7 - Behind the Curtains of State Power: Religious Groups and the Struggle for Ascendancy in Nigerian Public Institutions - A Critical Appraisal
Corresponding Author(s) : Nkolika E. Obianyo
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 35 No 4 (2010): Afrique et développement
Résumé
Dans les états laïques, la religion est censée être reléguée au second plan de la vie publique ; mais dans des Etats comme le Nigeria, il n’en n’est pas ainsi, puisque la religion, après l’ethnicité, est devenue un déterminant majeur du comportement politique. Elle sert à la fois de facteur d’unification et de division. Elle unifie les Nigérians qui partagent les mêmes convictions religieuses, quelle que soit leur appartenance ethnique et, en même temps, les oppose à d’autres qui ont des convictions différentes. Ainsi, il y a plusieurs contestations fondées sur la religion. La prolifération de ces dissensions a également entraîné la prolifération de ces contestations. Traditionnellement, cette contestation opposait les groupes musulmans et chrétiens ; mais contrairement à l’opinion populaire, au sein de ces deux grands groupes religieux, il y a plusieurs autres contestations. Aujourd’hui, il y a la contestation entre chrétiens pentecôtistes et non- pentecôtistes, catholiques romains et non-romains (en particulier la secte anglicane). Ces contestations sont axées sur la force relative de chaque groupe ou secte dans les coulisses du pouvoir étatique. Sur cette toile de fond, le présent article examine l’origine et la dynamique de cette tendance, en ce qui concerne le groupe religieux chrétien au Nigeria. L’article soutient que la religion, tout comme l’ethnicité, sert d’instrument pour l’acquisition de pouvoir étatique, de postes publics et de ressources, et par conséquent, d’instrument d’exclusion et d’inclusion dans la quête d’ascendance entre ceux qui se disputent le pouvoir étatique et les postes publics. L’article soutient que cette tendance ne saurait être dissociée du caractère « rentier » et « allocatif » de l’État postcolonial du Nigeria dans lequel les détenteurs du pouvoir étatique non seulement se servent de l’État pour améliorer leur bien-être matériel, mais aussi celui de leurs groupes primordiaux auprès desquels ils obtiennent du soutien lorsque la compétition devient rude. L’article examine les implications de cette tendance pour le développement et l’efficacité des institutions publiques au Nigeria.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
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- Ake, C., 1981, Political Economy of Africa, Nigeria: Longman.
- Ake, C.,1996, Is Africa Democratizing? CASS Monograph No.5, Nigeria, Centre for Advanced Social Science.
- Ake, C., 2001, Democracy and Development in Africa, Ibadan: Spectrum Books. Amucheazi, E., 1986, Church and Politics in Eastern Nigeria: 1945-1966, Nigeria: Macmillan.
- Anders, G., 2002, ‘Like Chameleons - Civil Servants and Corruption in Malawi’, Discussion Paper, prepared for the Conference on ‘The Governance of Daily Life in Africa: Public and Collective Services and their Users’, University of Leiden, 22-25.May.
- Chabal, P. and Daloz, J., 1999, Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument, Oxford; The International African Institute & James Currey.
- Coleman J.S., 1986, Nigeria, Background to Nationalism, Benin City: Brouburg & Wistrom.
- Dawodu, S.T., 2002, ‘Enugu Debacle: Politics in the Name of God - Catholicism and Theocracy’ (http://www.nigerianworld.com/letetters/2002/mar/192.html), 15 September 2002.
- Ekeh, P., 1978, ‘Colonialism and the development of Citizenship in Africa: A Study in Ideologies of Legitimation’ in O, Otite, ed. Themes in African Social and Political Thought, Enugu: Fourth Dimensions
- Ibeanu, O., 2006, ‘The Church and Democratic Governance in Nigeria: An Explanatory Analysis’, Paper presented at the Valedictory Conference in honour of Professor Elo Amucheazi at the University of Nigeria, Enugu, 7 September 2008.
- Ibrahim, J., 2003, ‘The Transformation of Ethno- Regional Identities in Nigeria’, in Jega, A. ed., Identity Formation and Identity Politics Under Structural Adjustment in Nigeria, Kano/Uppsala: The Centre for Research and Documentation and Nordiska Africainstitutet.
