethink- ing Institutional Pedagogies, Innovations in Education and Teaching International, Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 351–354.
- Grant, C. A., and Lei, J. L., eds., 2001, Global Constructions of Multicultural Education: Theories and Realities, New York: Routledge.
- Green, B., 2005, Unfinished Business: Subjectivity and Supervision, Higher Educa- tion Research & Development, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 151–163.
- Green, M., 1988, The Dialectic of Freedom, New York: Teachers College Press. Green, P. and Bowden, J., 2012, Completion Mindsets and Contexts in Doctoral
- Supervision, Quality Assurance In Education, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 66–80 (http://doi.org/10.1108/09684881211198257).
- Izama, V. S. and The Cross-Cultural Foundation of Uganda (CCFU), 2013, Man- aging Diversity in African Universities: Living and Challenging Difference on Four Ugandan Campuses, Pluralism Working Paper Series, No. 11, Kampala: Pluralism Knowledge Programme.
- Jessop, B., 2007, Knowledge as a Fictitious Commodity: Insights and Limits of a Polanyian Analysis, in Buğra, A. and Ağartan, K., eds, Reading Karl Polanyi for the Twenty-First Century: Market Economy As A Political Project, New York: Palgrave Macmillan (http://bobjessop.org/2014/01/14/knowledge-as-a-fictitious-commodity-insights-and-limits-of-a-polanyian-perspective).
- Kearns, H., Gardiner, M., Marshall, K. and Banytis, F., 2006, The PhD Experience: What They Didn’t Tell You At Induction, Adelaide: Flinders University, Staff Development and Training Unit.
- Keefer, J. M., 2015, Experiencing Doctoral Liminality as A Conceptual Threshold and How Supervisors Can Use It, Innovations in Education and Teaching Inter- national, Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 17–28 (DOI:10.1080/14703297.2014.981839).
- Keesing, R. M., 1987, Anthropology as Interpretive Quest, Current Anthropology, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 161–176.
- Keesing, R. M., 1990, Theories of Culture Revisited, Canberra Anthropology, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 46–60.
- Lee, A., 2007, Developing Effective Supervisors: Concepts and Research Supervision, South African Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 680–93.
- Lee, R. M. and Dean, B. L., 2004, Middle-Class Mythology in an Age of Immigration and Segmented Assimilation: Implication for Counseling Psychology, Journal of Counseling Psychology, Vol.51, No. 1, pp. 19–24.
- Leshem, S. and Trafford, V. N., 2007, Overlooking Conceptual Frameworks, Innova- tions in Teaching and Education International, Vol. 44, pp. 93–105.
- Livingston, A. J., 1997, Metacognition: An Overview, Buffalo, NY: State University of New York.
- MacIntyre, A., 1990, Three Rival Versions of Modern Enquiry: Encyclopaedia, Geneal- ogy, And Tradition, London, UK: Duckworth.
- MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M. and Williams, J. 2004, Confidence Limits for the Indirect Effect: Distribution of the Product and Resampling Methods, Mul- tivariate Behavior Research, Vol. 39, No. 1 (doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4).
- Maiztegui‐Oñate, C. and Santibáñez‐Gruber, R., 2008, Access to Education and Equity in Plural Societies, Intercultural Education, Vol. 19, No.5, pp. 373–381 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/). Accessed 10 January 2019.
- Manathunga, C., 2009, Research as An Intercultural ‘Contact Zone’ Discourse, Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 165–177.
- McMorland, J., Carrol, B., Copas, S. and Pringle, J., 2003, Enhancing the Practice of PhD Supervisory Relationship Through First- And Second-Person Action Research/Peer Partnership Inquiry Forum, Qualitative Social Research, Vol. 4, No. 2, Art. 37 (http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0302371).
- Meyer, J. H. F. and Land, R., eds., 2006, Overcoming Barriers to Student Understanding: Threshold Concepts and Troublesome Knowledge, London, UK: Routledge.
- Mezirow, J., 2000, Learning as Transformation, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
- Najjuma, S. M., 2015, Everyone’s View Counts: Community Dialogue in Collective Interventions to Mitigate the Adverse Effects of HIV/AIDS in Uganda, Unpublished PhD thesis, Makerere University, Kampala.
- Najjuma, S. M., 2016, Framing Reality: Approaches and Practices to Community Development, Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
- National Council for Higher Education (NCHE) Uganda, 2010, the State of Higher Education and Training in 2010: A Report of Higher Education Delivery and Institutions, Kampala: National Council for Higher Education.
- National Council for Higher Education (NCHE) Uganda, 2013, Access, Equity and Social Justice, The Carnegie Management and Leadership Training Project, Kampala: National Council for Higher Education.
