3 - The Informalization of Belonging: Igbo Informal Enterprise and National Cohesion from Below
Corresponding Author(s) : Kate Meagher
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 34 No 1 (2009): Afrique et développement: Special Issue on Legacies of Biafra: Violence, Identity and Citizenship in Nigeria
Résumé
La guerre civile nigériane évoque des images de conflits ethno-régionaux suivis d’une tension ethnique latente. Toutefois, les perspectives politiques sur l’héritage du Biafra ont tendance à se dissimuler dans les effets économiques plus intégratifs et constructifs de la guerre civile et ses séquelles. Si la guerre civile nigériane a anéanti les activités économiques igbo à travers le Nigéria et a précipité un retour massif des migrants Igbo vers leur région d’origine, elle a également jeté les bases d’une consolidation et d’un développement rapide de l’entreprise informelle Igbo, ce qui a eu des conséquences économiques et sociales intégratives pour le Nigeria dans son ensemble, plutôt que d’être une source de discorde. Opérant sous le joug de la concurrence politique, les exigences du développement des entreprises informelles ont nourri de solides relations interethniques et interrégionales entre les Igbo, les Hausa, les Yoruba et d’autres Nigérians ainsi que des groupes non-nigérians. Avec un accent particulier sur les industries manufacturières informelles Igbo, les réseaux interurbains de commerce informel et de change Le présent article examine le rôle de l’économie informelle dans le développement de structures populaires de l’unité nationale. Il montre également que les processus d’intégration économique ont été de plus en plus compromis par les luttes politiques susmentionnées, ce qui a ainsi créé une vague de violence et de polarisation ethnique qui, plus encore que la guerre civile, menace de défaire le tissu social qui sous-tend la nation nigériane.
Mots-clés
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- Anthony, D., 2002, Poison and Medicine: Ethnicity, Power and Violence in a Nigerian City, 1966–1986, Oxford: James Currey.
- Brautigam, D., 1997, ‘Substituting for the State: Institutions and Industrial Development in Eastern Nigeria’, World Development 25(7): 1063–80.
- Dike, K. O. and Ekejiuba, F. I., 1990, The Aro of South-eastern Nigeria, 1650– 1980: A Study of Socio-economic Formation and Transformation in Nigeria, Ibadan: Ibadan University Press.
- Fatton, R., 1995, ‘Africa in the Age of Democratization: The Civic Limitations of Civil Society’, African Studies Review 38(2): 67–100.
- Forrest, T., 1994, The Advance of African Capital: The Growth of Nigerian Private Enterprise, [Edinburgh]: Edinburgh University Press for the International African Institute.
- Grabher, G. and Stark, D., 1997, ‘Organizing Diversity: Evolutionary Theory, Network Analysis, and Post-socialism’, in G. Grabher and D. Stark, eds., Restructuring Networks in Post-Socialism: Legacies, Linkages, and Localities, Oxford: Oxford University Press
- Harniet-Sievers, A., 2006, Constructions of Belonging: Igbo Communities and the Nigerian State in the Twentieth Century, Rochester: University of Rochester Press.
- Hashim, Y. and Meagher, K., 1999, Cross-border Trade and the Parallel Currency Market: Trade and Finance in the Context of Structural Adjustment: A Case Study from Kano, Nigeria, Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.
- Human Rights Watch/CLEEN, 2002, The Bakassi Boys: The Legitimation of Murder and Torture, Human Rights Watch Reports, 14(5), A 1-45.
- Ikelegbe, A., 2001, ‘The Perverse Manifestations of Civil Society: Evidence from Nigeria’, The Journal of Modern African Studies 39(1): 1–24.
- Isichei, E. A., 1976, A History of the Igbo People, London: Macmillan.
- Kilby, P., 1963, The Development of Small Industries in Eastern Nigeria, Lagos: Ministry of Commerce; USAID.
- Meagher, K., 2001, The Bargain Sector: Economic Restructuring and the Non- farm Sector in the Nigerian Savanna, Aldershot: Ashgate.
- Meagher, K., 2004, ‘Identity Economics: Informal Manufacturing and Social Networks in South-eastern Nigeria’, unpublished D.Phil. thesis, University of Oxford.
- Meagher, K., 2006, ‘Social Capital, Social Liabilities, and Political Capital: Social Networks and Informal Manufacturing in Nigeria’, African Affairs 105(421): 553–82.
- Nafzinger, E. W., 1968, ‘Inter-Regional Economic Relations in the Nigerian Footwear Industry’, The Journal of Modern African Studies 6(4): 531–42.
