6 -  Does Having More Children Reduce Women’s Labor Market Participation? Evidence From Kenya

Martin Mulwa

doi:10.57054/ad.v49i1.5618

Numéro

Vol. 49 No 1 (2024): Afrique et développement

Issue Published : juillet 10, 2024

6 - Does Having More Children Reduce Women’s Labor Market Participation? Evidence From Kenya

https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v49i1.5618

Martin Mulwa

University of Nairobi

Corresponding Author(s) : Martin Mulwa

martinmulwa12@Gmail.Com

Afrique et développement, Vol. 49 No 1 (2024): Afrique et développement
Article Published : juillet 10, 2024

Résumé

À l’aide de l’Enquête démographique et de santé du Kenya de 2014, cet article évalue le désavantage lié à la maternité sur le marché du travail du Kenya. Aux fins de contrôle de l’endogénéité, l’étude a utilisé la préférence pour une mixité frères-sœurs pour expliquer la variation exogène de la fécondité. Les résultats de la régression auxiliaire montrent l’existence d’une préférence pour une mixité « frères et sœurs » au Kenya. La probabilité d'avoir un enfant supplémentaire augmente de 24,77 pour cent pour les femmes dont les deux premiers enfants sont du même sexe. Le modèle à variables instrumentales montre que la variation exogène de la fécondité induite par la préférence pour une mixité frères-sœurs réduit considérablement la probabilité pour les femmes d’accéder à un travail décent (4,29 pour cent). L’effet de la fécondité est hétérogène selon les groupes d’âge. Le document révèle que l’offre de main- d’œuvre pour un travail décent baisse respectivement de 6,08 pour cent et de 8,29 pour cent pour les femmes des tranches d’âge de 15 à 24 ans et de 24 à 34 ans. Les incitations politiques telles que l’accès à des services abordables de garde d’enfants sont essentielles dans la réduction des désavantages liées à la maternité.

Mots-clés

endogénéité fertilité Kenya offre de main-d'oeuvre femmes

[1]

Mulwa, M. 2024. 6 - Does Having More Children Reduce Women’s Labor Market Participation? Evidence From Kenya. Afrique et développement. 49, 1 (juill. 2024). DOI:https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v49i1.5618.

