5 - Reconnecting the University to Society: The Role of Knowledge as Public Good in South African Higher Education
Corresponding Author(s) : Amasa Ndofirepi
Journal of Higher Education in Africa,
Vol. 14 No. 1 (2016): Journal of Higher Education in Africa
Abstract
This article discusses the nature of university–society relations in response to the calls on South African universities for greater social and economic responsiveness driven by external stakeholders. The adoption of constitu- tional democracy and the provision of institutional autonomy have provided them with considerable freedom to pursue their goals in society. However, they have also left them under considerable pressure from competing inter- est groups, intensifying the levels of internal and external determination, very often in a conflicting manner. The article argues that current forms of determination (e.g. Constitutional framework, policy and stakeholder demands) on university operations cannot per se provide adequate options for university–society relations. Critical to effective university–society relations is the structure of production and distribution of knowledge. The problem in this regard stems from the failure to recognize the encroach- ment of the profit motive into the academy (the shift from a public good knowledge/learning regime to a neoliberal knowledge/learning regime). Under such circumstances, progressive virtues (self-development, positive human relations and informed citizenship), democratic principles (equity and social justice) and the commitment to social transformation guided by altruism and common good encapsulated in the South African higher education vision are under serious threat.
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- Altbach, P.G., 1987, The Knowledge Context: Comparative Perspectives on the Dis- tribution of Knowledge, Albany: State University of New York Press.
- Barnett, R., 2009, ‘Knowing and becoming in the higher education curriculum’, Studies in Higher Education, 34 (4): 429–440.
- Bernstein, B., 2000, Pedagogy, Symbolic Control and Identity: Theory, Research, Critique (revised edition), London: Taylor & Francis.
- Castells, M., 2001, ‘Information Technology and Global Development’, in Muller, J., Cloete N. and Badat, S., eds, Challenges of Globalisation: South African Debates with Manuel Castells, Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman.
- Contento, J., 1998, Review of Academic Capitalists. Arizona State University. Depart- ment of Education, (1997). Education White Paper 3: A Programme for theTransformation of Higher Education, Pretoria: DoE.
- Cross, M., 2015, ‘State Power, Transition and New Modes of Coordination in Higher Education in South Africa’, in Schwarzman, S., Pinheiro, R., Pillay, P., eds, Higher Education in the BRICS Countries. Investigating the Pact between Higher Education and Society,
- Series: Higher Education Dynamics 44 (1), 609 pp, Springer.
- Cross, M., Mhlanga, E. and Ojo. E., 2009, ‘Emerging concept of internationalisation in South African higher education: conversations on local and global exposure at the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits), Journal of Studies in International Education, available at http://jsi.sagepub.com/.
- Donoghue, F., 2008, The Last Professors. The Corporate University and the Fate of the Humanities, New York, Fordham University Press.
- Enslin, P., 2003, ‘Citizenship education in post-apartheid South Africa’, Cambridge Journal of Education 33 (1): 73–83.
- Ensor, P., 2002, ‘The South African experience: curriculum’, in Cloete, N., Fehnel, R., Maassen, P., Moja, T., Perold, H. and Gibbon, T., eds, Transformation in Higher Education: Global Pressures and Local Realities in South Africa, Lansdowne: Juta.
- Fish, S., 2009, ‘The last professor’, New York Times, 18 January.
- Fourcade, M., 2010, ‘The problem of embodiment in the sociology of knowledge: afterword to the special issue on knowledge in practice’, Qualitative Sociology, Special Issue on Knowledge in Practice, DOI: 10.1007/s11133-010-9173-x. Frank, D. and Gabler, J., 2006, Reconstructing the University. Worldwide Shifts in Academia in the 20th century, California: Stanford University Press.
- Fricker, M., 2009, Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing, New York: Oxford University Press.
- Gibbons, M., Limoges, C., Nowotny, H., Schwartzman, S., Scott, P. and Trow, M., 1994, The New Production of Knowledge: The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies, London: Sage.
- Harvey, D., 1989, The Condition of Postmodernity, London: Basil Blackwell. Henkel, M., 2005, ‘Academic identity and autonomy in a changing policy environment’,Higher Education 49: 155–76.
- Kletz, F. and Pallez, F., 2002, ‘Taking decisions on new curricula in French univer- sities: do disciplinary criteria still prevail?’, European Journal of Education 37 (1): 57–70.
- Kraak, A., 2000, ‘Changing Modes: A Brief Overview of the Mode 2 Knowledge Debate and Its Impact on South African policy formulation’, in Kraak A., ed., Changing Modes, New Knowledge Production and Its Implications for Higher Education, Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council.
- Johnson, B. and Cross, M. 2006, ‘Academic leadership under siege: possibilities and limits of executive deanship’, South African Journal of Higher Education187 (2): 34–58.
