2 - Engineering our Own Futures: Lessons on Holistic Development from Muslim Women’s Civil Society Groups in Nigeria, Ghana and Tanzania
Corresponding Author(s) : Adryan Wallace
Africa Development,
Vol. 41 No. 3 (2016): Africa Development
Abstract
Muslim women’s organizations in East and West Africa have cultivated successful strategies to mitigate the varied domestic economic and political outcomes produced by globalization. Although China and the other BRICS countries are providing multi-polar development models, their results may not differ significantly from their western counterparts if groups that are often left out of the decision-making processes are not included. There is an urgent need for social scientists to make the experiences of African women as designers of development the central point of theorizing in order to inform how we conceptualize economic and political participation and measure inequality. This paper will utilize case studies from local women’s non-governmental and community-based organizations in Kano, Nigeria, Tamale, Ghana and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania to help develop mechanisms for sustainable economic growth and substantive representation which, I argue, can help generate state institutions that are more responsive to the needs of their citizens. Mainstreaming gender as an analytical frame is essential because it interrogates privilege, illustrates how it is distributed among and between women and men and provides insights into partnerships that can be forged across genders. Furthermore, the institutional linkages of women’s organizations both within and across national contexts strengthens the ability of African countries to look internally and share their development best practices through sub-regional entities and the African Union. Finally, civil society needs to be redefined and contextualized using the perspectives of citizens at the grassroots level to produce holistic policy recommendations for all three tiers of governance (domestic, sub-regional and regional).
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- Adamu, F., 1999, ‘A Double-Edged Sword: Challenging Women’s Oppression within Muslim Society in Northern Nigeria’, Gender and Development 7(1): pp. 56-61.
- Adedeji, A., 2004, The ECE: Forging a Future for Africa, in Unity and Diversity in Development Ideas: Perspectives from the UN Regional Commissions, ed. by Yves Berhelot, 2330306, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
- Alidou, O.D., 2005, Engaging Modernity: Muslim Women and the Politics of Agency in Postcolonial Niger, Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
- Alvesson, M. and Y.D., Billing, 2009, Understanding Gender and Organizations, London: SAGE.
- Armijo, L., 2007, ‘The BRICS Countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China) As an Analytical Category: Mirage or Insight’ in Asian Perspective 31(4): pp. 7-42.
- Callaway, B.J., 1987, Muslim Hausa Women in Nigeria: Tradition and Change, Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
- Campbell, M.L. and K. Teghtsoonian, 2010, ‘Aid Effectiveness and Women’s Empowerment: Practices of Governance in the Funding of International Development’, Signs 36(1): pp. 177-202.
- Cornwall, A., 2003, ‘Whose Voices? Whose Choices? Reflections on Gender and Participatory Development’, in World Development 31(8): pp. 1325-1342.
- Cornwall, A., E. Harrison and A. Whitehead, 2004, ‘Introduction: Repositioning Feminisms in Gender and Development’, IDS Bulletin 35(4): pp. 1-10.
- Debusscher, P. and A. van der Vleuten, 2012, ‘Mainstreaming Gender in European Union Development Cooperation with Sub-Saharan Africa: Promising Numbers, Narrow Contents, Telling Silences’, International Development Planning Review 34(3): pp. 320-38.
- Esteves, P., Abdenur, E. and Gama, C., 2014, ‘BRICS and Global Governance Reform: a Two-Pronged Approach’ in Papers of the Fifth BRICS Academic Forum Partnership for Development Integration & Industrialization, pp. 52-59.
- Gammeltoft, P., 2008, ‘Emerging Multinationals: Outward FDI from the BRICS countries’, paper presented in the IV Globelics Conference at Mexico City, 22-24 September 2008.
- Glosny, M., 2010, ‘China and the BRICs: A Real (but Limited) Partnership in a Unipolar World’, in Polity 42: pp. 100-129.
- Guimei, Y., 2014, ‘BRICS Economic and Trade Cooperation with Africa’, in Papers of the Fifth BRICS Academic Forum Partnership for Development Integration & Industrialization, pp. 82-87.
- Hau, M., Scott, J. and Hulme, D., 2012, ‘Beyond the BRICs: Alternative Strategies of Influence in the Global Politics of Development’, in European Journal of Development Research 24: pp. 187-204.