- Nieminen, J., 2018, Managing Conflict Situations, Course Material, Module 4: DIES/CREST Training Course for Supervisors of Doctoral Candidates at African Universities, Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University.
- Nieminen, J. and Valcke, J., 2008, A Framework for Understanding the Role of Culture in Doctoral Supervision, in Grant, B. and Manathunga, C., Supervi- sion and Cultural Difference: Rethinking Institutional Pedagogies, Innovations in Education and Teaching International, Vol. 48, No. 4.
- Norris, B., 2000, Managing Cultural Diversity Within Higher Education: A South African Perspective, Intercultural Communication, Issue 3 (http://www.immi.se/ intercultural). Accessed 27 October 2018.
- Nussbaum, M., 2011, Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
- OECD, 2006, Where Immigrant Students Succeed. A Comparative Review of Performance and Engagement in PISA 2003, Paris: OECD Publications (http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/2/38/36664934.pdf). Accessed 27 October 2008.
- Parekh, B., 2008, A New Politics of Identity, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Parker, R. 2009, A Learning Community Approach to Doctoral Education in The Social Sciences, Teaching in Higher Education, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 43–54 (DOI: 10.1080/13562510802602533).
- Pearson, M. and Kayrooz, C., 2004, Enabling Critical Reflection on Research Su- pervisory Practice, International Journal for Academic Development, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 99–116 (doi:10.1080/1360144042000296107).
- Peschl, M. F., 2006, Triple-Loop Learning as Foundation for Profound Change, Individual Cultivation, And Radical Innovation: Construction Processes Beyond Scientific And Rational Knowledge, Constructivist Foundations, Vol. 2, No. 2–3, pp. 136–45.
- Procee, H., 2006, Reflection in Education: Kantian Epistemology, Education Theory, Vol. 56, No. 3, pp. 237–253.
- Rosado, C., 2006, What Do We Mean By Managing Diversity?, Rosado Consulting for Change in Human Systems (http://www.edchange.org/multicultural/papers/rosado_managing_diversity.pdf).
- Rudd, E., 1985, A New Look at Postgraduate Failure Society for Research into Higher Education, Guilford, UK: Society for Higher Education.
- Schwab, K., 2012, Address by Professor Klaus Schwab, Founder and Executive Chair- man, World Economic Forum, International Labour Conference, Provisional Record No. 18, 13 June, Geneva.
- Sen, A., 1979, Equality of What?, in Murrin, S. M., ed., 1980, Tanner Lectures On Hu- man Values, Vol. 1, 2nd ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 195–220. Sen, A., 1989, Development as Capability Expansion, in Agarwal, B., Humphries,
- J. and Robeyns, I, eds, 2004, Capabilities, Freedom, and Equality: Amartya Sen’s Work from a Gender Perspective, Delhi: Oxford University Press.
- Sen, A., 1992, Inequality Re-examined, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Sleeter, C. and Grant, C. A., 2003, Making Choices for Multicultural Education: Five Approaches To Race, Class And Gender, New York: John Wiley and Sons.
- Sleeter, C. and Stillman, J., 2005, Standardizing Knowledge in A Multicultural Society, Curriculum Inquiry, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 27–46.
- Terry, G., 2005, An Investigation into PhD Supervisory Management Style: Development of a Dynamic Conceptual Model and Its Managerial Implications, Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, Vol. 127, No. 3, pp. 311–325.
- Topp, R. L., 1999, Critical Thinking: A Challenge for Professionals and Students, in Johnson, J. and Fedje, C., eds, Family and Consumer Sciences Curriculum: Towards a Critical Sciences Approach, Mission Hills, CA: Macmillan/McGraw Publishing, pp. 156–66.
- Trafford, V. and Leshem, S., 2009, Doctorateness as a Threshold Concept, Innovations in Education and Teaching International, Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 305–316.
- Van Gennep, A., [1909] 1960, The Rites of Passage, London, UK: Routledge and Kegan Paul, cited in Trafford, V. and Leshem, S., 2009, Doctorateness as a Threshold Concept, Innovations in Education and Teaching International, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 305–316.
- Vilakazi. B., 2016, Close Encounters: Becoming Resilient Through Compassion and Imagination, in Frick, L., Motshoane, P., McMaster, C. and Murphy, C., eds, Postgraduate Study in South Africa – Surviving And Succeeding, Stellenbosch: African Sun MeDIA, pp. 61–66.
- Vilkinas, T., 2002, The PhD Process: The Supervisor as Manager, Education and Training, Vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 129–137 (DOI 10.1108/00400910210424337). Accessed 9 February 2017.