- Jega, A., 2003, ‘General Introduction.Identity Transformation and the Politics of Identity Transformation under Crisis and Adjustment’, in A. Jega, ed., Identity Formation and Identity Politics Under Structural Adjustment In Nigeria, Kano/Uppsala, Centre for Research and Documentation and Nordiska Africainstitutet..
- Jega, A., 2003, ‘The State and Identity Transformation under Structural Adjustment in Nigeria’, in A. Jega, ed., Identity Formation and Identity Politics Under Structural Adjustment in Nigeria, Kano/Uppsala: Centre for Research and Documentation.and Nordiska Africainstitutet.
- Joseph, R., 1991, Democracy and Prebendal Politics in Nigeria:The Rise and Fall of the Second Republic, Ibadan: Spectrum Books.
- Korieh, J., 2005, ‘Islam and Politics in Nigeria: Historical Perspectives’, in J. Korieh and G. Nwokeji, ed., Religion, History and Politics in Nigeria:Essays in Honour of Ogbuu Kalu, University Press of America.
- Kukah, M.H., 2003, Religion, Politics and Power in Northern Nigeri, Ibadan: Spectrum Books.
- List of Vice Presidents of Nigeria (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki vice_president_of_Nigeria) 15 September 2008.
- Mu’azzam, I.& Ibrahim, J., 2003, ‘Religious Identity in the Context of Structural Adjustment in Nigeria’, in A. Jega, ed., Identity Formation and Identity Politics Under Structural Adjustment in Nigeria. Kano /Uppsala: Centre for Research and Documentation and Nordiska Africainstitutet.
- Nabudere, D.W., 2000, ‘Globalization, the African Post-Colonial State, Post Traditionalism, and the New World Order’, in D.W.Nabudere, ed., Globalization and The Post- Colonial African State, Harare: Zimbabwe AAPS Books.
- Nnoli, O., 1981, ‘A Short History of Nigerian Development’, in O.Nnoli ed., Path to Nigerian Development, Dakar:.CODESRIA.
- Nnoli, O., 1989, Ethnic Politics in Africa, Nigeria, African Association of Political Science.
- Obianyo, N.E., 2001, ‘The Political Economy of Sectionalismè in Anambra State’, in Nnamdi Azikiwe Journal of Political Science, Vol. 2, No.1.
- Obianyo, N.E., 2008, ‘Citizenship and Ethnic Militia Politics in Nigeria: Marginalization or Identity Question? –The Case of MASSOB’, Paper presented at the 4th Global Conference on Pluralism Inclusion and Citizenship, Salzburg, 31 October,- 4 November 2008.
- Offiong, D.A., 2001, Globalization and Post Neo Dependency in Africa, Enugu; Fourth Dimensions.
- Osaghae, E., 2003, ‘Colonialism and Civil Society in Africa:The perspective of Eke’s Two Publics’, Paper presented at the symposium on Canonical Works and Continuing Innovation in African Arts and Humanities, Accra, Ghana. 17-19 September Available Online (http:/www.codesria.org/links/conferences/ accra/osaghae.pdf). 22 September 2008.
- Unizik Comet, 2003, ‘Current Appointment in Unizik’ , Awka Mass Communication Department.
- Zeleza, P.T. (n.d), ‘Imaging and Inventing the Post Colonial State in Africa’, in Contours (http://www.press.uillinois.edu/journals/contours/1.1/zeleza.html). 11 November 2006.
Les références
Ake, C., 1981, Political Economy of Africa, Nigeria: Longman.
Ake, C.,1996, Is Africa Democratizing? CASS Monograph No.5, Nigeria, Centre for Advanced Social Science.
Ake, C., 2001, Democracy and Development in Africa, Ibadan: Spectrum Books. Amucheazi, E., 1986, Church and Politics in Eastern Nigeria: 1945-1966, Nigeria: Macmillan.
Anders, G., 2002, ‘Like Chameleons - Civil Servants and Corruption in Malawi’, Discussion Paper, prepared for the Conference on ‘The Governance of Daily Life in Africa: Public and Collective Services and their Users’, University of Leiden, 22-25.May.
Chabal, P. and Daloz, J., 1999, Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument, Oxford; The International African Institute & James Currey.
Coleman J.S., 1986, Nigeria, Background to Nationalism, Benin City: Brouburg & Wistrom.