- Imam, A., 1997, The Dynamics of WINing in Feminist Genealogies, Colonial Legacies, Democratic Futures, edited by M.J. Alexander and C.T. Mohanty, pp. 280-307, New York: Routledge.
- Jamal, A., 2007, Islam: Islam and Modernities-Overview in the Encyclopaedia of Women & Islamic Cultures, Volume 5, Practices, Interpretations and Representations, edited by Suad J., pp. 209-15, Boston: Brill.
- Kabeer, N., 2005, ‘Gender equality and women’s empowerment: a critical analysis of the third Millennium Development Goal’, in Gender and Development 13(1): pp. 13-24.
- Kabir, H., 2011, Northern Women Development: A Focus on Women in Northern Nigeria, Vol.1, Print Serve Limited.
- Kimenyi, M. & Lewis, Z., 2011, ‘Foresight Africa: The Continents’ Greatest Challenges and Opportunities for 2011’ in Africa Growth Initiative, Brookings Institute.
- Kleinmon, S., 2007, Feminist Fieldwork Analysis: Qualitative Research Methods, Sage Publishers: London.
- Kubik, J., 2009, ‘Ethnography of Politics: Foundations, Applications, Prospects’ in Political Ethnography: What Immersion Contributes to the Study of Politics, edited by E. Schatz, pp. 25-52, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Lemu, A., 1980, A Degree Above Them: Observations on the Condition of the Northern Nigerian Muslim Woman, Karachi, Pakistan: Islamic Education Trust.
- MacDonald, M., 1995, ‘Feminist Economics: From Theory to Research’, Canadian Journal of Economics 28(1): pp. 159-76.
- Maoulidi, S., 2002, ‘The Predicament of Muslim Women in Tanzania’, in Gender, ISIM Newsletter: 25.
- Mama, A., 1996, Women’s Studies and Studies of African Women During the 1990’s, Working Paper Series 5/96, Dakar: CODESRIA.
- Mama, A., 2001, ‘Challenging Subjects: Gender and Power in African Contexts’, African Sociological Review, 5(2), pp. 63-73, Plenary Address Nordic African Institute Conference ‘Beyond Identity Rethinking Power in Africa’, Uppsala 4-7 October 2001.
- Mikell, G., 1997, African Feminism: The Politics of Survival in Sub-Saharan Africa, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
- Mkandawire, T., 2014, ‘The Spread of Economic Doctrines and Policymaking in Postcolonial Africa’, in African Studies Review, 57(1): pp. 171-198.
- Moyo, D., 2009, Dead Aid: Why Aid is not Working and How There is a Better Way for Africa, Farrar, Straus and Giroux: New York.
- Narayan, U., 1997, Dislocating Cultures: Identities, Traditions, and Third World Feminism, New York: Routledge.
- Nager, R. and S. Geiger, 2007, Reflexivity and Positionality in Feminist Fieldwork Revisited in (eds. A. Ticklell, E. Sheppard, J. Peck and T. Barnes) Politics and Practice in Economic Geography, London: Sage, pp. 267-278.
- Nikkhah, H., M. Redzuan, and A. Abu-Samah., 2012, ‘Development of ‘Power within’ among the Women: A Road to Empowerment’, Asian Social Science 8(1): pp. 39-46.
- Oyewumi, O., 1998, ‘De-confounding Gender: Feminist Theorizing and Western Culture, a Comment on Hawkesworth’s ‘Confounding Gender’, Signs 23(4): pp. 1049-62.
- Pittin, R., 1991, ‘Women, Work and Ideology in Nigeria’, Review of African Political Economy 19(52): pp. 38-52.
- Rathgeber, E.M., 1990, ‘WID, WAD, GAD: Trends in Research and Practice’, The Journal of Developing Areas 24(4): pp. 489-502.
- Ruwanpura, K.N., 2007, ‘Awareness and Action: The Ethno-gender Dynamics of Sri Lankan NGOs’, Gender, Place & Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography 14(3): pp. 317-33.
- Schoeman, M., 2011, ‘Of BRICS and Mortar: The Growing Relations between Africa and the Global South’, in the International Spectator: Italian Journal of International Affairs 46(1), pp. 33-51.
- Sharma, R., 2012, ‘Broken BRICs’, in Foreign Affairs November/December Comment 2012.
- Souza, A., 2014, ‘Brazil’s development cooperation in Africa: a new model?’, in Papers of the Fifth BRICS Academic Forum Partnership for Development Integration & Industrialization, pp. 96-107.
