1 - Globalizing Higher Education for Neo-liberal Development in Postcolonial Mozambique
Corresponding Author(s) : Adelino Leonardo Chissale
Journal of Higher Education in Africa,
Vol. 10 No. 2 (2012): Journal of Higher Education in Africa
Abstract
This article examines the ways in which neo-liberal discourses of globalization and development have been used to imagine and enact higher education in Mozambique. It argues that higher education developments in Mozambique in the past fifteen years are not only reflective of free market economy logic, but also ignore the social and historical contextualities, a course which deepens social inequalities. Using a postcolonial perspective to de-naturalize neo-liberal regimes of knowledge production, the article analyses how the course of higher education in Mozambique is indicative of broader social (trans)formations. It shows how the policy framework evokes and puts to work a set of technologies such as self-empowerment, self-regulation and a culture of managerialism to enforce the belief that individuals can make choices to fulfil their hopes of improving lives through higher education. It also argues that this belief does not take into account how such technologies of hope are configuring power relations which may lead, in the long run, to social inequalities because very few households can afford access to higher education.
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- Altbach, P. G., 2005, ‘Academic Freedom: International Challenges and African Realities’, Journal of Higher Education in Africa, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 17-34.
- Appadurai, A., 1996, Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
- Arrighi, G., 2002, ‘The African Crisis: World Systemic and Regional Aspects’, New Left Review, Vol.15,May-June, pp. 5-36.
- Banco de Moçambique, 2010, Relatório Anual 2009: Situação macroeconómica, Maputo, Mozambique: Banco de Moçambique.
- Beverwijk, J., 2005, ‘The Genesis of a System: Coalition Formation in Mozambican Higher Education, 1993-2003’, unpublished PhD Thesis, Twente University.
- Beverwijk, J., Goedegebuure, L. and Huisman, J., 2008, ‘Policy Change in Nascent Subsystems: Mozambican Higher Education Policy 1993-2003’, Policy Sciences, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 357-377.
- Carrol, W.K. and Carson, C., 2003, ‘The Network of Global Corporations and Elite Policy Groups: AStructure for Transnational Capitalist Class Formation?’, Global Networks, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 29-57.
- Chachage, C.S.L., 2006, ‘The University as a Site of Knowledge: The Role of Basic Research’, Journal of Higher Education in Africa, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 47-67.
- Committee of Counsellors, 2003, Agenda 2025: The Nation’s Vision and Strategies, Maputo, Mozambique.
- Cruz e Silva, T., 2005, ‘Instituições de ensino superior e a investigação em ciências sociais: A herança colonial, a construção de um sistema socialista e os desafios do séc. XXI, o caso de Moçambique’, in T. Cruz e Silva, M.G.M. Araújo and C. Cardoso, eds., ‘Lusofonia’ em África: História, democracia e integração africana, Dakar, Senegal: CODESRIA. pp. 33-44.
- Delegation from Maputo, 1976, ‘Education Policy in the People’ Republic of Mozambique’, Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 331-339 .
- Dicken, P., 2004, ‘Geographers and “Globalization”: (Yet) Another Missed Boat?’,Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Vol. 29, pp. 5-26.
- Fitzsimons, P., 2000, ‘Changing Conceptions of Globalization: Changing Conceptions of Education’,Educational Theory, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 505-520.
- GoM., 1983, Lei n. 4/83: Sistema Nacional de Educação, Maputo, Mozambique. GoM., 1990, Constitution,of Mozambique, Maputo, Mozambique.
- GoM., 1992, Lei n. 6/92: Reajuste do Sistema Nacional de Educação, Maputo, Mozambique.
- GoM., 2001, Action Plan for the Reduction of Absolute Poverty 2001-2205, Maputo, zambique.
- GoM., 2007, Resolução sobre a Política Nacional de Financiamento do Ensino Superior, Maputo,Mozambique.
- Gulfoilandgas, 2006, ‘Sasol Granted Exploration Licence in Mozambique’, (http://www.gulfoilandgas.com/webpro1/MAIN/Mainnews.asp?id=3700). 15 January 2009.