- Waghid, Y., 2006, Reclaiming Freedom and Friendship Through Postgraduate Stu- dent Supervision, Teaching in Higher Education, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 427–439 (Doi: 10. 1080/ 13562510600874185).
- Waghid, Y., 2010, Education, Democracy and Citizenship Revisited: Pedagogic Encoun- ters, Stellenbosch: African Sun MeDIA.
- Wang, L., 2011, Social Exclusion and Inequality in Higher Education in China: A Capability Perspective, International Journal of Educational Development, Vol. 31, pp. 277–286.
- Warhurst, R. P., 2006, We Really Felt Part Of Some-Thing: Participatory Learning Among Peers Within A University Teaching-Development Community Of Practice, International Journal for Academic Development, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 111–22.
References
Agarwal, B., Humphries, J. and Robeyns, I., eds, 2004, Capabilities, Freedom, and Equality: Amartya Sen’s Work from a Gender Perspective, Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Banks, J. A., 2008, An Introduction to Multicultural Education, 4th ed, Boston, MA: Pearson.
Banks, J. A. and Banks, C. A., eds., 1995, Handbook of Research on Multicultural Education, New York: Macmillan.
Bartlett, B. J. and Elliot, S. N., 2008, The Contributions of Educational Psychology to School Psychology, in Gutkin, T. and Reynolds, C. R., eds, The Handbook of School Psychology, New York: Wiley, pp. 65–83.
Benaquisto, L., 2000, Graduate Supervision: Learning From Experience, McGill Journal of Education, suppl. 69, Reflections on Teaching and Learning: 30 Years at McGill.
Bøgelund, P., 2015, How Supervisors Perceive PhD Supervision—And How They Practice It, International Journal of Doctoral Studies, Vol. 10, pp. 39–55 (http://ijds.org/Volume10/IJDSv10p039-055Bogelund0714.pdf ).
Boughey, C. and McKenna, S., 2018, Negotiating the supervisory relationship: Making expectations explicit and negotiating the roles openly as key means of building supervisory relationship, Course Material, Module 3: DIES/CREST Training Course for Supervisors of Doctoral Candidates at African Universities, Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University.
Castells, M., 1991, The Information City: A New Framework for Social Change, The City in the 1990s Series, Lecture 3, Research paper 184, Toronto: Center for Urban and Community Studies, University of Toronto.
Clegg, S., McManus, M., Smith, K. and Todd, M. J., 2006, Self-Development in Support of Innovative Pedagogies: Peer Support Using Email, International Journal for Academic Development, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 91–100.
Dancy, T. E., 2010, Managing Diversity—(Re) Visioning Equity on College Campuses, New York: Peter Lang, Inc.
Dialogue on Innovative Higher Education Strategies/ Centre for Research on Evaluation, Science and Technology (DIES/CREST) 2018, Training Course for Su- pervisors of Doctoral Candidates at African Universities, Stellenbosch University.
Dysthe, O. A., Mare, S. A. and Westerheim, K., 2006, Multivoiced Supervision of Master’s Students: A Case Study of Alternative Supervision Practices in Higher Education, Studies in Higher Education, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 299–318.
Egan, R., Stockley, D., Brouwer, B., Tripp, D. and Stechyson, N., 2009, Relation- ships Between Area of Academic Concentration, Supervisory Style, Student Needs and Best Practices, Studies in Higher Education, Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 339–345.
Enhancing Postgraduate Environments, 2017 (http://postgradenvironments. com/2017/02/24/pg-studies-project-teams/).
Fernandez-Duque, D. J., Bair, D. and Posner, M. I., 2000, Executive Attention and Metacognitive Regulation, Consciousness and Cognition, Vol. 9, pp. 288–307.
Freire, P., 1970, Pedagogy of the Oppressed, New York: Seabury Press.
Frick, L., Albertyn, R. and Rutgers, L., 2010, The Socratic Method: Adult Educa- tion Theories, Course Material, Module 4: DIES/CREST Training Course for Supervisors of Doctoral Candidates at African Universities, Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University.
Goffman, E., 1974, Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience, New York: Harper, Torchbooks.
Government of Uganda, 1995, The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, Kam- pala: Government of Uganda.
Grant, B., 1999, Walking on a Rackety Bridge: Mapping Supervision, Paper presented at the HERDSA International Conference, Melbourne, Australia.
Grant, B. M., 2005, Fighting for Space in Supervision: Fantasies, Fairytales, Fictions and Fallacies, International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 337–354.
Grant, B. and Manathunga, C., 2011, Supervision and Cultural Difference: Rethink- ing Institutional Pedagogies, Innovations in Education and Teaching International, Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 351–354.