- Tripp, A., 2012, ‘Donor Assistance and Political Reform in Tanzania’, in UNU World Institute for Development Economics Research 37: pp. 1-26.
- Wallace, A., 2014, ‘Agency Through Development: Hausa Women’s NGOs & CBOs in Kano, Nigeria’, in Special Issue on Gender and Economics in Muslim Communities, in the Journal of Feminist Economics, No.(4): pp. 281-305.
- Wallace, A., 2014, ‘Influencing the Political Agenda from the Outside: A Comparative Study of Hausa Women’s NGOs and CBOs in Kano, Nigeria’, The National Political Science Review, Special Issue on Black Women and Politics-Identity, Power and Justice in the New Millennium, 16: pp. 67-80.
References
Adamu, F., 1999, ‘A Double-Edged Sword: Challenging Women’s Oppression within Muslim Society in Northern Nigeria’, Gender and Development 7(1): pp. 56-61.
Adedeji, A., 2004, The ECE: Forging a Future for Africa, in Unity and Diversity in Development Ideas: Perspectives from the UN Regional Commissions, ed. by Yves Berhelot, 2330306, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Alidou, O.D., 2005, Engaging Modernity: Muslim Women and the Politics of Agency in Postcolonial Niger, Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
Alvesson, M. and Y.D., Billing, 2009, Understanding Gender and Organizations, London: SAGE.
Armijo, L., 2007, ‘The BRICS Countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China) As an Analytical Category: Mirage or Insight’ in Asian Perspective 31(4): pp. 7-42.
Callaway, B.J., 1987, Muslim Hausa Women in Nigeria: Tradition and Change, Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
Campbell, M.L. and K. Teghtsoonian, 2010, ‘Aid Effectiveness and Women’s Empowerment: Practices of Governance in the Funding of International Development’, Signs 36(1): pp. 177-202.
Cornwall, A., 2003, ‘Whose Voices? Whose Choices? Reflections on Gender and Participatory Development’, in World Development 31(8): pp. 1325-1342.
Cornwall, A., E. Harrison and A. Whitehead, 2004, ‘Introduction: Repositioning Feminisms in Gender and Development’, IDS Bulletin 35(4): pp. 1-10.
Debusscher, P. and A. van der Vleuten, 2012, ‘Mainstreaming Gender in European Union Development Cooperation with Sub-Saharan Africa: Promising Numbers, Narrow Contents, Telling Silences’, International Development Planning Review 34(3): pp. 320-38.
Esteves, P., Abdenur, E. and Gama, C., 2014, ‘BRICS and Global Governance Reform: a Two-Pronged Approach’ in Papers of the Fifth BRICS Academic Forum Partnership for Development Integration & Industrialization, pp. 52-59.
Gammeltoft, P., 2008, ‘Emerging Multinationals: Outward FDI from the BRICS countries’, paper presented in the IV Globelics Conference at Mexico City, 22-24 September 2008.
Glosny, M., 2010, ‘China and the BRICs: A Real (but Limited) Partnership in a Unipolar World’, in Polity 42: pp. 100-129.
Guimei, Y., 2014, ‘BRICS Economic and Trade Cooperation with Africa’, in Papers of the Fifth BRICS Academic Forum Partnership for Development Integration & Industrialization, pp. 82-87.
Hau, M., Scott, J. and Hulme, D., 2012, ‘Beyond the BRICs: Alternative Strategies of Influence in the Global Politics of Development’, in European Journal of Development Research 24: pp. 187-204.
Imam, A., 1997, The Dynamics of WINing in Feminist Genealogies, Colonial Legacies, Democratic Futures, edited by M.J. Alexander and C.T. Mohanty, pp. 280-307, New York: Routledge.
Jamal, A., 2007, Islam: Islam and Modernities-Overview in the Encyclopaedia of Women & Islamic Cultures, Volume 5, Practices, Interpretations and Representations, edited by Suad J., pp. 209-15, Boston: Brill.
Kabeer, N., 2005, ‘Gender equality and women’s empowerment: a critical analysis of the third Millennium Development Goal’, in Gender and Development 13(1): pp. 13-24.
Kabir, H., 2011, Northern Women Development: A Focus on Women in Northern Nigeria, Vol.1, Print Serve Limited.
