2 -  The Migration and Informal Market Nexus: A study of Nigerien Forex Traders in Benin City

Oreva Olakpe; Martha Sambe; Rafeeat Aliyu

doi:10.57054/ad.v48i3.5316

Numéro

Vol. 48 No 3 (2023): Afrique et développement

Issue Published : mai 28, 2024

2 - The Migration and Informal Market Nexus: A study of Nigerien Forex Traders in Benin City

https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v48i3.5316

Oreva Olakpe

Martha Sambe

Rafeeat Aliyu

Afrique et développement, Vol. 48 No 3 (2023): Afrique et développement
Article Published : mai 28, 2024

Résumé

Cet article tente de comprendre comment les communautés de migrants dans les pays du Sud façonnent et contribuent à la création et au fonctionnement de secteurs de niche et de marchés informels dans les pays d'accueil. L'article examine l'impact qu'une communauté de migrants de la République du Niger a eu sur le marché de devises à Benin City, dans l'État d'Edo, au Nigeria. L'analyse se situe dans le cadre postcolonial tout en s'appuyant sur des cadres sociologiques et des outils méthodologiques (ethnographie). En analysant les récits des migrants nigériens à Benin City, cet article met en lumière les caractéristiques de la niche des migrants sur le marché des changes, l'interaction entre les entreprises de change formelles et informelles sur le marché, ainsi que l'interaction entre les migrants et les habitants de la communauté. Nous soutenons que le lien entre les migrations intra-africaines et les niches informelles conduit à des transformations spatiales, politiques, économiques et sociales qui remettent en question l'importance des marchés formels et les limites du statut de sans-papiers.

Mots-clés

migration migration Sud-Sud Niger Nigéria Benin City État d’Edo change de devises marchés informels niches de migrants Afrique de l’Ouest

[1]

Oreva Olakpe et al. 2024. 2 - The Migration and Informal Market Nexus: A study of Nigerien Forex Traders in Benin City. Afrique et développement. 48, 3 (mai 2024). DOI:https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v48i3.5316.