- Jonathan, R., 2006, Academic Freedom, Institutional Autonomy and Public Accoun- tability in Higher Education: A Framework for Analysis of the ‘State-Sector’ Relationship in a Democratic South Africa. Research report prepared for the CHE Task Team on South African Government Involvement in, and Regulation of, Higher Education, Institutional Autonomy and Academic Freedom (HEIAAF).
- Letsekha, T., 2013, ‘Revisiting the debate on the Africanisation of higher education: an appeal for a conceptual shift’, Independent Journal of Teaching and Learning 8: 5–18.
- Lowy, R., 1995, ‘Eurocentrism, ethnic studies, and the new world order: toward a critical paradigm’, Journal of Black Studies 25: 712–36.
- Kaphagawani, D.N., 1998, ‘What is African Philosophy?’, in Coetzee, P.H. and Roux, A.P.J., eds, The African Philosophy Reader, London: Routledge.
- Macfarlane, B., 2011, ‘The morphing of academic practice: unbundling and the para- academic’, Higher Education Quarterly 65 (1): 59–73.
- Magkoba, M.W., 2005, ‘The African University: Meaning, Penalties and Responsibi- lities’, in Chetty, D. ed., Towards African Scholarship, Durban: Public Affairs & Corporate Communications, UKZN.
- Makgoba, M.W., 1997, Mokoko: The Makgoba Affair. A Reflection on Transformation, Florida: Vivlia.
- Mazrui, A.A., 2003, ‘Towards re-Africanizing African universities: who killed intellec- tualism in the post-colonial era?’, Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations 2 (3&4): 135–63.
- Moll, I., 2004, ‘Curriculum responsiveness: the anatomy of a concept’, in Griessel, H. ed., Curriculum Responsiveness: Case Studies in Higher Education, Pretoria. South African Universities Vice Chancellors Association.
- Munch, R., 2014, Academic Capitalism: Universities in the Global Struggle for Excellence, New York: Routledge.
- Muller, J., 2000, Reclaiming Knowledge: Social Theory, Curriculum and Education Policy, London: Routledge/Taylor and Francis.
- Musgrave, R.A., 1959, The Theory of Public Finance, New York: McGraw-Hill. Nabudere, D.W., 2003, ‘Towards the establishment of a pan-African university:a strategic concept paper’, African Journal of Political Science 8 (1): 1–29.
- National Commission on Higher Education (NCHE), 1996, NCHE Discussion Document: A Framework for Transformation, Pretoria: South Africa. National Department of Education, pp. 76–80.
- Nkrumah, K., 1956, Opening Address, University College, Accra.
- Osha, S., 2011, ‘Appraising Africa: Modernity, Decolonisation and Globalisation’, in Keita, L. ed., Philosophy and African Development: Theory and Practice,Dakar: CODESRIA.
- Rahnema, M., 2001, ‘Science, Universities and Subjugated Knowledges’, in Hahoe, R. and Pan, J., eds, Knowledge Across Cultures: A Contribution among Civilisations, Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong, Comparative Education Research Centre.
- Ramirez, F.O., 2004, ‘The Rationalization of Universities’, in Djelic, M. and Sha- lin-Andersson, K., eds, Transnational Regulation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Ramose, M. B., 2003, ‘I doubt, therefore African Philosophy exists’, South African Journal of Philosophy 22 (2): 113–27.
- Readings, B., 2006, The University in Ruins, Cambridge, MA:Samuelson, P., 1954, ‘The pure theory of public expenditure’, Review of Economics and Statistics 36 (4): 387–89.
- Sawyerr, A., 2005, ‘Challenges facing the African university: selected issues’, African Studies Review 47 (1): 1–59.
- Searle, J., 1995, The Construction of Social Reality, Harmondsworth: Penguin. Slaughter, S. and Rhoades, G., 2004, Academic Capitalism and the New Economy: Markets, State, and Higher Education, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Stiglitz, J.E., 1999, ‘Knowledge as a global public good’, Global Public Good 1 (9): 308–26, July.
- Teferra, D. and Altbach, P.G., 2004, ‘African higher education: challenges for the 21st century’, Higher Education 47 (1): 21–50.
- Tilak, J.B.G., 2008a. ‘Higher education: a public good or a commodity for trade? Commitment to higher education or commitment of higher education to trade’. Prospect, 38, 449466.
- Tilak, J.B.G. 2007b, ‘Transition from higher education as a public good to higher education as a private good:tThe saga of Indian experience,. Journal of Asian Public Poliy, 1 (2:, 22–234).
- Torres, C. 2012, Neoliberal Commonsense and the Challenge to South African Uni- versities. Seminar held at Protea Auditorium, School of Tourism and Hospitality, University of Johannesburg, Bunting Road Campus.
