6 - Means Testing: The Dilemma of Targeting Subsidies in African Higher Education
Revue de l’enseignement supérieur en Afrique,
Vol. 2 No 2 (2004): Revue de l’enseignement supérieur en Afrique
Résumé
L’enquête sur les revenus, qui est une forme de ciblage pour l’accès aux subventions, vise à distribuer des subventions de l’enseignement supérieu, sur la base des besoins ou de la capacité à payer. Cet article s’intéresse aux principes, approches et défis de base, ainsi qu’aux controverses autour du concept d’enquête sur les revenus, en prenant en compte le contexte spécifique du continent africain. Dans un grand nombre de pays africains, par exemple, les revenus sont non seulement bas, mais ils sont parfois tout simplement dissimulés, ou alors, ils sont en grande partie en nature. Les biens sont à la fois minimes et très peu liquides. Ces conditions limitent les contributions en espèces à l’enseignement supérieur, mais limitent également la possibilité de mesurer et de vérifier les subventions auxquelles un grand nombre de familles a droit. Au vu de cette situation, plusieurs pays en développement complètent les mesures ou estimations de revenus et de biens à l’aide d’indicateurs catégoriques de besoins (ex : race/tribu/ethnicité, niveau d’instruction des parents, type d’emploi, la fréquentation du lycée, possession d’une automobile ou d’un chauffeur), qui sont plus visibles et plus difficiles à dissimuler que les méthodes conventionnelles de mesure du revenu et des biens. Cet article reconnaît les imper- fections de ces mesures, mais soutient toutefois que l’application de règles strictes permettant de définir la capacité à payer les prêts vaut mieux qu’une politique de subventions égales pour tous. Il conclut en émettant des recommandations rela- tives au ciblage des subventions de l’enseignement supérieur en Afrique.
Abebayehu A. Tekleselassie is a lecturer at Addis Ababa University and a doctoral candidate at the State University of New York at Buffalo. Email: silassie@buffalo.edu
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- Atkinson, A. (1995). On targeting social security: Theory and western experience with family benefits. In D. Walle & K. Nead (Eds.), Public spending and the poor (pp. 25-69). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Baum, S. (1999). Need analysis: How we decide who gets what. In J. King (Ed.), Financing a college education: How it works, how it’s changing (pp. 48-63).
- Phoenix, AZ: American Council for Education/Oryx Press. CHED. (2001). Commission for Higher Education (Philippines) website: http://www.ched.gov.ph/scholarships/local.html. Consulted March 2001.
- Cornes, R. (1995). Measuring the distributional impact of public goods. In D. Walle & K. Nead (Eds.), Public spending and the poor (pp. 69-90). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Creech J., & Davis, J. (1999). Merit-based versus need-based aid: The continual issues for policy makers. In J. King (Ed.), Financing a college education: How it works, how it’s changing (pp. 120-136). Phoenix, AZ: American Council for Education/Oryx Press.
- Dick, A., & Edlin, A. (1997). The implicit taxes from college financial aid. Journal of Public Economics, 65, 295-322. Japan Scholarship Foundation. (2001). Website:http://www.mext.go.jp/english/org/formal/05f.htm. Consulted March 2001. English translations provided by Hiroshi Ota, Department of Educational Leadership and Policy, State University of New York at Buffalo.
- Johnstone, D. B. (1986). Sharing the costs of higher education: Student financial assistance in the United Kingdom, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Sweden, and the United States. New York: College Entrance Examination Board.
- Johnstone, D. B. (2002). Challenges of financial austerity: Imperatives and limitations of revenue diversification in higher education. In M. Woodhall (Ed.), Paying for learning: The debate on student fees, grants and loans in international perspective (pp. 18-36). Special international issue of The Welsh Journal of Education, 11(1).
- Johnstone, D. B. (2003a, June). Cost-sharing in higher education: tuition, financial assistance, and accessibility. Czech Sociological Review, 39(3), 351-374.
- Johnstone, D. B. (2004). Higher education finance and accessibility: Tuition fees and student loans in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Higher Education in Africa, 1(2), this issue.
- Kanbur, K., Keen, M., & Toumala, M. (1995). Labor supply and targeting in poverty alleviation programs. In D. Walle & K. Nead (Eds.), Public spending and the poor (pp. 93-113). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Lind, J., & Gilroy, P. (1997, Fall). Needs analysis benefits the affluent. Journal of College Admission, 157, 5-7.
- Mayanja, M. (1998). The social background of Makerere University students and the potential for cost sharing. Higher Education, 36, 21-24.
- McMahon, W. (1988). Potential resource recovery in higher education in the developing countries and the parents’ expected contribution. Economics of Education Review, 7(1). (pp. 135-152).
