3 - Combating Illicit Financial Flows from Africa’s Extractive Industries and Implications for Good Governance: A Multi-country Study of Angola, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Nigeria
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 44 No 3 (2019): Afrique et développement: Numéro spécial sur Argent, sécurité et gouvernance démocratique en Afrique (III)
Résumé
Les flux financiers illicites (FFI) en provenance d’Afrique ont pris les proportions d’une crise ces derniers temps. Selon Global Financial Integrity (2010), entre 1970 et 2008, les flux financiers illicites provenant d’Afrique dépassent les 1.000 milliards de dollars, loin devant les flux combinés d’aide au développement et d’investissements étrangers directs sur le continent au cours de la même période. Le Nigéria est en tête des autres économies africaines riches en ressources naturelles avec une fuite de capital estimée à 217,7 milliards de dollars, soit 30,5 pour cent du total. African Economic Outlook (2012) révèle que si ces capitaux quittant l’Afrique avaient été investis efficacement, le résultat aurait pu réduire le taux de pauvreté du continent de 4 à 6 points de pourcentage supplémentaires, réduisant ainsi de moitié l’extrême pauvreté d’ici 2015 – un objectif du Millénaire pour le développement (OMD) crucial qui n’a pas été atteint par la région. Les experts en développement déclarent être préoccupés par les vastes FFI d’Afrique qui drainent le continent des ressources essentielles nécessaires à la réalisation de son programme de développement. Les industries extractives africaines sont particulièrement vulnérables aux FFI en raison de la complexité et des chaînes de valeur mondiales élaborées associées au secteur, qui transcendent souvent les frontières nationales. Parmi les éléments des flux financiers illicites dans le secteur extractif figurent l’évasion fiscale, les erreurs de facturation, la fraude et le blanchiment d’argent. L’objectif principal de cet article est de faire la lumière sur la menace posée par les FFI provenant du secteur extractif en Afrique et sur leurs implications pour la bonne gouvernance. L’article utilise des données empiriques pour analyser les flux financiers illicites en provenance d’Afrique, utilisant l’Angola, la RDC et le Nigéria dans une étude multi-pays révélant que d’énormes ressources financières ont été perdues pour ces pays au cours des dernières décennies, menaçant la capacité des pays africains à atteindre les objectifs du Millénaire pour le développement et les objectifs de développement durable qui ont suivi. Par conséquent, l’article présente un cadre politique basé sur l’Initiative pour la transparence des industries extractives; la lutte contre la corruption; la promotion des mécanismes institutionnels; et l’approfondissement des stratégies de réduction de la pauvreté.
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
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- Afolabi, A., 2015, ‘How illicit financial flows cramp development in Nigeria’, Fitila News, 10 July.
- African Development Bank (AfDB), 2012, African Economic Outlook, 2012, in association with the OECD, UNDP and UNECA, Paris.
- African Development Bank (AfDB), 2017, African Economic Outlook, Angola 2017.
- African Mineral Development Centre (AMDC), 2015, Impact of Illicit Financial Flows on Domestic Resource Mobilization: Optimizing Africa’s Mineral Revenues. Macroeconomic Policy Division, March.
- African Union, 2009, Africa Mining Vision, February, Addis Ababa. African Union, 2015, Agenda 2063. The Africa We Want, Addis Ababa.
- Anderson, M., 2015, ‘Africa losing billions from tax fraud and tax avoidance’, The Guardian, 2 February.
- Baker, R. and Kodi, M., 2010, ‘Illicit Financial Flows from Africa’, Meeting Summary, Chatham House, London, 10 May.
- Boyce, J. and Ndikumana, L., 2012, Capital Flight from Sub-Saharan African Countries: Updated Estimates, 1970–2010, Political Economy Research Institute, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, October.
- Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability (CBGA), 2015, Illicit Financial Flows: ‘Overview of Existing Research Methodologies and Approaches’, proceedings of a Mentoring Workshop organised by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability and Financial Transparency Coalition, 10 December, New Delhi.
- Chr. Michelsen Institute, 2011, Extractive Sectors and Illicit Financial Flows: What Role for Revenue Governance Initiatives? Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2011, DR Congo. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2012a, Angola.
- Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2012b, Nigeria. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2017, Democratic Republic of Congo.
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- Forbes, 2017, ‘Angola’s profile’, https://www.forbes.com/plakes/angola, accessed 26 July 2017.
- GAN Integrity, 2015, Angola Corruption Report, GANBusiness Anti-Corruption Portal, www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/angola, accessed 26 July 2017.
- GAN Integrity, 2016, Democratic Republic of Congo Corruption Report, August.
- Gilles, A., 2010, ‘Fueling Transparency and Accountability in the Natural Resources and Energy Markets’, proceedings of the 14th International Anti-Corruption Conference, Bangkok, 11–13 November.
- Global Financial Integrity (GFI), 2010, Illicit Financial Flows from Africa: Hidden Resource for Development.
- Global Financial Integrity (GFI), 2017a, Illicit Financial Flows, www.gfintegrity.org/issue/illicit-financial-flows/, accessed 23 July 2017.
- Global Financial Integrity (GFI), 2017b, Illicit Financial Flows to and from Developing Countries: 2005–2014, April.
- Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime, 2017, Criminal Economies in West Africa, accessed 23 July.
- Global Witness, 2015, ‘DR Congo plans to water down laws against mining corruption’, https://www.globalwitness.org/en/press-release/democratic-republic-congo-plans-water-down-laws-against-mining-corruption/, October, accessed 27 July 2017.
- Global Witness, 2017, ‘Shell knew: emails show senior executives at UK’s biggest company knew it was party to a vast bribery scheme’, April.