Télécharger la référence bibliographique

Les références

Aker, J., 2018, Migration, Money Transfers and Mobile Money: Evidence from Niger, Pathways for Prosperity Commission, Background Paper Series, No. 16, Oxford: Oxford University. Available online at https://pathwayscommission.bsg.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2018-12/jenny_aker_mobile_money.pdf.
Ali, A., 1981, Labor Migration from Bangladesh to the Middle East, World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 454, Washington DC: World Bank.
Awumbila, M., Benneh, Y., Teye, K., and Atiim, G., 2014, Across Artificial Borders: An Assessment of Labour Migration in the ECOWAS Region, Research Report, ACPOBS/2014/PUB05. Available online at https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/ecowas_region.pdf.
Banuri, T., 1989, Black Markets, Openness, and Central Bank Autonomy, WIDER Working Papers, WP 62, World Institute for Development Economic Research for the United Nations University, Helsinki: WIDER.
Bob-Milliar, G.M. and Obeng-Odoom, F., 2011, ‘The Informal Economy is an Employer, a Nuisance, and a Goldmine: Multiple Representations of and Responses to Informality in Accra, Ghana’, Urban Anthropology, Vol. 40, No. 3–4, pp. 263–284. Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), 2019a, BDC Database, March 2019. Available online at https://www.cbn.gov.ng/Out/2019/FPRD/Copy%20of%20Copy%20of%20BDC%20DATA%20BASE%20MARCH%2031%202019.pdf. Accessed 17 January 2020.
Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), 2019b, Quarterly Statistical Bulletin, Vol. 8, No. 3, September 2019. Available online at http://statistics.cbn.gov.ng/cbn-onlinestats/DataBrowser.aspx. Accessed 17 January 2020.
Eckstein, S., and Peri, G., ‘Immigrant Niches and Immigrant Networks in the U.S. Labor Market, RSF’, The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 1–17.
Freund, C., and Spatafora, N., 2005, Remittances: Transaction Costs, Determinants, and Informal Flows, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3704, Washington DC: World Bank.
Gatt, S., Hazibar, K., Sauermann, V., Preglau, M., and Ralser, M., 2016, Migration in geschlechterkritischer, postkolonialer und interdisziplinärer Perspektive (Migration from a Gender-critical, Postcolonial and Interdisciplinary Perspective), Osterreichische Zeitschrift fur Soziologie, Vol. 41, pp. 1–12. Available online at https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs11614-016-0236-4.pdf.
Grosse, R., 1991, Peru’s Black Market in Foreign Exchange, Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 135–167.
Grosse, R., 1994, Jamaica’s Foreign Exchange Black Market, The Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 17–43.
Guyer, J.I., 1997, An African Niche Economy: Farming to Feed Ibadan, 1968–88, Edinburgh and London, UK: Edinburgh University Press and the International African Institute.
Hashim, Y., and Meagher, K., 1999, Cross-Border Trade and the Parallel Currency Market—Trade and Finance in The Context Of Structural Adjustment: A Case Study From Kano, Nigeria, Research Report 113 (NAI Research Reports), Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute.
International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2006, Migration, Human Smuggling and Trafficking from Nigeria to Europe, IOM Migration Research Series No. 23, Geneva: IOM Publications.
International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2013, Regional Strategy for West and Central Africa 2014-2016, Geneva: IOM Publications. Available online at https://www.iom.int/files/live/sites/iom/files/Country/docs/IOM-Regional-Strategy-West-and-Central-Africa-2014-2016-EN.pdf. Accessed 28 January 2020.
Jackson, T., 2012, Cross-Cultural Management and the Informal Economy in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications For Organization, Employment And Skills Development, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 23, No. 14, pp. 2901–2916. DOI 10.1080/09585192.2012.671510.
Kane, A., and Leedy, H.T., 2013, African Migrations: Patterns and Perspectives. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Koh, S.Y., 2015, Postcolonial Approaches to Migration in Asia: Reflections and Projections, Geography Compass, Vol. 9, No. 8, pp. 432–444.
Kubo, K., 2018, Myanmar’s Foreign Exchange Market: Controls, Reforms, and Informal Market, Chiba, Japan: Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization (IDE-JETRO).
Magnus, O., and Eseigbe, J., 2012, ‘Categorization of Urban Centres in Edo State, Nigeria’, IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSRJBM), Vol. 3, No. 6, pp. 19–25. Available online at http://iosrjournals.org/iosr-jbm/papers/vol3-issue6/D0361925.pdf.
Mains, S.P., Gilmartin M., Cullen, D., Mohammad, R., Tolia-Kelly, D. P., Raghuram P., and Winders, J., 2013, ‘Postcolonial Migrations’, Social and Cultural Geography, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 131–144.
Mbembe, A., 2006, What Is Postcolonial Thinking? Lempereur, N., and Schlegel, J.-L., Fletcher, J. trs, Esprit. Available online at https://web.archive.org/web/20200530123343/https://www.cairn-int.info/focus-E_ ESPRI_0612_0117--what-is-postcolonial-thinking.htm. Accessed 30 May 2020.
Narayan, U., 2005, ‘Colonialism, Gender, Informal Sector Work and Issues of Social Justice’, Anales de la Cátedra Francisco Suárez, Vol. 39, pp. 351–362.
Nwonu, C., 2017, ‘Impact of Fallen Oil Prices on the Nigeria Economy’, Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development, Vol. 33, pp. 75–82.
Olsen, A.S.W., 2011, Reconsidering West African Migration Changing Focus from European Immigration to Intra-Regional Flow, Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS) Working Paper, pp. 1–29. Available online at https://pure.diis. dk/ws/files/109931/Reconsidering_West_African_Migration_web.pdf.
Onokerhoraye, A.G., and Omuta, G.E.D., and, Ozo, A.O., 1986, ‘Residential Location and Intra-urban Mobility in a Developing Country: Some Empirical Observations from Benin City, Nigeria’, Urban Studies, Vol. 23, No. 6, pp. 457–470.
Ozo, A.O., 2009, ‘Urban Change and Conflict in the Traditional Character of an African City: The Example of Benin City, Nigeria,’ Planning Perspectives, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 485–507.
Potts, D., 2008, ‘The Urban Informal Sector in Sub-Saharan Africa: From Bad to Good (And Back Again?)’, Development Southern Africa, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 151–167.
Roitman, J.L., 1990, ‘The Politics of Informal Markets in Sub-Saharan Africa’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 671–696. DOI: 10.2307/160926.
Samaila, A., 2018, ‘Exchange and Marketing Across the Borders: A Study of Informal Cross-Border Trade in Nigeria-Niger Border Areas, 1960–1999’, Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria, Vol. 20.
Sambajee, P., and Weston, A., 2015, ‘A Postcolonial Analysis of Entrepreneurship in Africa’, Academy of Management Proceedings, Vol. 1, p. 15199.
Saul, M., and Pelican, M., 2014, ‘A New Research Perspective on Contemporary African Migration, Special Issue: ‘Global African Entrepreneurs’’, Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development, Vol. 43, No. 1–3, pp. 1–16.
Teye J., Awumbila, M., and Benneh, Y., 2015, ‘Intraregional Migration in the ECOWAS Region: Trends and Emerging Challenges’, in Akoutou, A. B., Sohn, R., Vogl, M. and Yeboah, D., eds, Migration and Civil Society as Development Drivers–A Regional Perspective, WAI-ZEI Paper 23, Praia and Bonn: West Africa Institute and ZEI Center for European Integrated Studies, pp. 97-124.
Wiegand, B., 1994, Black Money in Belize: Ethnicity and Social Structure of Black-market Crime, Social Forces, Vol. 73, No. 1, pp. 135–154.