Dawodu, S.T., 2002, ‘Enugu Debacle: Politics in the Name of God - Catholicism and Theocracy’ (http://www.nigerianworld.com/letetters/2002/mar/192.html), 15 September 2002.
Ekeh, P., 1978, ‘Colonialism and the development of Citizenship in Africa: A Study in Ideologies of Legitimation’ in O, Otite, ed. Themes in African Social and Political Thought, Enugu: Fourth Dimensions
Ibeanu, O., 2006, ‘The Church and Democratic Governance in Nigeria: An Explanatory Analysis’, Paper presented at the Valedictory Conference in honour of Professor Elo Amucheazi at the University of Nigeria, Enugu, 7 September 2008.
Ibrahim, J., 2003, ‘The Transformation of Ethno- Regional Identities in Nigeria’, in Jega, A. ed., Identity Formation and Identity Politics Under Structural Adjustment in Nigeria, Kano/Uppsala: The Centre for Research and Documentation and Nordiska Africainstitutet.
Jega, A., 2003, ‘General Introduction.Identity Transformation and the Politics of Identity Transformation under Crisis and Adjustment’, in A. Jega, ed., Identity Formation and Identity Politics Under Structural Adjustment In Nigeria, Kano/Uppsala, Centre for Research and Documentation and Nordiska Africainstitutet..
Jega, A., 2003, ‘The State and Identity Transformation under Structural Adjustment in Nigeria’, in A. Jega, ed., Identity Formation and Identity Politics Under Structural Adjustment in Nigeria, Kano/Uppsala: Centre for Research and Documentation.and Nordiska Africainstitutet.
Joseph, R., 1991, Democracy and Prebendal Politics in Nigeria:The Rise and Fall of the Second Republic, Ibadan: Spectrum Books.
Korieh, J., 2005, ‘Islam and Politics in Nigeria: Historical Perspectives’, in J. Korieh and G. Nwokeji, ed., Religion, History and Politics in Nigeria:Essays in Honour of Ogbuu Kalu, University Press of America.
Kukah, M.H., 2003, Religion, Politics and Power in Northern Nigeri, Ibadan: Spectrum Books.
List of Vice Presidents of Nigeria (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki vice_president_of_Nigeria) 15 September 2008.
Mu’azzam, I.& Ibrahim, J., 2003, ‘Religious Identity in the Context of Structural Adjustment in Nigeria’, in A. Jega, ed., Identity Formation and Identity Politics Under Structural Adjustment in Nigeria. Kano /Uppsala: Centre for Research and Documentation and Nordiska Africainstitutet.
Nabudere, D.W., 2000, ‘Globalization, the African Post-Colonial State, Post Traditionalism, and the New World Order’, in D.W.Nabudere, ed., Globalization and The Post- Colonial African State, Harare: Zimbabwe AAPS Books.
Nnoli, O., 1981, ‘A Short History of Nigerian Development’, in O.Nnoli ed., Path to Nigerian Development, Dakar:.CODESRIA.
Nnoli, O., 1989, Ethnic Politics in Africa, Nigeria, African Association of Political Science.
Obianyo, N.E., 2001, ‘The Political Economy of Sectionalismè in Anambra State’, in Nnamdi Azikiwe Journal of Political Science, Vol. 2, No.1.
Obianyo, N.E., 2008, ‘Citizenship and Ethnic Militia Politics in Nigeria: Marginalization or Identity Question? –The Case of MASSOB’, Paper presented at the 4th Global Conference on Pluralism Inclusion and Citizenship, Salzburg, 31 October,- 4 November 2008.
Offiong, D.A., 2001, Globalization and Post Neo Dependency in Africa, Enugu; Fourth Dimensions.
Osaghae, E., 2003, ‘Colonialism and Civil Society in Africa:The perspective of Eke’s Two Publics’, Paper presented at the symposium on Canonical Works and Continuing Innovation in African Arts and Humanities, Accra, Ghana. 17-19 September Available Online (http:/www.codesria.org/links/conferences/ accra/osaghae.pdf). 22 September 2008.
Unizik Comet, 2003, ‘Current Appointment in Unizik’ , Awka Mass Communication Department.
Zeleza, P.T. (n.d), ‘Imaging and Inventing the Post Colonial State in Africa’, in Contours (http://www.press.uillinois.edu/journals/contours/1.1/zeleza.html). 11 November 2006.