- Held, D. and McGrew, A., 2008, Globalization, (http://www.polity.co.uk/global/globalization-oxford.asp). 12 March, 2008.
- IDA., 2009, ‘IDA at Work: Encouraging Investments and Economic Growth in Mozambique’, (http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/IDA/0,,contentMDK:21321646~menuPK:326687~pagePK:51236175~piPK:437394~theSitePK:73154,00.html). 28 January 2009.
- Johnstone, D.B., 2004, ‘Higher Education Finance and Accessibility: Tuition Fees and Student Loans in Sub-Saharan Africa’, Journal of Higher Education in Africa, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 11-32.
- Joseph, J., 2006, ‘Globalization and Governmentality’, International Politics, Vol.43, pp. 402-418.
- Kanywanyi, J.L., 2006, ‘Academic Freedom, the Autonomy of Institutions of Higher Education and the Social Responsibility of Academics’, Journal of Higher Education in Africa, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp.69-82.
- Kenmare Resources PLC., 2008, Projects Implemented. (http://www.kenmareresources.com/responsibilities/projects.asp). 28 November 2008.
- Larner, W., 2000, ‘Neo-liberalism: Policy, Ideology, Governmentality’, Studies in Political Economy, Vol. 63, pp. 5-25.
- Lemke, T., 2002, ‘Foucault, Governmentality and Critique’, Rethinking Marxism, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp.49-64.
- Levy, D., 2007, ‘A Recent Echo: African Private Higher Education in an International Perspective’,Journal of Higher Education in Africa, Vol. 5, No. 2&3, pp. 197- 220.
- Mabizela, M., 2007, ‘Private Surge Amid Public Dominance in Higher Education: The African Perspective’, Journal of Higher Education in Africa, Vol. 5, No. 2&3, pp. 15-38.
- Mama, A., 2006, ‘Towards Academic Freedom for Africa in the 21st Century’, Journal of Higher Education in Africa, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 1-32.
- Mário, M., Fry, P., Levey, L.A. and Chilundo, A., 2003, Higher Education in Mozambique: A Case Study, Oxford, UK: James Currey.
- McEwan, C., 2009, Postcolonialism and Development, London: Routledge.Mendes, A.D., 1982, ‘Development of the Eduardo Mondlane University’, (http://www.unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0005/000548/054805eo.pdf).15 October 2008.
- Meneses, M.P.G., 2005, ‘A questão da « Universidade Pública » em Moçambique e o desafio da pluralidade de saberes’, in T. Cruz e Silva, M.G.M. Araújo and C. Cardoso, eds., ‘Lusofonia’ em África: História, democracia e integração africana, Dakar, Senegal: CODESRIA. pp. 45-66.
- Mercer, C., Mohan, G. and Power, M., 2003, ‘Towards a Critical Political Geography of African Development’, Geoforum, Vol. 34, pp. 419-436.
- MESCT., 2000, Strategic Plan of Higher Education in Mozambique 2000-2010, Maputo, Mozambique.
- Mkandawire, T., 2002, ‘Globalisation, Equity and Social Development’, African Sociological Review,Vol. 6, No 1, pp. 115-137.
- Negrão, J., 2002, ‘The “PARPA”: Towards Achieving Results. An Epistemological Reflection on aBurning Issue’, (hhttp://www.iid.org.mz/Para_que_o_PARPA_ resulte -_Ingles.pdf).12 October 2004.
- Olssen, M. and Peters, M.A., 2005, ‘Neo-liberalism, Higher Education and the Knowledge Economy:From the Free Market to Knowledge Capitalism’, Journal of Education Policy, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp.313-345.
- Otieno, W., 2007, ‘Private Provision and Its Changing Interface with Public Higher Education: The Case of Kenya’, Journal of Higher Education in Africa, Vol. 5, No. 2&3, pp. 173-196.