Les références

Aker, J., 2018, Migration, Money Transfers and Mobile Money: Evidence from Niger, Pathways for Prosperity Commission, Background Paper Series, No. 16, Oxford: Oxford University. Available online at https://pathwayscommission.bsg.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2018-12/jenny_aker_mobile_money.pdf.

Ali, A., 1981, Labor Migration from Bangladesh to the Middle East, World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 454, Washington DC: World Bank.

Awumbila, M., Benneh, Y., Teye, K., and Atiim, G., 2014, Across Artificial Borders: An Assessment of Labour Migration in the ECOWAS Region, Research Report, ACPOBS/2014/PUB05. Available online at https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/ecowas_region.pdf.

Banuri, T., 1989, Black Markets, Openness, and Central Bank Autonomy, WIDER Working Papers, WP 62, World Institute for Development Economic Research for the United Nations University, Helsinki: WIDER.

Bob-Milliar, G.M. and Obeng-Odoom, F., 2011, ‘The Informal Economy is an Employer, a Nuisance, and a Goldmine: Multiple Representations of and Responses to Informality in Accra, Ghana’, Urban Anthropology, Vol. 40, No. 3–4, pp. 263–284. Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), 2019a, BDC Database, March 2019. Available online at https://www.cbn.gov.ng/Out/2019/FPRD/Copy%20of%20Copy%20of%20BDC%20DATA%20BASE%20MARCH%2031%202019.pdf. Accessed 17 January 2020.

Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), 2019b, Quarterly Statistical Bulletin, Vol. 8, No. 3, September 2019. Available online at http://statistics.cbn.gov.ng/cbn-onlinestats/DataBrowser.aspx. Accessed 17 January 2020.

Eckstein, S., and Peri, G., ‘Immigrant Niches and Immigrant Networks in the U.S. Labor Market, RSF’, The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 1–17.

Freund, C., and Spatafora, N., 2005, Remittances: Transaction Costs, Determinants, and Informal Flows, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3704, Washington DC: World Bank.

Gatt, S., Hazibar, K., Sauermann, V., Preglau, M., and Ralser, M., 2016, Migration in geschlechterkritischer, postkolonialer und interdisziplinärer Perspektive (Migration from a Gender-critical, Postcolonial and Interdisciplinary Perspective), Osterreichische Zeitschrift fur Soziologie, Vol. 41, pp. 1–12. Available online at https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs11614-016-0236-4.pdf.

Grosse, R., 1991, Peru’s Black Market in Foreign Exchange, Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 135–167.

Grosse, R., 1994, Jamaica’s Foreign Exchange Black Market, The Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 17–43.

Guyer, J.I., 1997, An African Niche Economy: Farming to Feed Ibadan, 1968–88, Edinburgh and London, UK: Edinburgh University Press and the International African Institute.

Hashim, Y., and Meagher, K., 1999, Cross-Border Trade and the Parallel Currency Market—Trade and Finance in The Context Of Structural Adjustment: A Case Study From Kano, Nigeria, Research Report 113 (NAI Research Reports), Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute.

International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2006, Migration, Human Smuggling and Trafficking from Nigeria to Europe, IOM Migration Research Series No. 23, Geneva: IOM Publications.

International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2013, Regional Strategy for West and Central Africa 2014-2016, Geneva: IOM Publications. Available online at https://www.iom.int/files/live/sites/iom/files/Country/docs/IOM-Regional-Strategy-West-and-Central-Africa-2014-2016-EN.pdf. Accessed 28 January 2020.