- Northrup, D., 1978, Trade Without Rulers: Pre-Colonial Economic Development in South-Eastern Nigeria, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Onwubu, C., 1975, ‘Ethnic Identity, Political Integration, and National Development: The Igbo Diaspora in Nigeria’, The Journal of Modern African Studies 13(3): 399–413.
- Onwuejeogwu, M. A., 1981, An Igbo Civilization: Nri Kindom and Hegemony, London; Benin City: Ethnographica; Ethiope.
- Oriji, J. N., 1982, ‘A Re-assessment of the Organisation and Benefits of the Slave and Palm Produce Trade amongst the Ngwa-Igbo’, Canadian Journal of African Studies 16(3): 523–48.
- Reno, W., 2002, ‘The Politics of Insurgency in Collapsing States’, Development and Change 33(5): 837–58.
- Silverstein, S., 1983, Sociocultural Organization and Locational Strategies of Transportation Entrepreneurs: An Ethnoeconomic History of the Nnewi Igbo of Nigeria, Boston University.
Les références
Anthony, D., 2002, Poison and Medicine: Ethnicity, Power and Violence in a Nigerian City, 1966–1986, Oxford: James Currey.
Brautigam, D., 1997, ‘Substituting for the State: Institutions and Industrial Development in Eastern Nigeria’, World Development 25(7): 1063–80.
Dike, K. O. and Ekejiuba, F. I., 1990, The Aro of South-eastern Nigeria, 1650– 1980: A Study of Socio-economic Formation and Transformation in Nigeria, Ibadan: Ibadan University Press.
Fatton, R., 1995, ‘Africa in the Age of Democratization: The Civic Limitations of Civil Society’, African Studies Review 38(2): 67–100.
Forrest, T., 1994, The Advance of African Capital: The Growth of Nigerian Private Enterprise, [Edinburgh]: Edinburgh University Press for the International African Institute.
Grabher, G. and Stark, D., 1997, ‘Organizing Diversity: Evolutionary Theory, Network Analysis, and Post-socialism’, in G. Grabher and D. Stark, eds., Restructuring Networks in Post-Socialism: Legacies, Linkages, and Localities, Oxford: Oxford University Press
Harniet-Sievers, A., 2006, Constructions of Belonging: Igbo Communities and the Nigerian State in the Twentieth Century, Rochester: University of Rochester Press.
Hashim, Y. and Meagher, K., 1999, Cross-border Trade and the Parallel Currency Market: Trade and Finance in the Context of Structural Adjustment: A Case Study from Kano, Nigeria, Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.
Human Rights Watch/CLEEN, 2002, The Bakassi Boys: The Legitimation of Murder and Torture, Human Rights Watch Reports, 14(5), A 1-45.
Ikelegbe, A., 2001, ‘The Perverse Manifestations of Civil Society: Evidence from Nigeria’, The Journal of Modern African Studies 39(1): 1–24.
Isichei, E. A., 1976, A History of the Igbo People, London: Macmillan.
Kilby, P., 1963, The Development of Small Industries in Eastern Nigeria, Lagos: Ministry of Commerce; USAID.
Meagher, K., 2001, The Bargain Sector: Economic Restructuring and the Non- farm Sector in the Nigerian Savanna, Aldershot: Ashgate.
Meagher, K., 2004, ‘Identity Economics: Informal Manufacturing and Social Networks in South-eastern Nigeria’, unpublished D.Phil. thesis, University of Oxford.
Meagher, K., 2006, ‘Social Capital, Social Liabilities, and Political Capital: Social Networks and Informal Manufacturing in Nigeria’, African Affairs 105(421): 553–82.
Nafzinger, E. W., 1968, ‘Inter-Regional Economic Relations in the Nigerian Footwear Industry’, The Journal of Modern African Studies 6(4): 531–42.
Northrup, D., 1978, Trade Without Rulers: Pre-Colonial Economic Development in South-Eastern Nigeria, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Onwubu, C., 1975, ‘Ethnic Identity, Political Integration, and National Development: The Igbo Diaspora in Nigeria’, The Journal of Modern African Studies 13(3): 399–413.
Onwuejeogwu, M. A., 1981, An Igbo Civilization: Nri Kindom and Hegemony, London; Benin City: Ethnographica; Ethiope.
Oriji, J. N., 1982, ‘A Re-assessment of the Organisation and Benefits of the Slave and Palm Produce Trade amongst the Ngwa-Igbo’, Canadian Journal of African Studies 16(3): 523–48.
Reno, W., 2002, ‘The Politics of Insurgency in Collapsing States’, Development and Change 33(5): 837–58.
Silverstein, S., 1983, Sociocultural Organization and Locational Strategies of Transportation Entrepreneurs: An Ethnoeconomic History of the Nnewi Igbo of Nigeria, Boston University.