- Tsui, L. 2002, ‘Fostering critical thinking through effective pedagogy: evidence from four institutional case studies’, Journal of Higher Education, p.73
- Weiler, H.N. 2001, ‘Whose Knowledge Matters? Development and the Politics of Knowledge,.[Paper presented at the International Higher Education Congress “New Trends and Issues’ Istanbul, available at: http://www.stanford.edu/~weiler/ Texts09/Weiler_Molt_09.pdf
- Williams, J, 1997, ‘Institutional Rhetoic’s and Realities’.In: Williams, J.,ed.,) Nego- tiating Access to Higher Education The Discourse of Selectivity and Equity,Buckingham.
References
Altbach, P.G., 1987, The Knowledge Context: Comparative Perspectives on the Dis- tribution of Knowledge, Albany: State University of New York Press.
Barnett, R., 2009, ‘Knowing and becoming in the higher education curriculum’, Studies in Higher Education, 34 (4): 429–440.
Bernstein, B., 2000, Pedagogy, Symbolic Control and Identity: Theory, Research, Critique (revised edition), London: Taylor & Francis.
Castells, M., 2001, ‘Information Technology and Global Development’, in Muller, J., Cloete N. and Badat, S., eds, Challenges of Globalisation: South African Debates with Manuel Castells, Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman.
Contento, J., 1998, Review of Academic Capitalists. Arizona State University. Depart- ment of Education, (1997). Education White Paper 3: A Programme for theTransformation of Higher Education, Pretoria: DoE.
Cross, M., 2015, ‘State Power, Transition and New Modes of Coordination in Higher Education in South Africa’, in Schwarzman, S., Pinheiro, R., Pillay, P., eds, Higher Education in the BRICS Countries. Investigating the Pact between Higher Education and Society,
Series: Higher Education Dynamics 44 (1), 609 pp, Springer.
Cross, M., Mhlanga, E. and Ojo. E., 2009, ‘Emerging concept of internationalisation in South African higher education: conversations on local and global exposure at the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits), Journal of Studies in International Education, available at http://jsi.sagepub.com/.
Donoghue, F., 2008, The Last Professors. The Corporate University and the Fate of the Humanities, New York, Fordham University Press.
Enslin, P., 2003, ‘Citizenship education in post-apartheid South Africa’, Cambridge Journal of Education 33 (1): 73–83.
Ensor, P., 2002, ‘The South African experience: curriculum’, in Cloete, N., Fehnel, R., Maassen, P., Moja, T., Perold, H. and Gibbon, T., eds, Transformation in Higher Education: Global Pressures and Local Realities in South Africa, Lansdowne: Juta.
Fish, S., 2009, ‘The last professor’, New York Times, 18 January.
Fourcade, M., 2010, ‘The problem of embodiment in the sociology of knowledge: afterword to the special issue on knowledge in practice’, Qualitative Sociology, Special Issue on Knowledge in Practice, DOI: 10.1007/s11133-010-9173-x. Frank, D. and Gabler, J., 2006, Reconstructing the University. Worldwide Shifts in Academia in the 20th century, California: Stanford University Press.
Fricker, M., 2009, Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing, New York: Oxford University Press.
Gibbons, M., Limoges, C., Nowotny, H., Schwartzman, S., Scott, P. and Trow, M., 1994, The New Production of Knowledge: The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies, London: Sage.
Harvey, D., 1989, The Condition of Postmodernity, London: Basil Blackwell. Henkel, M., 2005, ‘Academic identity and autonomy in a changing policy environment’,Higher Education 49: 155–76.
Kletz, F. and Pallez, F., 2002, ‘Taking decisions on new curricula in French univer- sities: do disciplinary criteria still prevail?’, European Journal of Education 37 (1): 57–70.
Kraak, A., 2000, ‘Changing Modes: A Brief Overview of the Mode 2 Knowledge Debate and Its Impact on South African policy formulation’, in Kraak A., ed., Changing Modes, New Knowledge Production and Its Implications for Higher Education, Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council.
Johnson, B. and Cross, M. 2006, ‘Academic leadership under siege: possibilities and limits of executive deanship’, South African Journal of Higher Education187 (2): 34–58.
Jonathan, R., 2006, Academic Freedom, Institutional Autonomy and Public Accoun- tability in Higher Education: A Framework for Analysis of the ‘State-Sector’ Relationship in a Democratic South Africa. Research report prepared for the CHE Task Team on South African Government Involvement in, and Regulation of, Higher Education, Institutional Autonomy and Academic Freedom (HEIAAF).
Letsekha, T., 2013, ‘Revisiting the debate on the Africanisation of higher education: an appeal for a conceptual shift’, Independent Journal of Teaching and Learning 8: 5–18.
