2 - The Contradictory Position of 'Tradition' in African Nationalist Discourse: Some Analytical and Political Reflections*
Corresponding Author(s) : Michael Neocosmos
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 28 No 1-2 (2003): Afrique et développement: Special Issue on 'Globalization and Citizenship in Africa'
Résumé
Au cours de la période post-coloniale immédiate, le nationalisme considérait la «tradition» à la fois comme la base d'une culture locale au qui devait être célébrée et mise en opposition avec la culture hég occidentale (mondialisée), mais également comme une création archa (ou manipulée) par le (néo)colonialisme occidental, afin de diviser p régner, et par conséquent , comme étant hostile à la formation de Γ É «moderne». Le discours nationaliste étatique véhiculait ainsi un concep tion idéalisée, qui comportait un sens à la fois potentiellement libérateur e Plusieurs dirigeants de la période post-coloniale se sont inspirés des d aspects de cette «tradition» idéalisée, à diverses fins politiques, dans l la construction nationale et de la légitimation de diverses fo développementalisme autoritaire (à l'exemple de Γ «Ujamaa», de Nye concept d' «authenticité», développé par Mobutu). Certaines expéri connu plus de succès que d'autres, mais de manière générale, ces te témoignent de la forte légitimité de la tradition parmi les population Aujourd'hui, rien ne prouve que cette légitimité est en déclin, malgré nationalisme étatique. Le caractère contradictoire de la notion de trad Afrique, est visible aujourd'hui à travers les opinions des universitaires dont certains pensent que la tradition constitue la base de la «décentra despotisme» hérité de la période coloniale, tandis que d'autres cons tradition comme une alternative «conviviale» à l'individualisme occiden culture mondialisante, ou comme un modèle possible d'alternative dém au libéralisme. En outre, la tradition est souvent la cible de sevères critiques formulées par le discours sur les droits de l'homme, soutenu par le féminisme libéral, entre autres. Cet article aborde ce thème central et analyse la place éventuelle de la tradition au sein d'un discours populaire-nationaliste alternatif en Afrique. Il soutient que la tendance dominante du nationalisme des années 50 60 (qui a donné naissance à la perspective étatique-nationaliste dominante au cours de la période post-coloniale immédiate) était fortement caractérisée par une conception hégémonique libérale de la politique et de la formation de l'État, et n'était donc pas en mesure de vaincre cette contradiction. Cette contribution insiste sur la nécessité d'instaurer une lutte démocratique à l'intérieur même du concept de tradition (mais également au niveau des droits que confère ce dernier) et dénonce la célébration peu critique de la tradition, en tant que culture authentique par essence, ainsi que la menace symbolisée par le discours libéral des droits de l'homme, qui porte sur des questions «dépassant ses limites» (de la tradition). Pour avoir un regard alternatif sur la «tradition» en Afrique, celle-ci doit être perçue comme une nouvelle manière de concevoir la politique (qui implique que la démocratie ne peut être mise à égalité avec les droits de l'homme). La remise en question du discours sur les droits de l'homme doit inclure un engagement majeur envers la notion de tradition, à partir de la perspective de la majorité africaine opprimée.
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
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- Badiou, A., 2001, Ethics: an essay on the understanding of evil, New York and London: Verso.
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- Berman, B. and Lonsdale, J., 1992, Unhappy Valley, Book Two, London: JamesCurrey BOABAB, 2003, 'Open Letter from BAOBAB for Women's Human Rights: Please Stop the International Amina Lawal Protest Letter campaigns', May I st.
- Cabral, A., 1980, 'National Liberation and Culture' In A. Cabral Unity and Strug gle, London: Heinemann
- Chanock, M., 1985, Law, Custom and Social Order: the colonial experiencee ln Malawi and Zambia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Cohen, S., 2001, States of Denial, Cambridge: Polity Press
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- [brahim, J., 2002, 'Notes on Globalisation and the Marginalisation of Africa'CODESRIA Bulletin, Special Issue 10th General Assembly Africain the New Millenium, nos 3 & 4
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- Mamdani, M., 2001, When Vzctims Become Kil/ersMamdani, M., 2002, 'African States, Citizenship and War: A case study', Inter national Affairs, v,ol 78, no3, july.
- Meer, S., 1997, (ed.) Women, land and Authority: perspectives/rom South Af rica, Cape Town: David Philip and Oxfam (Uk and Ireland)
- Moleleki, M., 1997, This is My life, Cape Town: Kagiso.
- Mutiso, G-C M. and S.W. Rohio, 1975, Readings in African Political Thought,London: Heineman
- Ngcwecwe, P., 1997, Not the End of the World, Cape Town: Kagiso. Neocosmos, M., 1995, 'Towards a History ofNationalities in SouthemAfrica',Working Paper 95.6, Centre for Development Research, Copenhagen.
- Neocosmos, M., 1998, 'From People's Politics to State Politics: aspects of na tional liberation in South Africa' in A. Olukoshi ed. The Politics of Opposi tion in Contemporary Africa, Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute.