Grant, C. A., and Lei, J. L., eds., 2001, Global Constructions of Multicultural Education: Theories and Realities, New York: Routledge.
Green, B., 2005, Unfinished Business: Subjectivity and Supervision, Higher Educa- tion Research & Development, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 151–163.
Green, M., 1988, The Dialectic of Freedom, New York: Teachers College Press. Green, P. and Bowden, J., 2012, Completion Mindsets and Contexts in Doctoral
Supervision, Quality Assurance In Education, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 66–80 (http://doi.org/10.1108/09684881211198257).
Izama, V. S. and The Cross-Cultural Foundation of Uganda (CCFU), 2013, Man- aging Diversity in African Universities: Living and Challenging Difference on Four Ugandan Campuses, Pluralism Working Paper Series, No. 11, Kampala: Pluralism Knowledge Programme.
Jessop, B., 2007, Knowledge as a Fictitious Commodity: Insights and Limits of a Polanyian Analysis, in Buğra, A. and Ağartan, K., eds, Reading Karl Polanyi for the Twenty-First Century: Market Economy As A Political Project, New York: Palgrave Macmillan (http://bobjessop.org/2014/01/14/knowledge-as-a-fictitious-commodity-insights-and-limits-of-a-polanyian-perspective).
Kearns, H., Gardiner, M., Marshall, K. and Banytis, F., 2006, The PhD Experience: What They Didn’t Tell You At Induction, Adelaide: Flinders University, Staff Development and Training Unit.
Keefer, J. M., 2015, Experiencing Doctoral Liminality as A Conceptual Threshold and How Supervisors Can Use It, Innovations in Education and Teaching Inter- national, Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 17–28 (DOI:10.1080/14703297.2014.981839).
Keesing, R. M., 1987, Anthropology as Interpretive Quest, Current Anthropology, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 161–176.
Keesing, R. M., 1990, Theories of Culture Revisited, Canberra Anthropology, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 46–60.
Lee, A., 2007, Developing Effective Supervisors: Concepts and Research Supervision, South African Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 680–93.
Lee, R. M. and Dean, B. L., 2004, Middle-Class Mythology in an Age of Immigration and Segmented Assimilation: Implication for Counseling Psychology, Journal of Counseling Psychology, Vol.51, No. 1, pp. 19–24.
Leshem, S. and Trafford, V. N., 2007, Overlooking Conceptual Frameworks, Innova- tions in Teaching and Education International, Vol. 44, pp. 93–105.
Livingston, A. J., 1997, Metacognition: An Overview, Buffalo, NY: State University of New York.
MacIntyre, A., 1990, Three Rival Versions of Modern Enquiry: Encyclopaedia, Geneal- ogy, And Tradition, London, UK: Duckworth.
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M. and Williams, J. 2004, Confidence Limits for the Indirect Effect: Distribution of the Product and Resampling Methods, Mul- tivariate Behavior Research, Vol. 39, No. 1 (doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4).
Maiztegui‐Oñate, C. and Santibáñez‐Gruber, R., 2008, Access to Education and Equity in Plural Societies, Intercultural Education, Vol. 19, No.5, pp. 373–381 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/). Accessed 10 January 2019.
Manathunga, C., 2009, Research as An Intercultural ‘Contact Zone’ Discourse, Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 165–177.
McMorland, J., Carrol, B., Copas, S. and Pringle, J., 2003, Enhancing the Practice of PhD Supervisory Relationship Through First- And Second-Person Action Research/Peer Partnership Inquiry Forum, Qualitative Social Research, Vol. 4, No. 2, Art. 37 (http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0302371).
Meyer, J. H. F. and Land, R., eds., 2006, Overcoming Barriers to Student Understanding: Threshold Concepts and Troublesome Knowledge, London, UK: Routledge.
Mezirow, J., 2000, Learning as Transformation, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Najjuma, S. M., 2015, Everyone’s View Counts: Community Dialogue in Collective Interventions to Mitigate the Adverse Effects of HIV/AIDS in Uganda, Unpublished PhD thesis, Makerere University, Kampala.
Najjuma, S. M., 2016, Framing Reality: Approaches and Practices to Community Development, Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
National Council for Higher Education (NCHE) Uganda, 2010, the State of Higher Education and Training in 2010: A Report of Higher Education Delivery and Institutions, Kampala: National Council for Higher Education.
National Council for Higher Education (NCHE) Uganda, 2013, Access, Equity and Social Justice, The Carnegie Management and Leadership Training Project, Kampala: National Council for Higher Education.