Télécharger la référence bibliographique

Les références

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Aguero, J.M., and Marks, M.S., 2008, ‘Motherhood and female labour force participation: evidence from infertility shocks’, American Economic Review, Vol. 98, No. 2, pp. 500–504.
Angrist, J., and Evans, W., 1998, ‘Children and their parents’ labour supply: evidence from exogenous variation in family size’, American Economic Review, Vol. 88, No. 3, pp. 450–577.
Basu, A., and Das Gupta, M., 2001, ‘Family systems and the preferred sex of children’, in Hoem, J., ed., International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Baumann, F., 2021, ‘The Next Frontier – Human Development and the Anthropocene: UNDP Human Development Report 2020’, Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, Vol. 63, No. 3, pp. 34–40.
Becker, G.S., 1991, A Treatise on the Family. Enlarged Edition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Blau, F.D., and Grossberg, A. J., 1992, ‘Maternal Labour Supply and Children’s Cognitive Development’, Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 74, No. 3, pp. 474–81.
Bloom, D.E., Canning, D., Fink, G., and Finlay, J. E., 2009, ‘Fertility, female labour force participation and the demographic dividend’, Journal of Economic Growth, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 79–101.
Browning, M., 1992, ‘Children and household economic behavior’, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 1434–1475.
Chun, H., and Oh, J., 2002, ‘An instrumental variable estimate of the effect of fertility on the labour force participation of married women’, Applied Economics Letters, Vol. 9, No. 10, pp. 631–634.
Conley, T.G., Hansen, C.B., and Rossi, P. E., 2012, ‘Plausibly exogenous’, Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 94, No. 1, pp. 260–272.
Cruces, G., and Galiani, S., 2007, ‘Fertility and female labour supply in Latin America: New causal evidence’, Labour Economics, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 565–573.
Goldin, C., 2014, ‘A grand gender convergence: Its last chapter’, American Economic Review, 104, 1091–1119.
Gronau, R., 1977, ‘Leisure, home production and work – the theory of the allocation of time revisited’, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 85, No. 6, pp. 1099–1123.
He, X., and Zhu, R., 2016, ‘Fertility and Female Labour Force Participation: Causal Evidence from Urban China’, The Manchester School, Vol. 84, No. 5, pp. 664–674.
International Labour Organization (ILO), 2018, World employment social outlook: Trends for Women, Geneva: ILO.
International Labour Organization (ILO), 2019, World employment social outlook: Trends 2019, Geneva: ILO.
Jacobsen, J.P., Pearce III, J.W., and Rosenbloom, J.L., 1999, ‘The effects of childbearing on married women’s labour supply and earnings: using twin births as a natural experiment’, Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 449–474.
Kabubo‐Mariara, J., 2003, Wage determination and the gender wage gap in Kenya: Any evidence of gender discrimination, African Economic Research Consortium Research Paper No. 132.
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), 2015, Kenya Demographic Health Survey, Nairobi.
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), 2018, Kenya integrated household budget survey, 2015/16. Nairobi.
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), 2020a, Statistical Abstract. Nairobi. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), 2020b, Women’s Empowerment in Kenya: Developing a Measure, Nairobi: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics.
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), 2022, Economic Survey. Nairobi.
Kuépié, M., 2016, ‘Determinants of labour market gender inequalities in Cameroon, Senegal and Mali: the role of human capital and fertility burden’, Canadian Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 66–82.
Lokshin, M.M., Glinskaya, E., and Garcia, M., 2004, ‘The effect of early childhood development programmes on women’s labour force participation and older children’s schooling in Kenya’, Journal of African Economies, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 240–276.
Mulwa, M., and Gichana, T., 2020, ‘Does education reduce gender differentials in labour market participation? A Kenyan perspective’, African Development Review, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 446–458.
Nakamura, A., and Nakamura, M., 1992, ‘The econometrics of female labour supply and children’, Econometric Reviews, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 1–71.
Nicita, A., and Razzaz, S., 2003, Who benefits and how much? How gender affects welfare impacts of a booming textile industry, Washington DC: The World Bank.
Nordman, C.J. and Wolff, F.C., 2009, ‘Is there a glass ceiling in Morocco? Evidence from matched worker–firm data’, Journal of African Economies, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 592–633.
Nordman, C.J., Robilliard, A.S., and Roubaud, F., 2011, ‘Gender and ethnic earnings gaps in seven West African cities’, Labour Economics, Vol. 18, S132–S145.
Rosenzweig, M.R., and Wolpin, K.I., 1980, ‘Life-cycle labour supply and fertility: Causal inferences from household models’, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 88, No. 2, pp. 328–348.
Rosenzweig, M.R., and Wolpin, K.I., 2000, ‘Natural ‘natural experiments’’ in economics, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 827–874.
Siphambe, H. K., and Thokweng‐Bakwena, M., 2001, ‘The wage gap between men and women in Botswana’s formal labour market’, Journal of African Economies, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 127–142.
Totouom, A., Mboutchouang, V.D.P., and Kaffo Fotio, H., 2018, ‘The Effects of Education on Labour Force Participation in Cameroon: A Gender Perspective’, African Development Review, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 45–55.
Waldfogel, J., 1998, ‘Understanding the ‘family gap’ in pay for women with children’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 137–156.
Wambugu, A., 2011, ‘The effects of educational attainment on employment outcomes in Kenya’, International Journal of Educational Administration and Policy Studies, Vol. 3, No. 7, pp. 94–102.
Westoff, C.F., Bietsch, K., and Koffman, D., 2013, ‘Indicators of trends in fertility in sub-Saharan Africa’, Demographic Health Survey Analytical Studies, Vol. 34.
Willis, R.J., 1987, ‘What have we learned from the economics of the family?’ The American Economic Review, Vol. 77, No. 2, pp. 68–81.

Les références

Adda, J., Dustmann, C., and Stevens, K., 2017, ‘The career costs of children’, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 125, pp. 293–337.

Aguero, J.M., and Marks, M.S., 2008, ‘Motherhood and female labour force participation: evidence from infertility shocks’, American Economic Review, Vol. 98, No. 2, pp. 500–504.

Angrist, J., and Evans, W., 1998, ‘Children and their parents’ labour supply: evidence from exogenous variation in family size’, American Economic Review, Vol. 88, No. 3, pp. 450–577.

Basu, A., and Das Gupta, M., 2001, ‘Family systems and the preferred sex of children’, in Hoem, J., ed., International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Baumann, F., 2021, ‘The Next Frontier – Human Development and the Anthropocene: UNDP Human Development Report 2020’, Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, Vol. 63, No. 3, pp. 34–40.

Becker, G.S., 1991, A Treatise on the Family. Enlarged Edition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Blau, F.D., and Grossberg, A. J., 1992, ‘Maternal Labour Supply and Children’s Cognitive Development’, Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 74, No. 3, pp. 474–81.

Bloom, D.E., Canning, D., Fink, G., and Finlay, J. E., 2009, ‘Fertility, female labour force participation and the demographic dividend’, Journal of Economic Growth, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 79–101.