- Merisotis J., & Wolanin, T. (2002). Means testing: Is it viable in eastern and southern Africa? In B. L. M. Mwamila, I. Omari, and E. Mbuya (Eds.), Financing higher education in eastern and southern africa: Diversifying revenue and expanding accessibility. Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam (pp. 146-155).
- Nichols, A., & Zeckhaser, R. (1982). Targeting transfers through restrictions on recipients. American Economic Review, 72(2), 372-377.
- Schultz, P. (2001). Higher education in Africa: Monitoring efficiency and improving equity. Unpublished paper for the Conference on International Higher Education and African Development, Yale Center for International and Area Studies, October 18-21, 2001, Yale University.
- Sen, A. (1995). The Political Economy of Targeting. In D. Walle & K. Nead (Eds.), Public spending and the poor (pp. 11-24). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Walle, D. (1995). Introduction. In D. Walle & K. Nead (Eds.), Public spending and the poor (pp. 1-5). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Ziderman, A., & Albrecht, D. (1995). Financing universities in developing countries. Washington, DC: Falmer Press
Les références
Atkinson, A. (1995). On targeting social security: Theory and western experience with family benefits. In D. Walle & K. Nead (Eds.), Public spending and the poor (pp. 25-69). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Baum, S. (1999). Need analysis: How we decide who gets what. In J. King (Ed.), Financing a college education: How it works, how it’s changing (pp. 48-63).
Phoenix, AZ: American Council for Education/Oryx Press. CHED. (2001). Commission for Higher Education (Philippines) website: http://www.ched.gov.ph/scholarships/local.html. Consulted March 2001.
Cornes, R. (1995). Measuring the distributional impact of public goods. In D. Walle & K. Nead (Eds.), Public spending and the poor (pp. 69-90). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Creech J., & Davis, J. (1999). Merit-based versus need-based aid: The continual issues for policy makers. In J. King (Ed.), Financing a college education: How it works, how it’s changing (pp. 120-136). Phoenix, AZ: American Council for Education/Oryx Press.
Dick, A., & Edlin, A. (1997). The implicit taxes from college financial aid. Journal of Public Economics, 65, 295-322. Japan Scholarship Foundation. (2001). Website:http://www.mext.go.jp/english/org/formal/05f.htm. Consulted March 2001. English translations provided by Hiroshi Ota, Department of Educational Leadership and Policy, State University of New York at Buffalo.
Johnstone, D. B. (1986). Sharing the costs of higher education: Student financial assistance in the United Kingdom, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Sweden, and the United States. New York: College Entrance Examination Board.
Johnstone, D. B. (2002). Challenges of financial austerity: Imperatives and limitations of revenue diversification in higher education. In M. Woodhall (Ed.), Paying for learning: The debate on student fees, grants and loans in international perspective (pp. 18-36). Special international issue of The Welsh Journal of Education, 11(1).
Johnstone, D. B. (2003a, June). Cost-sharing in higher education: tuition, financial assistance, and accessibility. Czech Sociological Review, 39(3), 351-374.
Johnstone, D. B. (2004). Higher education finance and accessibility: Tuition fees and student loans in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Higher Education in Africa, 1(2), this issue.
Kanbur, K., Keen, M., & Toumala, M. (1995). Labor supply and targeting in poverty alleviation programs. In D. Walle & K. Nead (Eds.), Public spending and the poor (pp. 93-113). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Lind, J., & Gilroy, P. (1997, Fall). Needs analysis benefits the affluent. Journal of College Admission, 157, 5-7.
Mayanja, M. (1998). The social background of Makerere University students and the potential for cost sharing. Higher Education, 36, 21-24.
McMahon, W. (1988). Potential resource recovery in higher education in the developing countries and the parents’ expected contribution. Economics of Education Review, 7(1). (pp. 135-152).
Merisotis J., & Wolanin, T. (2002). Means testing: Is it viable in eastern and southern Africa? In B. L. M. Mwamila, I. Omari, and E. Mbuya (Eds.), Financing higher education in eastern and southern africa: Diversifying revenue and expanding accessibility. Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam (pp. 146-155).
Nichols, A., & Zeckhaser, R. (1982). Targeting transfers through restrictions on recipients. American Economic Review, 72(2), 372-377.
Schultz, P. (2001). Higher education in Africa: Monitoring efficiency and improving equity. Unpublished paper for the Conference on International Higher Education and African Development, Yale Center for International and Area Studies, October 18-21, 2001, Yale University.
Sen, A. (1995). The Political Economy of Targeting. In D. Walle & K. Nead (Eds.), Public spending and the poor (pp. 11-24). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Walle, D. (1995). Introduction. In D. Walle & K. Nead (Eds.), Public spending and the poor (pp. 1-5). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Ziderman, A., & Albrecht, D. (1995). Financing universities in developing countries. Washington, DC: Falmer Press