Nieminen, J., 2018, Managing Conflict Situations, Course Material, Module 4: DIES/CREST Training Course for Supervisors of Doctoral Candidates at African Universities, Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University.
Nieminen, J. and Valcke, J., 2008, A Framework for Understanding the Role of Culture in Doctoral Supervision, in Grant, B. and Manathunga, C., Supervi- sion and Cultural Difference: Rethinking Institutional Pedagogies, Innovations in Education and Teaching International, Vol. 48, No. 4.
Norris, B., 2000, Managing Cultural Diversity Within Higher Education: A South African Perspective, Intercultural Communication, Issue 3 (http://www.immi.se/ intercultural). Accessed 27 October 2018.
Nussbaum, M., 2011, Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
OECD, 2006, Where Immigrant Students Succeed. A Comparative Review of Performance and Engagement in PISA 2003, Paris: OECD Publications (http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/2/38/36664934.pdf). Accessed 27 October 2008.
Parekh, B., 2008, A New Politics of Identity, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Parker, R. 2009, A Learning Community Approach to Doctoral Education in The Social Sciences, Teaching in Higher Education, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 43–54 (DOI: 10.1080/13562510802602533).
Pearson, M. and Kayrooz, C., 2004, Enabling Critical Reflection on Research Su- pervisory Practice, International Journal for Academic Development, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 99–116 (doi:10.1080/1360144042000296107).
Peschl, M. F., 2006, Triple-Loop Learning as Foundation for Profound Change, Individual Cultivation, And Radical Innovation: Construction Processes Beyond Scientific And Rational Knowledge, Constructivist Foundations, Vol. 2, No. 2–3, pp. 136–45.
Procee, H., 2006, Reflection in Education: Kantian Epistemology, Education Theory, Vol. 56, No. 3, pp. 237–253.
Rosado, C., 2006, What Do We Mean By Managing Diversity?, Rosado Consulting for Change in Human Systems (http://www.edchange.org/multicultural/papers/rosado_managing_diversity.pdf).
Rudd, E., 1985, A New Look at Postgraduate Failure Society for Research into Higher Education, Guilford, UK: Society for Higher Education.
Schwab, K., 2012, Address by Professor Klaus Schwab, Founder and Executive Chair- man, World Economic Forum, International Labour Conference, Provisional Record No. 18, 13 June, Geneva.
Sen, A., 1979, Equality of What?, in Murrin, S. M., ed., 1980, Tanner Lectures On Hu- man Values, Vol. 1, 2nd ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 195–220. Sen, A., 1989, Development as Capability Expansion, in Agarwal, B., Humphries,
J. and Robeyns, I, eds, 2004, Capabilities, Freedom, and Equality: Amartya Sen’s Work from a Gender Perspective, Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Sen, A., 1992, Inequality Re-examined, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Sleeter, C. and Grant, C. A., 2003, Making Choices for Multicultural Education: Five Approaches To Race, Class And Gender, New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Sleeter, C. and Stillman, J., 2005, Standardizing Knowledge in A Multicultural Society, Curriculum Inquiry, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 27–46.
Terry, G., 2005, An Investigation into PhD Supervisory Management Style: Development of a Dynamic Conceptual Model and Its Managerial Implications, Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, Vol. 127, No. 3, pp. 311–325.
Topp, R. L., 1999, Critical Thinking: A Challenge for Professionals and Students, in Johnson, J. and Fedje, C., eds, Family and Consumer Sciences Curriculum: Towards a Critical Sciences Approach, Mission Hills, CA: Macmillan/McGraw Publishing, pp. 156–66.
Trafford, V. and Leshem, S., 2009, Doctorateness as a Threshold Concept, Innovations in Education and Teaching International, Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 305–316.
Van Gennep, A., [1909] 1960, The Rites of Passage, London, UK: Routledge and Kegan Paul, cited in Trafford, V. and Leshem, S., 2009, Doctorateness as a Threshold Concept, Innovations in Education and Teaching International, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 305–316.
Vilakazi. B., 2016, Close Encounters: Becoming Resilient Through Compassion and Imagination, in Frick, L., Motshoane, P., McMaster, C. and Murphy, C., eds, Postgraduate Study in South Africa – Surviving And Succeeding, Stellenbosch: African Sun MeDIA, pp. 61–66.
Vilkinas, T., 2002, The PhD Process: The Supervisor as Manager, Education and Training, Vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 129–137 (DOI 10.1108/00400910210424337). Accessed 9 February 2017.
Waghid, Y., 2006, Reclaiming Freedom and Friendship Through Postgraduate Stu- dent Supervision, Teaching in Higher Education, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 427–439 (Doi: 10. 1080/ 13562510600874185).
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