5 - Aesthetic of Innocence: Experiencing Self-filming by the San of Zimbabwe
Corresponding Author(s) : Oswelled Ureke
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 46 No 1 (2021): Afrique et développement
Résumé
Cet article discute du processus et des résultats d’un effort participatif de production vidéo dans lequel des membres de la communauté Twai Twai San du Zimbabwe ont appris à utiliser des caméras et des téléphones portables afin de documenter leurs réalités. L’étude avait pour but de découvrir la nature des récits audiovisuels qu’aurait créé la communauté marginalisée si elle était habilitée à le faire. L’article porte une attention particulière aux représentations de soi de la communauté San, aux dynamiques sous-jacentes de pouvoir et aux préoccupations sociotechniques du processus de production. Une combinaison de recherche-action participative et de méthodologie de réalisation de films a été utilisée. Les données de l’étude ont été recueillies à l’aide d’entretiens et de discussions de groupes avec les cinéastes et des membres de la communauté. L’article bénéficie également des observations des auteurs sur le processus de production du film, chose essentielle dans l’analyse des films ethnographiques achevés comme The Golden Story of Makhulela et The San of Twai Twai. L’étude établit que les films réalisés par les jeunes San projetaient leur perception d’eux-mêmes en tant que communauté. Ainsi, les films étaient une forme de représentation de soi. Cette perception d’eux-mêmes pourrait être la principale raison des techniques cinématographiques employées et des récits choisis par les jeunes San, et l’esthétique des films. L’étude a également révélé que les films pourraient jouer un important rôle dans la préservation ou l’archivage de la langue tyua, qui meurt lentement chez les San.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
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- Barnard, A., 2007, Anthropology and the Bushman, Oxford: Berg.
- Blazek, M., 2016, ‘Participatory Video with Children and Young People’, in R. Evans, L. Holt and T. Skelton, eds, Methodological Approaches, Vol. 2 of Skelton, T., ed., Geographies of Children and Young People, Singapore: Springer.
- Branigan, E., 2006, Projecting a Camera: Language-Games in Film Theory, New York, NY: Routledge.
- Boas, F., 1962, Anthropology and Modern Life, New York, NY: W.W. Norton and Company. Chevalier, J.M. and Buckles, D.J., 2013, Participatory Action Research: Theory and Methods of Inquiry, London: Routledge.
- Ureke, Mhiripiri, Mubayiwa & Midzi: Aesthetic of Innocence 115
- Cruz, E.G. and Thornham, H., 2015, ‘Selfies beyond self-representation: the (theo- retical) f(r)ictions of practice’, Journal of Aesthetics and Culture 7 (1): 1-10.
- de Brigard, E., 1995, ‘The History of Ethnographic Film’, in P. Hockings, ed., Prin- ciples of Visual Anthropology, New York, NY: Mouton de Gruyer.
- Durington, M. and Ruby, J., 2011, ‘Ethnographic Film’, in M. Banks and J. Ruby, eds, Made To Be Seen: Perspectives on the History of Visual Anthropology, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Edmonds, F., 2014, ‘Digital Storytelling and Aboriginal Young People: An Explo- ration of Digital Technology to Support Contemporary Koori Culture’, in M. Berry and M. Schleser, eds, Mobile Media Making in an Age of Smartphones, New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Friedman, J.M., 1973, ‘The motion picture rating system of 1968: a constitutional analysis of self regulation by the film industry’, Columbia Law Review 73 (2): 185-240.
- Gillis, A. and Jackson, W., 2002, Research Methods for Nurses: Methods and Interpreta- tion, Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Company.
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- Gross, L., 1980, ‘Sol Worth and the study of visual communication’, Studies in Visual Communication 6 (3): 2-19.
- Hall, S., 1980, ‘Fetishism in film “theory” and “practice”’, Australian Journal of Screen Theory 5 (6): 48-66.
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- Lunch, N. and Lunch, C., 2006, Insights into Participatory Video: A Handbook for the Field, Oxford: Insightshare.
