4 - The Discursive Dynamics of Action-Research and Zimbabwean San People’s Production of Audio-Visual Stories
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 45 No 4 (2020): Afrique et développement
Résumé
Lors de recherches sur des peuples historiquement marginalisés, comme les autochtones San du Zimbabwe, il est nécessaire d’observer les pratiques éthiques et méthodologiques les plus sensibles. Les San sont, en grande partie, un groupe de personnes vivant en marge de l'économie de marché présente dans toute l'Afrique australe, y compris le Zimbabwe. Les San du Zimbabwe travaillent souvent comme ouvriers non qualifiés pour leurs voisins Ndebele et Kalanga dans les zones rurales du Matebeleland. Historiquement, l’identité et la culture des San étaient dénigrées dans les mythes oraux et médiatiques populaires. Cet article présente une approche théorique et méthodologique imprégnée de sciences sociales critiques et d'études culturelles afin de, avec des technologies modernes de cinéma et de vidéo, restaurer l'image des San en en faisant les concepteurs de textes culturels contemporains sur leurpropre mode de vie. Après avoir été formés aux techniques de tournage et de montage par des chercheurs de la Midlands State University, les San racontent leurs histoires. La négociation d'espace et de statut à la fois pour les chercheurs-formateurs invités et les jeunes étudiants-hôtes San constitue une lecture réflexive fascinante de la dynamique de pouvoir entre sujets de recherche et chercheurs. Ce qui en émerge finalement est une étude consciente, à la fois, de l'humanisme existentiel et de la nécessité d'engagement respectueux des chercheurs des citadelles universitaires avec des gens ordinaires souvent rabaissés et exploités.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
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- Arends, D., 2014, ‘Letter to Prof Keyan Tomaselli’, Critical Arts: south-north cultural and media studies (Special Issue), Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 737–738.
- Biesele, M. and Hitchcock, R.K., 1999, ‘“Two kinds of bioscope”: Practical community concerns and ethnographic film in Namibia’, Visual Anthropology, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 137–152.
- Buntman, B., 1996a, ‘Bushman images in South African tourist advertising: The Case of Kagga Kamma’, in P. Skotnes, ed., Miscast: Negotiating the presence of the Bushmen, Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press.
- Buntman, B., 1996b, ‘Selling with the San: Representations of Bushmen people and artifacts in South African print advertisements’, Visual Anthropology, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 35–54.
- Callaway, E., 2017, ‘South Africa’s San people issue ethics code to scientists’, Nature, Vol. 543, 7646. Available online at https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/south-africa-rsquo-s-san-peopleissue-ethics-code-to-scientists/. Accessed 10 December 2018.
- Cannella, G.S. and Lincoln, Y.S., 2018, ‘Ethics, research regulations, and critical social science’, in N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln, eds, The Sage handbook onqualitative research, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Chapman, M., 1996, Southern African literatures, London: Longman.
- Dean, M., 1999, Governmentality: power and rule in modern society, London: Sage.
- De Wet, P., 2010, South Africa’s unfinished business: The First Nation indigenous KhoeSan peoples, Saarbruchen: Lap Lambert Publishing.
- Dieckmann, U., Thiem, M., Dirkx, E. and Hays, J., 2014, ‘Scraping the pot’: San in Namibia two decades after independence, Windhoek: Legal Assistance Centre and Desert Research Foundation of Namibia.
- During, S., 1993, Introduction, in Simon During, ed., The cultural studies reader, London: Routledge.
- Fiske, J., 1994, ‘Audiencing: cultural practice and cultural studies’, in N.K. Denzin & Y.S.Lincoln, eds, The Sage handbook of qualitative research, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- Gillespie, T., Bockzkowiski, P.J. and Foot, K.A., 2014, Media technologies: Essays on communication, materiality, and society, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Gray, A., 2003, Research practice for cultural studies: Ethnographic methods and lived cultures, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi: Sage Publications.
- Gregg, M. and Seigworth, G.J., 2010, eds, The affect theory reader, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
- Grossberg, L., 1996, ‘Identity and cultural studies: Is that all there is?’ in S. Hall and P. Du Gay, eds, Questions of cultural identity Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc., pp. 87–107.
- Grossberg, L., 2010, ‘Affect’s future: rediscovering the virtual in the actual (interviewed by G.J. Seigworth and M. Gregg)’, in M. Gregg and G.J. Seigworth, eds, The affect theory reader, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
- Hall, S. and Du Gay, P., 1996, Questions of cultural identity, London: Sage.
- Harrow, K.W., 2007, Postcolonial African cinema: from political engagement to postmodernism, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
- Hayek, F., 2006, The constitution of liberty, London: Routledge.
- Henley, P., 2001, ‘Fly in the soup’, London Review of Books, Vol. 23, No. 12, pp. 35–37.
- Hitchcock, R.K., Begbie-Clench, B. and Murwira, A., 2014, ‘Indigenous space, “indigenisation”, and social boundaries among the Tshwa San of Western Zimbabwe’, paper presented at the Association of Social Anthropologists of the United Kingdom and Commonwealth (ASA) No. 14 Conference, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, 19–22 June, 2014.