- Neocosmos, M., 1999, 'Intellectual debates and Popular Struggles in Transit-ional South Africa: political discourse and the origins of statism' seminar, Centre for African Studies, University of Cape Town, April 21st.
- Neocosmos, M., 2003, 'Thinking the Impossible? Elements of a critique of po litical liberalism in Southern Africa' paper presented at WISER, University of the Wiwatersrand 11!h September.
- Nyamnjoh, F., 2002, 'Epistemological Considerations for Endogenisation of Edu cation in Africa ', Department of Sociology, University of Botswana, Occasioanal Paper # 34 April 18th.
- Nyerere, J., 1966, Freedom and Unity: Uhuru na Umoja, London: OUP.lachik, H., 2000, 'Les Usages Politiques des Notions de Tribu et de Nation auMaroc', Jdentity, Culture and Politics: an afro-asian dialogue, Vol 1, no1.
- Ranger, T., 1985, 'The Invention ofTribalism in Zimbabwe', Mambo Occasional Papers Socio-Economic series no 19, Harare: Mambo Press.
- Ranger, T., 1993, 'The Invention of Tradition Revisited: the case of Colonial Africa' in Ranger, T. and O. Vaughan (eds) Legitimacy and the State in Twen tieth-Century Africa, London: Macmillan.
- Schmidt, E., 1990 'Negotiated Spaces and Contested Terrain: men, women, and the law in colonial Zimbabwe, 1890-1939' Journal of Southern African Studies, vol 16, no 4, December.
- Southall, A. W., 1997 'The Illusion ofTribe' In R. Grinker and C. Steiner (eds) Perspectives on Africa: A reader in culture. history and representation, Ox ford: Blackwell.
- Shivji, I., 2000, 'Contradictory Perspectives on Rights and Justice in the Context of Land Tenure Reform in Tanzania' in M. Mamdani ed. Beyond Rights Talk and Culture Talk.
- Vail, L. (ed), 1989, The creation ofTribalism in Southern Africa, London: James Currey.
- Wallerstein, I., 1995, Afier Liberalism, New York: The New Press.
- Wamba-Dia-Wamba, E. 1985 'Experience of Democracy in Africa: Reflections on the Practice of Communalist Palaver as a Method of Resolving Contra dictions Among the People', Philosophy and Social Action. July-September.XI. 3.
- Wilson, R.A., 2001, The Politics of Truth and Reconci/iation in South AJ,-ica: legitimizing the post-apartheid state, Cambridge: CUP.
- Yuval-Davies, N. and Werbner, P. (eds), 1999, Women, Citizenship and Differ?nce, London: Zed.
Les références
Alexander, J., 1993, 'Things Fall Apart, The Centre Can Hold: processes of postwar political change in Zimbabwe's rural areas' in Lauridsen, L.S. (ed) Bringing Institutions Back ln - the raie of institutions in Civil Society, State and Ecomomy, Roskilde University, International Development Studies, Oc casional Paper no.8.
Amadiume, 1., 1997, Reinventing Africa: matriarchy. religion ad culture, Lon don: Zed.
Appiah, K. A., 1992, ln My Father s House: Africa and the philosophy of cul ture, New York: Oxford University Press.
Badiou, A., 1988, L'être et l'évènement, Paris: Seuil.
Badiou, A., 2001, Ethics: an essay on the understanding of evil, New York and London: Verso.
Berman, B., 1997, 'Nationalism, Ethnicity and Modernity: the paradox of Mau Mau' in Grinker and Steiner (op.cit).
Berman, B. and Lonsdale, J., 1992, Unhappy Valley, Book Two, London: JamesCurrey BOABAB, 2003, 'Open Letter from BAOBAB for Women's Human Rights: Please Stop the International Amina Lawal Protest Letter campaigns', May I st.
Cabral, A., 1980, 'National Liberation and Culture' In A. Cabral Unity and Strug gle, London: Heinemann
Chanock, M., 1985, Law, Custom and Social Order: the colonial experiencee ln Malawi and Zambia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cohen, S., 2001, States of Denial, Cambridge: Polity Press
Cowen, M and Shenton, B., 1996, Doctrines of Development, London: Routledge.
Davidson, B., 1992, The Black Mans Burden: Africa and the curse of the nation state, London: James Currey Dowling, K., 1997, 'T raditional Leadership and the Constitutional/Democratic Process' in Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung below.
El Saadawi, N., 1997, The Nawal El Saadawi Reade,; London and New York: Zed. Fanon, F. , 1990, The Wretched of the Earth, Harmondsworth: Penguin Friedland, W. H., 1964, 'Basic Social Trends' ln W. H. Friedland and C. G. RosbergJr. (eds) African Socialism, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Grinker, R.R. and Steiner, C.B., 1997, Perspectives on Afi-ica, Oxford: Blackwell.
