7 - ‘I am an African’: A Critical Examination of the Politics of Transnational Identity within the Context of African Integration
Corresponding Author(s) : Babatunde Fagbayibo
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 41 No 2 (2016): Afrique et développement
Résumé
Lorsqu’un Africain déclare : « Je suis Africain », à quel moment peut-on établir qu’une telle déclaration est directement influencée par son identification aux initiatives d’intégration aux niveaux régional et/ou continental ? Cet article explore l’interface entre l’identité et l’intégration régionales en situant les variables qui informent ou forment un tel lien. Le présent article soutient que cette identité repose sur certaines contingences structurelles, qui sont soit inexactes, soit inexistantes dans le contexte africain. La pénurie de données empiriques pour saisir la tendance de l’identification transnationale, la participation limitée de la société civile et le ralentissement du développement du processus d’intégration régionale sont des facteurs décroissants. L’assurance des contingences structurelles de l’identification transnationale nécessite plus que l’attrait émotif du panafricanisme. C’est dans ce contexte que le présent article propose des mesures spécifiques qui peuvent contribuer à renforcer et consolider le lien stratégique entre l’intégration régionale et l’identification transnationale en Afrique.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
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- African Union Constitutive Act, 2001.
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- Asante, S., 1997, Regionalism and Africa’s Development, London: Macmillan.
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- Economic Commission for Africa, African Union and the African Development Bank, 2012, Assessing Regional Integration in Africa V: Towards an African Continental Free Trade Area, Addis Ababa: United Nations Economic Commission for Africa.
- Fagbayibo, B., 2011, If Music Be the Food of Unity, Never Stop Playing (http://afrothoughts.wordpress.com/2011/07/01/if-music-be-the-food-of-unitynever-stop-playing-by-babatunde-fagbayibo/) 20 August 2015.
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- Gaggio, D., 2012, ‘Tourism, Transnationalism, and the Construction of Everyday’ in R. Friedman, and M. Thiel, (eds.) European Identity and Culture: Narratives of Transnational Belonging, England: Ashgate, pp. 157-174.
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- Hooghe, L. and Marks, G., 2005, ‘Calculation, Communities and Cues: Public Opinion on European Integration’, European Union Politics, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 419-443.
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- Legum, C., 1962, Pan Africanism: A Short Political Guide, London: Pall Mall Press.
- Massey, D., 2002, ‘A Brief History of Human Society: The Origin and Role of Emotion in Social Life: The Presidential Address’, American Sociological Review, Vol. 67, No. 1, pp. 1-29.
- Mazrui, A., 1963, ‘On the Concept of "We are all Africans"’, The American Political Science Review, Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 88-97.
- Mazrui, A., 2002, ‘Who are Africans: Identity in Search of Unity’, in T. Falola, R.
- Laremont, and T. Seghatolislami (eds.) African Redefined: Collected Essays of Ali. A. Mazrui, Vol. 1, New Jersey: Africa World Press Incorporated.
- Moravcsik, A., 1993, ‘Preferences and Power in the European Community: A Liberal Intergovernmentalist Approach’, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 473-524.
- Murithi, T., 2005, The African Union: Pan-Africanism, Peace-building and Development, Hampshire, England: Ashgate.
- Ncube, M., 2013, Visa Restrictions and Economic Consequences in Africa (http://www.afdb.org/en/blogs/afdb-championing-inclusive-growth-across-africa/post/visa-restrictions-and-economic-consequences-in-africa-11987/) 20 August 2015.
- Nicol, A., 1977, ‘The Meaning of Africa’ in R. Weaver and J. Bruchac (eds.) Aftermath: An Anthology of Poems in English from Africa, Asia, and theCaribbean, New York: Greenfield Review Press.Nye, J., 1966, Pan-Africanism and East African Integration, Oxford: Oxford University.
- Nyerere, J., 1963, ‘A United States of Africa’, Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-6.
- Ochwada, H., 2004, ‘Rethinking East African Integration: From Economic to Political and from State to Civil Society’, Africa Development, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 53-79.