- MacDonald, C., 2012, ‘Understanding participatory action research: a qualitative research methodology option’, Canadian Journal of Action Research 13 (2): 34-50. Madzudzo, E., 2001, ‘Part 3: Zimbabwe’, in S. Robins, E. Madzudzo and M. Brenziger, eds, Regional Assessment of the Status of the San in Southern Africa: An Assessment of the Status of the San in South Africa, Angola, Zambia and Zimbabwe, Windhoek: Legal Assistance Centre, pp. 77-106.
- Marshall-Thomas, E., 1989, The Harmless People, New York, NY: Vintage Books.
- Mhando, M., 2005, ‘Participatory video production in Tanzania: an ideal or wishful thinking?’, Tanzanet Journal 5 (1): 9-15.
- Mhiripiri, N.A., Ureke, O., Mangwana, M.M., 2020, ‘The Discursive Dynamics of Action-Research and Zimbabwean San People’s Production of Audio-Visual Stories’, Africa Development XLV (4): 77-106, Dakar: CODESRIA.
- Africa Development, Volume XLVI, No. 1, 2021
- Monaco, J., 2009, How to Read a Film: Movies, Media and Beyond, Oxford: Oxford University Press Mudimbe, V.Y., 1988, The Invention of Africa: Gnosis, Philosophy and the Order of Knowledge,
- Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press.
- Nichols, B., 2001, Introduction to Documentary, Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press.
- O’Regan, T., 1996, Australian National Cinema, London: Routledge.
- Schiwy, F., 2009, Indianizing Film: Decolonization, the Andes and the Question of Technology, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
- Schumaker, L., 2001, Africanizing Anthropology: Fieldwork, Networks and the Making of Cultural Knowledge in Africa, Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press. Rettberg, J.W., 2018, ‘Self-representation in Social Media’, in J. Burgess, A. Marwick, and T. Poell, eds, The Sage Handbook of Social Media, Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
- Tomaselli, K.G., 1993, ‘Encounters in the Kalahari: some points of departure’, Visual Anthropology Review 7 (2): 50-66.
- Walker, G., 2018, Movie-making as Critical Pedagogy: Conscientization Through Visual Storytelling, Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Wong, L., 2000, Shootback: Photos by Nairobi Kids from the Slums, London: Booth- Clibborn Editions.
- Zhou, M., 2014, ‘The Persistence of Extreme Poverty Among Ethnic Minorities in Zimbabwe: A Case of the San Community in Tsholotsho District, Matabeleland North’, Honours dissertation, Midlands State University, Gweru.
Les références
Adichie, C.N., 2017, Dear Ijeawele: A Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions, London: Fourth Estate.
Barnard, A., 2007, Anthropology and the Bushman, Oxford: Berg.
Blazek, M., 2016, ‘Participatory Video with Children and Young People’, in R. Evans, L. Holt and T. Skelton, eds, Methodological Approaches, Vol. 2 of Skelton, T., ed., Geographies of Children and Young People, Singapore: Springer.
Branigan, E., 2006, Projecting a Camera: Language-Games in Film Theory, New York, NY: Routledge.
Boas, F., 1962, Anthropology and Modern Life, New York, NY: W.W. Norton and Company. Chevalier, J.M. and Buckles, D.J., 2013, Participatory Action Research: Theory and Methods of Inquiry, London: Routledge.
Ureke, Mhiripiri, Mubayiwa & Midzi: Aesthetic of Innocence 115
Cruz, E.G. and Thornham, H., 2015, ‘Selfies beyond self-representation: the (theo- retical) f(r)ictions of practice’, Journal of Aesthetics and Culture 7 (1): 1-10.
de Brigard, E., 1995, ‘The History of Ethnographic Film’, in P. Hockings, ed., Prin- ciples of Visual Anthropology, New York, NY: Mouton de Gruyer.