- Herkenrath, M., 2014, Illicit Financial Flows and their Developmental Impacts: An Overview International Development Policy, The Graduate Institute, Geneva.
- Human Rights Watch, 2010, Transparency and Accountability in Angola. An Update, New York.
- Kapoor, S., 2007, Illicit Financial Flows and Capital Flight, A Re-Define Briefing Paper.
- Kar, D., 2016, ‘The adverse economic consequences of capital flight and Illicit Financial Flows from developing countries’, www.gfintegrity.org/the-adverse-economic-consequences-of-capital-flight-and-illicit-flows-from-developing-countries/, accessed 23 July 2017.
- Kar, D. and Cartwright-Smith, D., 2010, Illicit Financial Flow from Africa: Hidden Resources for Development, 26 March.
- KMPG, 2014, Democratic Republic of Congo: Country Mining Guide, KPMG Global Mining Institute, Strategy Series.
- KPMG, 2017, Nigerian Mining Sector Brief, Third Edition, February.
- Kuwonu, F., 2016, ‘DRC economy: the giant awakens’, Africa Renewal, August–November.
Les références
Afolabi, A., 2015, ‘How illicit financial flows cramp development in Nigeria’, Fitila News, 10 July.
African Development Bank (AfDB), 2012, African Economic Outlook, 2012, in association with the OECD, UNDP and UNECA, Paris.
African Development Bank (AfDB), 2017, African Economic Outlook, Angola 2017.
African Mineral Development Centre (AMDC), 2015, Impact of Illicit Financial Flows on Domestic Resource Mobilization: Optimizing Africa’s Mineral Revenues. Macroeconomic Policy Division, March.
African Union, 2009, Africa Mining Vision, February, Addis Ababa. African Union, 2015, Agenda 2063. The Africa We Want, Addis Ababa.
Anderson, M., 2015, ‘Africa losing billions from tax fraud and tax avoidance’, The Guardian, 2 February.
Baker, R. and Kodi, M., 2010, ‘Illicit Financial Flows from Africa’, Meeting Summary, Chatham House, London, 10 May.
Boyce, J. and Ndikumana, L., 2012, Capital Flight from Sub-Saharan African Countries: Updated Estimates, 1970–2010, Political Economy Research Institute, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, October.
Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability (CBGA), 2015, Illicit Financial Flows: ‘Overview of Existing Research Methodologies and Approaches’, proceedings of a Mentoring Workshop organised by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability and Financial Transparency Coalition, 10 December, New Delhi.
Chr. Michelsen Institute, 2011, Extractive Sectors and Illicit Financial Flows: What Role for Revenue Governance Initiatives? Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2011, DR Congo. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2012a, Angola.
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2012b, Nigeria. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2017, Democratic Republic of Congo.
Energy Information Administration (EIA), 2016, Angola Country Report, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC.Focus Africa, 2017a, ‘Angola at a glance’, www.focusafrica.gov.in/country-at-glance-Angola.html, accessed 26 July 2017.
Focus Africa, 2017b, ‘DRC: sector profile’, www.focusafrica.gov.in/sector-profile- DRC.html, accessed 27 July 2017.
Forbes, 2017, ‘Angola’s profile’, https://www.forbes.com/plakes/angola, accessed 26 July 2017.
GAN Integrity, 2015, Angola Corruption Report, GANBusiness Anti-Corruption Portal, www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/angola, accessed 26 July 2017.
GAN Integrity, 2016, Democratic Republic of Congo Corruption Report, August.
Gilles, A., 2010, ‘Fueling Transparency and Accountability in the Natural Resources and Energy Markets’, proceedings of the 14th International Anti-Corruption Conference, Bangkok, 11–13 November.
Global Financial Integrity (GFI), 2010, Illicit Financial Flows from Africa: Hidden Resource for Development.
Global Financial Integrity (GFI), 2017a, Illicit Financial Flows, www.gfintegrity.org/issue/illicit-financial-flows/, accessed 23 July 2017.
Global Financial Integrity (GFI), 2017b, Illicit Financial Flows to and from Developing Countries: 2005–2014, April.
Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime, 2017, Criminal Economies in West Africa, accessed 23 July.
Global Witness, 2015, ‘DR Congo plans to water down laws against mining corruption’, https://www.globalwitness.org/en/press-release/democratic-republic-congo-plans-water-down-laws-against-mining-corruption/, October, accessed 27 July 2017.
Global Witness, 2017, ‘Shell knew: emails show senior executives at UK’s biggest company knew it was party to a vast bribery scheme’, April.
Herkenrath, M., 2014, Illicit Financial Flows and their Developmental Impacts: An Overview International Development Policy, The Graduate Institute, Geneva.
Human Rights Watch, 2010, Transparency and Accountability in Angola. An Update, New York.
Kapoor, S., 2007, Illicit Financial Flows and Capital Flight, A Re-Define Briefing Paper.
Kar, D., 2016, ‘The adverse economic consequences of capital flight and Illicit Financial Flows from developing countries’, www.gfintegrity.org/the-adverse-economic-consequences-of-capital-flight-and-illicit-flows-from-developing-countries/, accessed 23 July 2017.
Kar, D. and Cartwright-Smith, D., 2010, Illicit Financial Flow from Africa: Hidden Resources for Development, 26 March.
KMPG, 2014, Democratic Republic of Congo: Country Mining Guide, KPMG Global Mining Institute, Strategy Series.
KPMG, 2017, Nigerian Mining Sector Brief, Third Edition, February.
Kuwonu, F., 2016, ‘DRC economy: the giant awakens’, Africa Renewal, August–November.