- Pitcher, M.A., 1998, ‘Disruption Without Transformation: Agrarian Relations and Livelihoods in Nampula Province, Mozambique 1975-1995’, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp.115-140.
- Plank, D.N., 1993, ‘Aid, Debt, and the End of Sovereignty: Mozambique and Its Donors’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 407-430.
- Porter, P. and Vidovich, L., 2000, ‘Globalization and Higher Education Policy’,Educational Theory, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 449-465.
- Rizvi, F., 2007, ‘Postcolonialism and Globalization in Education’, Cultural Studies?Critical Methodologies, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 256-263.
- Robertson, R., 1992, ‘Globalisation as a Problem’, in R. Robertson, Globalisation: Social Theory and Global Culture, London: Sage. pp. 8-31.
- Sall, E. and Mangu, A.M.B., 2005, ‘The Quest for Academic Freedom Today’, Journal of Higher Education in Africa, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 1-16.
- Saul, J., 1993, ‘Rethinking the Frelimo State’, Socialist Register, Vol. 29, pp. 139-165.
- Scheuerman, W., 2006, ‘Globalization’, (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/globalization). 12 August 2007.
- Slater, D. and Bell, M., 2002, ‘Aid and the Geopolitics of the Post-colonial: Critical Reflections on New Labour’s Overseas Development Strategy’, Development Challenges, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 335-360.
- Sylvester, C., 1999, ‘Development Studies and Postcolonial Studies: Disparate Tales of the “Third World”’, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 703-721.
- Tikly, L., 1999, ‘Postcolonialism and Comparative Education’, International Review of Education,Vol. 45, No. 5&6, pp. 603-621.
- Tomlinson, J., 1999, Globalization and Culture, Cambridge, UK: Polity.
- World Bank, 1994, Higher Education: Lessons of Experience, Washington, D.C. World Bank, 2000,Higher Education in Developing Countries: Peril and Promise, Washington, D.C.
- World Bank, 2002, Constructing Knowledge Societies: New Challenges for Tertiary Education, Washington DC: World Bank.
- World Bank, 2004, Striking a Better Balance. The World Bank Group and Extractive Industries: The Final Report of the Extractive Industries Review, Washington D.C.: World Bank.
- Zeleza, P. T., 2003, ‘Academic Freedom in the Neo-liberal Order: Governments, Globalization,Governance and Gender’, Journal of Higher Education in Africa,o. 1, pp. 149-194.
References
Altbach, P. G., 2005, ‘Academic Freedom: International Challenges and African Realities’, Journal of Higher Education in Africa, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 17-34.
Appadurai, A., 1996, Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Arrighi, G., 2002, ‘The African Crisis: World Systemic and Regional Aspects’, New Left Review, Vol.15,May-June, pp. 5-36.
Banco de Moçambique, 2010, Relatório Anual 2009: Situação macroeconómica, Maputo, Mozambique: Banco de Moçambique.
Beverwijk, J., 2005, ‘The Genesis of a System: Coalition Formation in Mozambican Higher Education, 1993-2003’, unpublished PhD Thesis, Twente University.
Beverwijk, J., Goedegebuure, L. and Huisman, J., 2008, ‘Policy Change in Nascent Subsystems: Mozambican Higher Education Policy 1993-2003’, Policy Sciences, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 357-377.
Carrol, W.K. and Carson, C., 2003, ‘The Network of Global Corporations and Elite Policy Groups: AStructure for Transnational Capitalist Class Formation?’, Global Networks, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 29-57.
Chachage, C.S.L., 2006, ‘The University as a Site of Knowledge: The Role of Basic Research’, Journal of Higher Education in Africa, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 47-67.
Committee of Counsellors, 2003, Agenda 2025: The Nation’s Vision and Strategies, Maputo, Mozambique.
Cruz e Silva, T., 2005, ‘Instituições de ensino superior e a investigação em ciências sociais: A herança colonial, a construção de um sistema socialista e os desafios do séc. XXI, o caso de Moçambique’, in T. Cruz e Silva, M.G.M. Araújo and C. Cardoso, eds., ‘Lusofonia’ em África: História, democracia e integração africana, Dakar, Senegal: CODESRIA. pp. 33-44.