- Hitchcock, R.K., Begbie-Clench, B. and Murwira, A., 2016, The San in Zimbabwe: Livelihoods, land and human rights, IWGIA Report 22, IWGIA-OSISA- University of Zimbabwe.
- Hitchcock, R.K. and Nangati, F.M., 1992, Assessment of the community-based resource utilisation component of the Zimbabwe Natural Resources Management Project (690-0251), Harare, Zimbabwe: U.S. Agency for International Development.
- Hitchcock, R.K. and Nangati, F.M., 1993, ‘Drought, environmental change, and development, among the Tyua of western Zimbabwe’, International Working Group for Indigenous Affairs Newsletter 2/93, pp. 42–46.
Les références
Arends, D., 2014, ‘Letter to Prof Keyan Tomaselli’, Critical Arts: south-north cultural and media studies (Special Issue), Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 737–738.
Biesele, M. and Hitchcock, R.K., 1999, ‘“Two kinds of bioscope”: Practical community concerns and ethnographic film in Namibia’, Visual Anthropology, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 137–152.
Buntman, B., 1996a, ‘Bushman images in South African tourist advertising: The Case of Kagga Kamma’, in P. Skotnes, ed., Miscast: Negotiating the presence of the Bushmen, Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press.
Buntman, B., 1996b, ‘Selling with the San: Representations of Bushmen people and artifacts in South African print advertisements’, Visual Anthropology, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 35–54.
Callaway, E., 2017, ‘South Africa’s San people issue ethics code to scientists’, Nature, Vol. 543, 7646. Available online at https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/south-africa-rsquo-s-san-peopleissue-ethics-code-to-scientists/. Accessed 10 December 2018.
Cannella, G.S. and Lincoln, Y.S., 2018, ‘Ethics, research regulations, and critical social science’, in N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln, eds, The Sage handbook onqualitative research, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Chapman, M., 1996, Southern African literatures, London: Longman.
Dean, M., 1999, Governmentality: power and rule in modern society, London: Sage.
De Wet, P., 2010, South Africa’s unfinished business: The First Nation indigenous KhoeSan peoples, Saarbruchen: Lap Lambert Publishing.
Dieckmann, U., Thiem, M., Dirkx, E. and Hays, J., 2014, ‘Scraping the pot’: San in Namibia two decades after independence, Windhoek: Legal Assistance Centre and Desert Research Foundation of Namibia.
During, S., 1993, Introduction, in Simon During, ed., The cultural studies reader, London: Routledge.
Fiske, J., 1994, ‘Audiencing: cultural practice and cultural studies’, in N.K. Denzin & Y.S.Lincoln, eds, The Sage handbook of qualitative research, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Gillespie, T., Bockzkowiski, P.J. and Foot, K.A., 2014, Media technologies: Essays on communication, materiality, and society, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Gray, A., 2003, Research practice for cultural studies: Ethnographic methods and lived cultures, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi: Sage Publications.
Gregg, M. and Seigworth, G.J., 2010, eds, The affect theory reader, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Grossberg, L., 1996, ‘Identity and cultural studies: Is that all there is?’ in S. Hall and P. Du Gay, eds, Questions of cultural identity Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc., pp. 87–107.
Grossberg, L., 2010, ‘Affect’s future: rediscovering the virtual in the actual (interviewed by G.J. Seigworth and M. Gregg)’, in M. Gregg and G.J. Seigworth, eds, The affect theory reader, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Hall, S. and Du Gay, P., 1996, Questions of cultural identity, London: Sage.
Harrow, K.W., 2007, Postcolonial African cinema: from political engagement to postmodernism, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Hayek, F., 2006, The constitution of liberty, London: Routledge.
Henley, P., 2001, ‘Fly in the soup’, London Review of Books, Vol. 23, No. 12, pp. 35–37.
Hitchcock, R.K., Begbie-Clench, B. and Murwira, A., 2014, ‘Indigenous space, “indigenisation”, and social boundaries among the Tshwa San of Western Zimbabwe’, paper presented at the Association of Social Anthropologists of the United Kingdom and Commonwealth (ASA) No. 14 Conference, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, 19–22 June, 2014.
Hitchcock, R.K., Begbie-Clench, B. and Murwira, A., 2016, The San in Zimbabwe: Livelihoods, land and human rights, IWGIA Report 22, IWGIA-OSISA- University of Zimbabwe.
Hitchcock, R.K. and Nangati, F.M., 1992, Assessment of the community-based resource utilisation component of the Zimbabwe Natural Resources Management Project (690-0251), Harare, Zimbabwe: U.S. Agency for International Development.
Hitchcock, R.K. and Nangati, F.M., 1993, ‘Drought, environmental change, and development, among the Tyua of western Zimbabwe’, International Working Group for Indigenous Affairs Newsletter 2/93, pp. 42–46.