- Prairie, M., 2007, (ed.) Thomas Sankara Speaks: The Burkina Faso Revolution (1983-1987), New York: Pathfinder Press.
- Roose, J., 2012, ‘How European is European Identiûcation? Comparing Continental Identiûcation in Europe and Beyond’, Journal of Common Market Studies Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 281-297.
- Soderbaum, F., 2007, ‘Regionalisation and Civil Society: The Case of Southern Africa’, New Political Economy, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 319-337.
- Tafjel, R., 1978, Differentiation between Social Groups, London: Academic Press.
- Thiel, M., and Friedman, R., 2012, ‘Introduction: Cultural and Narratives of Transnational Belonging’ in R. Friedman, and M. Thiel (eds.) European Identity and Culture: Narratives of Transnational Belonging, England: Ashgate, pp. 1-16.
- Thompson, V., 1969, Africa and Unity: The Evolution of Pan-Africanism, London: Longman.
Les références
African Economic Community Treaty, 1991.
African Network on Debt and Development (AFRODAD), the Open Society Institute African Governance Monitoring and Advocacy Agency (AfriMap) and Oxfam GB, 2007, Towards a People-driven African Union: Current Obstacles and New Opportunities (http://www.afrimap.org/Report/Towards+a+People Driven+African+Union%3A+Current+Obstacles+and+New+Opportunities) 10 July 2014.
African Union Constitutive Act, 2001.
Afrobarometer, 2003, Africa’s Views of International Organisations,
Afrobarometer Briefing Paper No. 8. (http://www.afrobarometer.org/publications/afrobarometer-briefing-papers/item/344-africans-views-ofinternational-organizations) 10 August 2015.
Afrobarometer, 2008, East African Federation: Tanzanians Favour Greater Economic Integration, but Wary of Stronger Political Links, Afrobarometer Briefing Paper No. 54. (http://www.afrobarometer.org/publications/afrobarometer-briefing-papers/item/286-integration-in-east-africa-uninformedkenyans-oppose-political-federation) 10 August 2015.
Afrobarometer, 2010, Integration in East Africa: Uninformed Kenyans Oppose Political Federation, Afrobarometer Briefing Paper No. 90. (http://www.afrobarometer.org/publications/afrobarometer-briefing-papers/item/286-integration-in-east-africa-uninformed-kenyans-oppose-political-federation) 10 August 2015.
Akinyemi, B., 1982, ‘Africa - Challenges and Responses: A foreign Policy Perspective’, Daedalus, Vol. 111, No. 2, pp. 243-254.
Akinyemi, B., 2008, Kwame Nkrumah and Pan-Africanism, (http://allafrica.com/ stories/200810150524.html) 08 August 2015.
Asante, S., 1997, Regionalism and Africa’s Development, London: Macmillan.
Buchanan-Clarke, S. and Lekalake R., 2015, Support for the International Criminal Court in Africa: Evidence from Kenya, Afrobarometer Policy Paper No. 23 (http://www.afrobarometer.org/publications/pp23-support-internationalcriminal-court-africa-evidence-kenya) 25 August 2015.
Duchesne, S., 2012, ‘National Identification, Social Belonging and Questions on European Identity’, in R. Friedman and M. Thiel (eds.) European Identity and Culture: Narratives of Transnational Belonging, England: Ashgate, pp. 53-74.
Economic Commission for Africa, African Union and the African Development Bank, 2012, Assessing Regional Integration in Africa V: Towards an African Continental Free Trade Area, Addis Ababa: United Nations Economic Commission for Africa.
Fagbayibo, B., 2011, If Music Be the Food of Unity, Never Stop Playing (http://afrothoughts.wordpress.com/2011/07/01/if-music-be-the-food-of-unitynever-stop-playing-by-babatunde-fagbayibo/) 20 August 2015.
Fagbayibo, B., 2013a, ‘In Search of Nuanced Methods of Assessing African Integration’, Politeia Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 59-73.
Fagbayibo, B., 2013b, ‘Looking Back, Thinking Forward: Understanding the Feasibility of Normative Supranationalism in the African Union’, South African Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 411-426.
