2 - Militancy in the Niger Delta and the Deepening Crisis of the Oil Economy in Nigeria
Corresponding Author(s) : Chijioke Uwasomba
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 38 No 3-4 (2013): Afrique et développement
Résumé
La zone dénommée Delta du Niger s’étend sur plus de 70 000 kilomètres carrés couvrant des espaces tant géographiques qu’écologiques qui en font l’une des principales zones humides au monde, classée neuvième plus vaste zone de drainage au niveau mondial. En 1957, lorsque le pétrole a été découvert à Oloibiri dans l’État actuel du Balyelsa au Nigeria, les Britanniques ont adopté la Loi sur l’Ordonnance des Minéraux [Mineral Ordinance Act] qui a permis à la Couronne britannique de mettre toutes les ressources minéralières du Nigeria sous coupes réglées. Cette loi a ouvert la voie à la négation continue qui a caractérisé les relations entre les communautés pétrolifères et le gouvernement central du Nigeria ; situation qui s’est soldée par des agitations des peuples de la région du Delta du Niger pour pouvoir prendre le contrôle des ressources. Cet article soutient que l’État nigérian, fidèle à son passé colonial, a renforcé son emprise sur les instruments lui permettant de s’arroger de plantureux avantages dans cette économie pétrolière en plein essor au Nigeria au détriment des communautés abritant ces gisements de pétrole. Cette situation a donné lieu à des plaintes, des agitations, et enfin à l’émergence d’un militantisme rédhibitoire pour l’économie nigériane. Le document souligne que l’État nigérian et les forces d’élites à l’intérieur et hors de la région du Delta du Niger doivent être tenus responsables des crises qui secouent la région et conclut que ce militantisme résulte de la frustration.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- Adedeji, Adebayo and Onigu Otite, 1997, Nigeria: Renewal from the Roots? The Struggle for Democratic Development, London: Zed Books.
- Akanni, Christian, 1992, ‘The State, Private Property and the Study of Nigeria’, M.Sc Thesis, Department of Political Science and Administrative Studies, University of Port-Harcourt, Nigeria.
- Ake, Claude, 1990, Sustaining Development, The Long Term Perspective Study of sub-Saharan Africa, Vol. 3, Washington DC, World Bank, pp. 7-21.
- Amuwo, Kunle, Adigun Agbaje, Rotimi Suberu and Georges Herault, eds., 2004, Federalism and Political Restructuring in Nigeria, Ibadan: Spectrum Books.
- Dike, Kenneth O., 1956, Trade and Politics in the Niger Delta, 1830-1885: An Introduction to the Economic and Political History of Nigeria, London: Oxford University Press, 1956. Dina Revenue Committee of 1968.
- Guardian, (Lagos), 2008, ‘Editorial’, 15 July, p. 18. Kaiama Declaration, 1998.
- Nnoli, Okwudiba, 1981, The Path to Nigerian Development, Dakar: CODESRIA.
- Ofonagoro, Walter I., 1979, Trade and Imperialism in Southern Nigeria 1881-1929, New York: Nok, 1979.
- Ogoni Bill of Rights, 1992, Port Harcourt: Saros International.
- Ogunbunmi, Kayode, 1999, ‘Spreading the Struggle: A Review of the Human Ecosystem of the Niger Delta’, ERACTION, January-March, pp. 6-7.
- Okonta, Ike, 2008, When Citizens Revolt: Nigerian Elites, Big Oil and the Ogoni Struggle, Ofirima Publishing House.
- Okonta, Ike and Oronto, Douglas, 2001, Where Vultures Feast: 40 years of Shell in the Niger Delta, Benin: ERA.
- Olorode, Omotoye, 2000, ‘The Crises in the Oil Producing Communities in Nigeria’, in Wumi Raji et al., eds., Boiling Point, Lagos: CDHR.
- Oyerinde, Olaitan, 1998, ‘Oil Disempowerment and Resistance in the Niger Delta’, in Omotoye Olorode et al., eds., Ken Saro-Wiwa and the Crises of the Nigerian State, Lagos.
- Perham, Margery, 1937, Native Administration in Nigeria, London: Oxford University Press.
- Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 1963, Discourses on the Origin of Inequality among Men and the Social Contract, England: Union Gerald Editions.
- Sonibare, J.A., 2008, ‘Environmental Rights: Niger Delta as a Case Study’, Invitation Lecture at a training Workshop of Amnesty International, Nigeria Group IV, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
- The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999. The Independence Constitution (Nigeria) 1960.
- The Republican Constitution (Nigeria) 1963. Willink Commission Report 1988.
Les références
Adedeji, Adebayo and Onigu Otite, 1997, Nigeria: Renewal from the Roots? The Struggle for Democratic Development, London: Zed Books.
Akanni, Christian, 1992, ‘The State, Private Property and the Study of Nigeria’, M.Sc Thesis, Department of Political Science and Administrative Studies, University of Port-Harcourt, Nigeria.
Ake, Claude, 1990, Sustaining Development, The Long Term Perspective Study of sub-Saharan Africa, Vol. 3, Washington DC, World Bank, pp. 7-21.
Amuwo, Kunle, Adigun Agbaje, Rotimi Suberu and Georges Herault, eds., 2004, Federalism and Political Restructuring in Nigeria, Ibadan: Spectrum Books.
Dike, Kenneth O., 1956, Trade and Politics in the Niger Delta, 1830-1885: An Introduction to the Economic and Political History of Nigeria, London: Oxford University Press, 1956. Dina Revenue Committee of 1968.
Guardian, (Lagos), 2008, ‘Editorial’, 15 July, p. 18. Kaiama Declaration, 1998.
Nnoli, Okwudiba, 1981, The Path to Nigerian Development, Dakar: CODESRIA.
Ofonagoro, Walter I., 1979, Trade and Imperialism in Southern Nigeria 1881-1929, New York: Nok, 1979.
Ogoni Bill of Rights, 1992, Port Harcourt: Saros International.
Ogunbunmi, Kayode, 1999, ‘Spreading the Struggle: A Review of the Human Ecosystem of the Niger Delta’, ERACTION, January-March, pp. 6-7.
Okonta, Ike, 2008, When Citizens Revolt: Nigerian Elites, Big Oil and the Ogoni Struggle, Ofirima Publishing House.
Okonta, Ike and Oronto, Douglas, 2001, Where Vultures Feast: 40 years of Shell in the Niger Delta, Benin: ERA.
Olorode, Omotoye, 2000, ‘The Crises in the Oil Producing Communities in Nigeria’, in Wumi Raji et al., eds., Boiling Point, Lagos: CDHR.
Oyerinde, Olaitan, 1998, ‘Oil Disempowerment and Resistance in the Niger Delta’, in Omotoye Olorode et al., eds., Ken Saro-Wiwa and the Crises of the Nigerian State, Lagos.
Perham, Margery, 1937, Native Administration in Nigeria, London: Oxford University Press.
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 1963, Discourses on the Origin of Inequality among Men and the Social Contract, England: Union Gerald Editions.
Sonibare, J.A., 2008, ‘Environmental Rights: Niger Delta as a Case Study’, Invitation Lecture at a training Workshop of Amnesty International, Nigeria Group IV, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999. The Independence Constitution (Nigeria) 1960.
The Republican Constitution (Nigeria) 1963. Willink Commission Report 1988.