Lowy, R., 1995, ‘Eurocentrism, ethnic studies, and the new world order: toward a critical paradigm’, Journal of Black Studies 25: 712–36.
Kaphagawani, D.N., 1998, ‘What is African Philosophy?’, in Coetzee, P.H. and Roux, A.P.J., eds, The African Philosophy Reader, London: Routledge.
Macfarlane, B., 2011, ‘The morphing of academic practice: unbundling and the para- academic’, Higher Education Quarterly 65 (1): 59–73.
Magkoba, M.W., 2005, ‘The African University: Meaning, Penalties and Responsibi- lities’, in Chetty, D. ed., Towards African Scholarship, Durban: Public Affairs & Corporate Communications, UKZN.
Makgoba, M.W., 1997, Mokoko: The Makgoba Affair. A Reflection on Transformation, Florida: Vivlia.
Mazrui, A.A., 2003, ‘Towards re-Africanizing African universities: who killed intellec- tualism in the post-colonial era?’, Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations 2 (3&4): 135–63.
Moll, I., 2004, ‘Curriculum responsiveness: the anatomy of a concept’, in Griessel, H. ed., Curriculum Responsiveness: Case Studies in Higher Education, Pretoria. South African Universities Vice Chancellors Association.
Munch, R., 2014, Academic Capitalism: Universities in the Global Struggle for Excellence, New York: Routledge.
Muller, J., 2000, Reclaiming Knowledge: Social Theory, Curriculum and Education Policy, London: Routledge/Taylor and Francis.
Musgrave, R.A., 1959, The Theory of Public Finance, New York: McGraw-Hill. Nabudere, D.W., 2003, ‘Towards the establishment of a pan-African university:a strategic concept paper’, African Journal of Political Science 8 (1): 1–29.
National Commission on Higher Education (NCHE), 1996, NCHE Discussion Document: A Framework for Transformation, Pretoria: South Africa. National Department of Education, pp. 76–80.
Nkrumah, K., 1956, Opening Address, University College, Accra.
Osha, S., 2011, ‘Appraising Africa: Modernity, Decolonisation and Globalisation’, in Keita, L. ed., Philosophy and African Development: Theory and Practice,Dakar: CODESRIA.
Rahnema, M., 2001, ‘Science, Universities and Subjugated Knowledges’, in Hahoe, R. and Pan, J., eds, Knowledge Across Cultures: A Contribution among Civilisations, Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong, Comparative Education Research Centre.
Ramirez, F.O., 2004, ‘The Rationalization of Universities’, in Djelic, M. and Sha- lin-Andersson, K., eds, Transnational Regulation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ramose, M. B., 2003, ‘I doubt, therefore African Philosophy exists’, South African Journal of Philosophy 22 (2): 113–27.
Readings, B., 2006, The University in Ruins, Cambridge, MA:Samuelson, P., 1954, ‘The pure theory of public expenditure’, Review of Economics and Statistics 36 (4): 387–89.
Sawyerr, A., 2005, ‘Challenges facing the African university: selected issues’, African Studies Review 47 (1): 1–59.
Searle, J., 1995, The Construction of Social Reality, Harmondsworth: Penguin. Slaughter, S. and Rhoades, G., 2004, Academic Capitalism and the New Economy: Markets, State, and Higher Education, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Stiglitz, J.E., 1999, ‘Knowledge as a global public good’, Global Public Good 1 (9): 308–26, July.
Teferra, D. and Altbach, P.G., 2004, ‘African higher education: challenges for the 21st century’, Higher Education 47 (1): 21–50.
Tilak, J.B.G., 2008a. ‘Higher education: a public good or a commodity for trade? Commitment to higher education or commitment of higher education to trade’. Prospect, 38, 449466.
Tilak, J.B.G. 2007b, ‘Transition from higher education as a public good to higher education as a private good:tThe saga of Indian experience,. Journal of Asian Public Poliy, 1 (2:, 22–234).
Torres, C. 2012, Neoliberal Commonsense and the Challenge to South African Uni- versities. Seminar held at Protea Auditorium, School of Tourism and Hospitality, University of Johannesburg, Bunting Road Campus.
Tsui, L. 2002, ‘Fostering critical thinking through effective pedagogy: evidence from four institutional case studies’, Journal of Higher Education, p.73
Weiler, H.N. 2001, ‘Whose Knowledge Matters? Development and the Politics of Knowledge,.[Paper presented at the International Higher Education Congress “New Trends and Issues’ Istanbul, available at: http://www.stanford.edu/~weiler/ Texts09/Weiler_Molt_09.pdf
Williams, J, 1997, ‘Institutional Rhetoic’s and Realities’.In: Williams, J.,ed.,) Nego- tiating Access to Higher Education The Discourse of Selectivity and Equity,Buckingham.