Hountondji, P., 1997, 'African Philosophy, Myth and Reality' in Grinker and Steiner (eds) Perspectives on Afi-ica, Oxford: Blackv.,
[brahim, J., 2002, 'Notes on Globalisation and the Marginalisation of Africa'CODESRIA Bulletin, Special Issue 10th General Assembly Africain the New Millenium, nos 3 & 4
Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftiung, 1997, Traditional leadership in Southern Africa,16---18 April, Umtata, Johannesburg: K-A-S.
Lan, D., 1985, Guns and Rain: guerillas and spirit mediums in Zimbabwe, Harare: Zimbabwe Publishing House.
Machel, S., 1980, 'Make Beira the Starting Point for an Organizational Offensive' In B. Munslow ed (1985) Samora Machel: An African revolutionary, selected speeches and writings, London: Zed.
Mamdani, M., 1996, Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the legacy of late co/onialism, Oxford: James Currey
Mamdani, M., 1998a, 'When Does a Settler Become a Native? Retlections of the Colonial Roots of Citizenship in Equatorial and South Africa', Text of Inau gural Lecture as AC Jordan Professor of African Studies, University of Cape Town, 13 May, New Series no 208.
Mamdani, Mahmood, 1998b, When Does Reconciliation Turn into a Denial of Justice?, Pretoria: HSRC Mamdani, M. (ed), 2000, Beyond Rights Talk and Culture Talk: Comparative essays on the politics of rights and culture, Cape Town: David Phillip.
Mamdani, M., 2001, When Vzctims Become Kil/ersMamdani, M., 2002, 'African States, Citizenship and War: A case study', Inter national Affairs, v,ol 78, no3, july.
Meer, S., 1997, (ed.) Women, land and Authority: perspectives/rom South Af rica, Cape Town: David Philip and Oxfam (Uk and Ireland)
Moleleki, M., 1997, This is My life, Cape Town: Kagiso.
Mutiso, G-C M. and S.W. Rohio, 1975, Readings in African Political Thought,London: Heineman
Ngcwecwe, P., 1997, Not the End of the World, Cape Town: Kagiso. Neocosmos, M., 1995, 'Towards a History ofNationalities in SouthemAfrica',Working Paper 95.6, Centre for Development Research, Copenhagen.
Neocosmos, M., 1998, 'From People's Politics to State Politics: aspects of na tional liberation in South Africa' in A. Olukoshi ed. The Politics of Opposi tion in Contemporary Africa, Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute.
Neocosmos, M., 1999, 'Intellectual debates and Popular Struggles in Transit-ional South Africa: political discourse and the origins of statism' seminar, Centre for African Studies, University of Cape Town, April 21st.
Neocosmos, M., 2003, 'Thinking the Impossible? Elements of a critique of po litical liberalism in Southern Africa' paper presented at WISER, University of the Wiwatersrand 11!h September.
Nyamnjoh, F., 2002, 'Epistemological Considerations for Endogenisation of Edu cation in Africa ', Department of Sociology, University of Botswana, Occasioanal Paper # 34 April 18th.
Nyerere, J., 1966, Freedom and Unity: Uhuru na Umoja, London: OUP.lachik, H., 2000, 'Les Usages Politiques des Notions de Tribu et de Nation auMaroc', Jdentity, Culture and Politics: an afro-asian dialogue, Vol 1, no1.
Ranger, T., 1985, 'The Invention ofTribalism in Zimbabwe', Mambo Occasional Papers Socio-Economic series no 19, Harare: Mambo Press.
Ranger, T., 1993, 'The Invention of Tradition Revisited: the case of Colonial Africa' in Ranger, T. and O. Vaughan (eds) Legitimacy and the State in Twen tieth-Century Africa, London: Macmillan.
Schmidt, E., 1990 'Negotiated Spaces and Contested Terrain: men, women, and the law in colonial Zimbabwe, 1890-1939' Journal of Southern African Studies, vol 16, no 4, December.
Southall, A. W., 1997 'The Illusion ofTribe' In R. Grinker and C. Steiner (eds) Perspectives on Africa: A reader in culture. history and representation, Ox ford: Blackwell.
Shivji, I., 2000, 'Contradictory Perspectives on Rights and Justice in the Context of Land Tenure Reform in Tanzania' in M. Mamdani ed. Beyond Rights Talk and Culture Talk.
Vail, L. (ed), 1989, The creation ofTribalism in Southern Africa, London: James Currey.
Wallerstein, I., 1995, Afier Liberalism, New York: The New Press.
Wamba-Dia-Wamba, E. 1985 'Experience of Democracy in Africa: Reflections on the Practice of Communalist Palaver as a Method of Resolving Contra dictions Among the People', Philosophy and Social Action. July-September.XI. 3.
Wilson, R.A., 2001, The Politics of Truth and Reconci/iation in South AJ,-ica: legitimizing the post-apartheid state, Cambridge: CUP.
Yuval-Davies, N. and Werbner, P. (eds), 1999, Women, Citizenship and Differ?nce, London: Zed.