Jackson, T., 2012, Cross-Cultural Management and the Informal Economy in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications For Organization, Employment And Skills Development, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 23, No. 14, pp. 2901–2916. DOI 10.1080/09585192.2012.671510.

Kane, A., and Leedy, H.T., 2013, African Migrations: Patterns and Perspectives. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

Koh, S.Y., 2015, Postcolonial Approaches to Migration in Asia: Reflections and Projections, Geography Compass, Vol. 9, No. 8, pp. 432–444.

Kubo, K., 2018, Myanmar’s Foreign Exchange Market: Controls, Reforms, and Informal Market, Chiba, Japan: Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization (IDE-JETRO).

Magnus, O., and Eseigbe, J., 2012, ‘Categorization of Urban Centres in Edo State, Nigeria’, IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSRJBM), Vol. 3, No. 6, pp. 19–25. Available online at http://iosrjournals.org/iosr-jbm/papers/vol3-issue6/D0361925.pdf.

Mains, S.P., Gilmartin M., Cullen, D., Mohammad, R., Tolia-Kelly, D. P., Raghuram P., and Winders, J., 2013, ‘Postcolonial Migrations’, Social and Cultural Geography, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 131–144.

Mbembe, A., 2006, What Is Postcolonial Thinking? Lempereur, N., and Schlegel, J.-L., Fletcher, J. trs, Esprit. Available online at https://web.archive.org/web/20200530123343/https://www.cairn-int.info/focus-E_ ESPRI_0612_0117--what-is-postcolonial-thinking.htm. Accessed 30 May 2020.

Narayan, U., 2005, ‘Colonialism, Gender, Informal Sector Work and Issues of Social Justice’, Anales de la Cátedra Francisco Suárez, Vol. 39, pp. 351–362.

Nwonu, C., 2017, ‘Impact of Fallen Oil Prices on the Nigeria Economy’, Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development, Vol. 33, pp. 75–82.

Olsen, A.S.W., 2011, Reconsidering West African Migration Changing Focus from European Immigration to Intra-Regional Flow, Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS) Working Paper, pp. 1–29. Available online at https://pure.diis. dk/ws/files/109931/Reconsidering_West_African_Migration_web.pdf.

Onokerhoraye, A.G., and Omuta, G.E.D., and, Ozo, A.O., 1986, ‘Residential Location and Intra-urban Mobility in a Developing Country: Some Empirical Observations from Benin City, Nigeria’, Urban Studies, Vol. 23, No. 6, pp. 457–470.

Ozo, A.O., 2009, ‘Urban Change and Conflict in the Traditional Character of an African City: The Example of Benin City, Nigeria,’ Planning Perspectives, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 485–507.

Potts, D., 2008, ‘The Urban Informal Sector in Sub-Saharan Africa: From Bad to Good (And Back Again?)’, Development Southern Africa, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 151–167.

Roitman, J.L., 1990, ‘The Politics of Informal Markets in Sub-Saharan Africa’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 671–696. DOI: 10.2307/160926.

Samaila, A., 2018, ‘Exchange and Marketing Across the Borders: A Study of Informal Cross-Border Trade in Nigeria-Niger Border Areas, 1960–1999’, Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria, Vol. 20.

Sambajee, P., and Weston, A., 2015, ‘A Postcolonial Analysis of Entrepreneurship in Africa’, Academy of Management Proceedings, Vol. 1, p. 15199.

Saul, M., and Pelican, M., 2014, ‘A New Research Perspective on Contemporary African Migration, Special Issue: ‘Global African Entrepreneurs’’, Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development, Vol. 43, No. 1–3, pp. 1–16.

Teye J., Awumbila, M., and Benneh, Y., 2015, ‘Intraregional Migration in the ECOWAS Region: Trends and Emerging Challenges’, in Akoutou, A. B., Sohn, R., Vogl, M. and Yeboah, D., eds, Migration and Civil Society as Development Drivers–A Regional Perspective, WAI-ZEI Paper 23, Praia and Bonn: West Africa Institute and ZEI Center for European Integrated Studies, pp. 97-124.

Wiegand, B., 1994, Black Money in Belize: Ethnicity and Social Structure of Black-market Crime, Social Forces, Vol. 73, No. 1, pp. 135–154.

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