Browning, M., 1992, ‘Children and household economic behavior’, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 1434–1475.

Chun, H., and Oh, J., 2002, ‘An instrumental variable estimate of the effect of fertility on the labour force participation of married women’, Applied Economics Letters, Vol. 9, No. 10, pp. 631–634.

Conley, T.G., Hansen, C.B., and Rossi, P. E., 2012, ‘Plausibly exogenous’, Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 94, No. 1, pp. 260–272.

Cruces, G., and Galiani, S., 2007, ‘Fertility and female labour supply in Latin America: New causal evidence’, Labour Economics, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 565–573.

Goldin, C., 2014, ‘A grand gender convergence: Its last chapter’, American Economic Review, 104, 1091–1119.

Gronau, R., 1977, ‘Leisure, home production and work – the theory of the allocation of time revisited’, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 85, No. 6, pp. 1099–1123.

He, X., and Zhu, R., 2016, ‘Fertility and Female Labour Force Participation: Causal Evidence from Urban China’, The Manchester School, Vol. 84, No. 5, pp. 664–674.

International Labour Organization (ILO), 2018, World employment social outlook: Trends for Women, Geneva: ILO.

International Labour Organization (ILO), 2019, World employment social outlook: Trends 2019, Geneva: ILO.

Jacobsen, J.P., Pearce III, J.W., and Rosenbloom, J.L., 1999, ‘The effects of childbearing on married women’s labour supply and earnings: using twin births as a natural experiment’, Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 449–474.

Kabubo‐Mariara, J., 2003, Wage determination and the gender wage gap in Kenya: Any evidence of gender discrimination, African Economic Research Consortium Research Paper No. 132.

Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), 2015, Kenya Demographic Health Survey, Nairobi.

Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), 2018, Kenya integrated household budget survey, 2015/16. Nairobi.

Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), 2020a, Statistical Abstract. Nairobi. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), 2020b, Women’s Empowerment in Kenya: Developing a Measure, Nairobi: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics.

Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), 2022, Economic Survey. Nairobi.

Kuépié, M., 2016, ‘Determinants of labour market gender inequalities in Cameroon, Senegal and Mali: the role of human capital and fertility burden’, Canadian Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 66–82.

Lokshin, M.M., Glinskaya, E., and Garcia, M., 2004, ‘The effect of early childhood development programmes on women’s labour force participation and older children’s schooling in Kenya’, Journal of African Economies, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 240–276.

Mulwa, M., and Gichana, T., 2020, ‘Does education reduce gender differentials in labour market participation? A Kenyan perspective’, African Development Review, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 446–458.

Nakamura, A., and Nakamura, M., 1992, ‘The econometrics of female labour supply and children’, Econometric Reviews, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 1–71.

Nicita, A., and Razzaz, S., 2003, Who benefits and how much? How gender affects welfare impacts of a booming textile industry, Washington DC: The World Bank.

Nordman, C.J. and Wolff, F.C., 2009, ‘Is there a glass ceiling in Morocco? Evidence from matched worker–firm data’, Journal of African Economies, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 592–633.

Nordman, C.J., Robilliard, A.S., and Roubaud, F., 2011, ‘Gender and ethnic earnings gaps in seven West African cities’, Labour Economics, Vol. 18, S132–S145.

Rosenzweig, M.R., and Wolpin, K.I., 1980, ‘Life-cycle labour supply and fertility: Causal inferences from household models’, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 88, No. 2, pp. 328–348.

Rosenzweig, M.R., and Wolpin, K.I., 2000, ‘Natural ‘natural experiments’’ in economics, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 827–874.

Siphambe, H. K., and Thokweng‐Bakwena, M., 2001, ‘The wage gap between men and women in Botswana’s formal labour market’, Journal of African Economies, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 127–142.

Totouom, A., Mboutchouang, V.D.P., and Kaffo Fotio, H., 2018, ‘The Effects of Education on Labour Force Participation in Cameroon: A Gender Perspective’, African Development Review, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 45–55.

Waldfogel, J., 1998, ‘Understanding the ‘family gap’ in pay for women with children’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 137–156.

Wambugu, A., 2011, ‘The effects of educational attainment on employment outcomes in Kenya’, International Journal of Educational Administration and Policy Studies, Vol. 3, No. 7, pp. 94–102.

Westoff, C.F., Bietsch, K., and Koffman, D., 2013, ‘Indicators of trends in fertility in sub-Saharan Africa’, Demographic Health Survey Analytical Studies, Vol. 34.

Willis, R.J., 1987, ‘What have we learned from the economics of the family?’ The American Economic Review, Vol. 77, No. 2, pp. 68–81.

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