Frykman, J., 2001, ‘Belonging in Europe: Modern Identities in Minds and Places’ in P. Niedermuller and B. Stoklund (eds.) Europe: Cultural Constructionsand Reality, University of Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
Gaggio, D., 2012, ‘Tourism, Transnationalism, and the Construction of Everyday’ in R. Friedman, and M. Thiel, (eds.) European Identity and Culture: Narratives of Transnational Belonging, England: Ashgate, pp. 157-174.
Haas, E., 1958, The Uniting of Europe: Political, Social and Economic Forces 1950-1957, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Hooghe, L. and Marks, G., 2005, ‘Calculation, Communities and Cues: Public Opinion on European Integration’, European Union Politics, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 419-443.
Karega, R., 2009, Benefits Experienced by Ordinary Citizens from East African Community (EAC) Regional Integration (http://www.eac.int/news/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=82&Itemid=78) 18 August 2015.
Kennedy, M., 2012, ‘Cultural Formations of the European Union: Integration, Enlargement, Nation and Crisis’ in R. Friedman and M. Thiel, (eds.) European Identity and Culture: Narratives of Transnational Belonging, England: Ashgate, pp. 17-50
Koser, K., 2014, The Four Main Barriers to Talent Mobility in Africa. (http://forumblog.org/2014/06/africa-talent-mobility-barriers/) Accessed 25 August 2015.
Legum, C., 1962, Pan Africanism: A Short Political Guide, London: Pall Mall Press.
Massey, D., 2002, ‘A Brief History of Human Society: The Origin and Role of Emotion in Social Life: The Presidential Address’, American Sociological Review, Vol. 67, No. 1, pp. 1-29.
Mazrui, A., 1963, ‘On the Concept of "We are all Africans"’, The American Political Science Review, Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 88-97.
Mazrui, A., 2002, ‘Who are Africans: Identity in Search of Unity’, in T. Falola, R.
Laremont, and T. Seghatolislami (eds.) African Redefined: Collected Essays of Ali. A. Mazrui, Vol. 1, New Jersey: Africa World Press Incorporated.
Moravcsik, A., 1993, ‘Preferences and Power in the European Community: A Liberal Intergovernmentalist Approach’, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 473-524.
Murithi, T., 2005, The African Union: Pan-Africanism, Peace-building and Development, Hampshire, England: Ashgate.
Ncube, M., 2013, Visa Restrictions and Economic Consequences in Africa (http://www.afdb.org/en/blogs/afdb-championing-inclusive-growth-across-africa/post/visa-restrictions-and-economic-consequences-in-africa-11987/) 20 August 2015.
Nicol, A., 1977, ‘The Meaning of Africa’ in R. Weaver and J. Bruchac (eds.) Aftermath: An Anthology of Poems in English from Africa, Asia, and theCaribbean, New York: Greenfield Review Press.Nye, J., 1966, Pan-Africanism and East African Integration, Oxford: Oxford University.
Nyerere, J., 1963, ‘A United States of Africa’, Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-6.
Ochwada, H., 2004, ‘Rethinking East African Integration: From Economic to Political and from State to Civil Society’, Africa Development, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 53-79.
Prairie, M., 2007, (ed.) Thomas Sankara Speaks: The Burkina Faso Revolution (1983-1987), New York: Pathfinder Press.
Roose, J., 2012, ‘How European is European Identiûcation? Comparing Continental Identiûcation in Europe and Beyond’, Journal of Common Market Studies Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 281-297.
Soderbaum, F., 2007, ‘Regionalisation and Civil Society: The Case of Southern Africa’, New Political Economy, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 319-337.
Tafjel, R., 1978, Differentiation between Social Groups, London: Academic Press.
Thiel, M., and Friedman, R., 2012, ‘Introduction: Cultural and Narratives of Transnational Belonging’ in R. Friedman, and M. Thiel (eds.) European Identity and Culture: Narratives of Transnational Belonging, England: Ashgate, pp. 1-16.
Thompson, V., 1969, Africa and Unity: The Evolution of Pan-Africanism, London: Longman.