Kimenyi, M. & Lewis, Z., 2011, ‘Foresight Africa: The Continents’ Greatest Challenges and Opportunities for 2011’ in Africa Growth Initiative, Brookings Institute.
Kleinmon, S., 2007, Feminist Fieldwork Analysis: Qualitative Research Methods, Sage Publishers: London.
Kubik, J., 2009, ‘Ethnography of Politics: Foundations, Applications, Prospects’ in Political Ethnography: What Immersion Contributes to the Study of Politics, edited by E. Schatz, pp. 25-52, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lemu, A., 1980, A Degree Above Them: Observations on the Condition of the Northern Nigerian Muslim Woman, Karachi, Pakistan: Islamic Education Trust.
MacDonald, M., 1995, ‘Feminist Economics: From Theory to Research’, Canadian Journal of Economics 28(1): pp. 159-76.
Maoulidi, S., 2002, ‘The Predicament of Muslim Women in Tanzania’, in Gender, ISIM Newsletter: 25.
Mama, A., 1996, Women’s Studies and Studies of African Women During the 1990’s, Working Paper Series 5/96, Dakar: CODESRIA.
Mama, A., 2001, ‘Challenging Subjects: Gender and Power in African Contexts’, African Sociological Review, 5(2), pp. 63-73, Plenary Address Nordic African Institute Conference ‘Beyond Identity Rethinking Power in Africa’, Uppsala 4-7 October 2001.
Mikell, G., 1997, African Feminism: The Politics of Survival in Sub-Saharan Africa, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
Mkandawire, T., 2014, ‘The Spread of Economic Doctrines and Policymaking in Postcolonial Africa’, in African Studies Review, 57(1): pp. 171-198.
Moyo, D., 2009, Dead Aid: Why Aid is not Working and How There is a Better Way for Africa, Farrar, Straus and Giroux: New York.
Narayan, U., 1997, Dislocating Cultures: Identities, Traditions, and Third World Feminism, New York: Routledge.
Nager, R. and S. Geiger, 2007, Reflexivity and Positionality in Feminist Fieldwork Revisited in (eds. A. Ticklell, E. Sheppard, J. Peck and T. Barnes) Politics and Practice in Economic Geography, London: Sage, pp. 267-278.
Nikkhah, H., M. Redzuan, and A. Abu-Samah., 2012, ‘Development of ‘Power within’ among the Women: A Road to Empowerment’, Asian Social Science 8(1): pp. 39-46.
Oyewumi, O., 1998, ‘De-confounding Gender: Feminist Theorizing and Western Culture, a Comment on Hawkesworth’s ‘Confounding Gender’, Signs 23(4): pp. 1049-62.
Pittin, R., 1991, ‘Women, Work and Ideology in Nigeria’, Review of African Political Economy 19(52): pp. 38-52.
Rathgeber, E.M., 1990, ‘WID, WAD, GAD: Trends in Research and Practice’, The Journal of Developing Areas 24(4): pp. 489-502.
Ruwanpura, K.N., 2007, ‘Awareness and Action: The Ethno-gender Dynamics of Sri Lankan NGOs’, Gender, Place & Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography 14(3): pp. 317-33.
Schoeman, M., 2011, ‘Of BRICS and Mortar: The Growing Relations between Africa and the Global South’, in the International Spectator: Italian Journal of International Affairs 46(1), pp. 33-51.
Sharma, R., 2012, ‘Broken BRICs’, in Foreign Affairs November/December Comment 2012.
Souza, A., 2014, ‘Brazil’s development cooperation in Africa: a new model?’, in Papers of the Fifth BRICS Academic Forum Partnership for Development Integration & Industrialization, pp. 96-107.
Tripp, A., 2012, ‘Donor Assistance and Political Reform in Tanzania’, in UNU World Institute for Development Economics Research 37: pp. 1-26.
Wallace, A., 2014, ‘Agency Through Development: Hausa Women’s NGOs & CBOs in Kano, Nigeria’, in Special Issue on Gender and Economics in Muslim Communities, in the Journal of Feminist Economics, No.(4): pp. 281-305.
Wallace, A., 2014, ‘Influencing the Political Agenda from the Outside: A Comparative Study of Hausa Women’s NGOs and CBOs in Kano, Nigeria’, The National Political Science Review, Special Issue on Black Women and Politics-Identity, Power and Justice in the New Millennium, 16: pp. 67-80.