Durington, M. and Ruby, J., 2011, ‘Ethnographic Film’, in M. Banks and J. Ruby, eds, Made To Be Seen: Perspectives on the History of Visual Anthropology, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Edmonds, F., 2014, ‘Digital Storytelling and Aboriginal Young People: An Explo- ration of Digital Technology to Support Contemporary Koori Culture’, in M. Berry and M. Schleser, eds, Mobile Media Making in an Age of Smartphones, New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Friedman, J.M., 1973, ‘The motion picture rating system of 1968: a constitutional analysis of self regulation by the film industry’, Columbia Law Review 73 (2): 185-240.
Gillis, A. and Jackson, W., 2002, Research Methods for Nurses: Methods and Interpreta- tion, Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Company.
Grier, S.A., 2001, ‘The Federal Trade Commission’s report on the marketing of violent entertainment to youths: developing policy-tuned research’, Journal of Public Policy and Marketing 20 (1): 123-32.
Gross, L., 1980, ‘Sol Worth and the study of visual communication’, Studies in Visual Communication 6 (3): 2-19.
Hall, S., 1980, ‘Fetishism in film “theory” and “practice”’, Australian Journal of Screen Theory 5 (6): 48-66.
Heider, K.G., 2006, Ethnographic Film, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. Hitchcock, R.K. and Nangati, F.M., 2000, ‘People of the two way river: socio-economic change and natural resource management in the Nata River Region’, Botswana Notes and Records 35: 85-105.
Kafu., C., 2017, ‘T.V. content rating systems: a review of the literature, current trends and areas of future research’, International Journal of Scientific Research Publications 7 (7): 674- 82.
Lunch, N. and Lunch, C., 2006, Insights into Participatory Video: A Handbook for the Field, Oxford: Insightshare.
MacDonald, C., 2012, ‘Understanding participatory action research: a qualitative research methodology option’, Canadian Journal of Action Research 13 (2): 34-50. Madzudzo, E., 2001, ‘Part 3: Zimbabwe’, in S. Robins, E. Madzudzo and M. Brenziger, eds, Regional Assessment of the Status of the San in Southern Africa: An Assessment of the Status of the San in South Africa, Angola, Zambia and Zimbabwe, Windhoek: Legal Assistance Centre, pp. 77-106.
Marshall-Thomas, E., 1989, The Harmless People, New York, NY: Vintage Books.
Mhando, M., 2005, ‘Participatory video production in Tanzania: an ideal or wishful thinking?’, Tanzanet Journal 5 (1): 9-15.
Mhiripiri, N.A., Ureke, O., Mangwana, M.M., 2020, ‘The Discursive Dynamics of Action-Research and Zimbabwean San People’s Production of Audio-Visual Stories’, Africa Development XLV (4): 77-106, Dakar: CODESRIA.
Africa Development, Volume XLVI, No. 1, 2021
Monaco, J., 2009, How to Read a Film: Movies, Media and Beyond, Oxford: Oxford University Press Mudimbe, V.Y., 1988, The Invention of Africa: Gnosis, Philosophy and the Order of Knowledge,
Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press.
Nichols, B., 2001, Introduction to Documentary, Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press.
O’Regan, T., 1996, Australian National Cinema, London: Routledge.
Schiwy, F., 2009, Indianizing Film: Decolonization, the Andes and the Question of Technology, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Schumaker, L., 2001, Africanizing Anthropology: Fieldwork, Networks and the Making of Cultural Knowledge in Africa, Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press. Rettberg, J.W., 2018, ‘Self-representation in Social Media’, in J. Burgess, A. Marwick, and T. Poell, eds, The Sage Handbook of Social Media, Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
Tomaselli, K.G., 1993, ‘Encounters in the Kalahari: some points of departure’, Visual Anthropology Review 7 (2): 50-66.
Walker, G., 2018, Movie-making as Critical Pedagogy: Conscientization Through Visual Storytelling, Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Wong, L., 2000, Shootback: Photos by Nairobi Kids from the Slums, London: Booth- Clibborn Editions.
Zhou, M., 2014, ‘The Persistence of Extreme Poverty Among Ethnic Minorities in Zimbabwe: A Case of the San Community in Tsholotsho District, Matabeleland North’, Honours dissertation, Midlands State University, Gweru.