Delegation from Maputo, 1976, ‘Education Policy in the People’ Republic of Mozambique’, Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 331-339 .
Dicken, P., 2004, ‘Geographers and “Globalization”: (Yet) Another Missed Boat?’,Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Vol. 29, pp. 5-26.
Fitzsimons, P., 2000, ‘Changing Conceptions of Globalization: Changing Conceptions of Education’,Educational Theory, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 505-520.
GoM., 1983, Lei n. 4/83: Sistema Nacional de Educação, Maputo, Mozambique. GoM., 1990, Constitution,of Mozambique, Maputo, Mozambique.
GoM., 1992, Lei n. 6/92: Reajuste do Sistema Nacional de Educação, Maputo, Mozambique.
GoM., 2001, Action Plan for the Reduction of Absolute Poverty 2001-2205, Maputo, zambique.
GoM., 2007, Resolução sobre a Política Nacional de Financiamento do Ensino Superior, Maputo,Mozambique.
Gulfoilandgas, 2006, ‘Sasol Granted Exploration Licence in Mozambique’, (http://www.gulfoilandgas.com/webpro1/MAIN/Mainnews.asp?id=3700). 15 January 2009.
Held, D. and McGrew, A., 2008, Globalization, (http://www.polity.co.uk/global/globalization-oxford.asp). 12 March, 2008.
IDA., 2009, ‘IDA at Work: Encouraging Investments and Economic Growth in Mozambique’, (http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/IDA/0,,contentMDK:21321646~menuPK:326687~pagePK:51236175~piPK:437394~theSitePK:73154,00.html). 28 January 2009.
Johnstone, D.B., 2004, ‘Higher Education Finance and Accessibility: Tuition Fees and Student Loans in Sub-Saharan Africa’, Journal of Higher Education in Africa, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 11-32.
Joseph, J., 2006, ‘Globalization and Governmentality’, International Politics, Vol.43, pp. 402-418.
Kanywanyi, J.L., 2006, ‘Academic Freedom, the Autonomy of Institutions of Higher Education and the Social Responsibility of Academics’, Journal of Higher Education in Africa, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp.69-82.
Kenmare Resources PLC., 2008, Projects Implemented. (http://www.kenmareresources.com/responsibilities/projects.asp). 28 November 2008.
Larner, W., 2000, ‘Neo-liberalism: Policy, Ideology, Governmentality’, Studies in Political Economy, Vol. 63, pp. 5-25.
Lemke, T., 2002, ‘Foucault, Governmentality and Critique’, Rethinking Marxism, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp.49-64.
Levy, D., 2007, ‘A Recent Echo: African Private Higher Education in an International Perspective’,Journal of Higher Education in Africa, Vol. 5, No. 2&3, pp. 197- 220.
Mabizela, M., 2007, ‘Private Surge Amid Public Dominance in Higher Education: The African Perspective’, Journal of Higher Education in Africa, Vol. 5, No. 2&3, pp. 15-38.
Mama, A., 2006, ‘Towards Academic Freedom for Africa in the 21st Century’, Journal of Higher Education in Africa, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 1-32.
Mário, M., Fry, P., Levey, L.A. and Chilundo, A., 2003, Higher Education in Mozambique: A Case Study, Oxford, UK: James Currey.
McEwan, C., 2009, Postcolonialism and Development, London: Routledge.Mendes, A.D., 1982, ‘Development of the Eduardo Mondlane University’, (http://www.unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0005/000548/054805eo.pdf).15 October 2008.
Meneses, M.P.G., 2005, ‘A questão da « Universidade Pública » em Moçambique e o desafio da pluralidade de saberes’, in T. Cruz e Silva, M.G.M. Araújo and C. Cardoso, eds., ‘Lusofonia’ em África: História, democracia e integração africana, Dakar, Senegal: CODESRIA. pp. 45-66.
Mercer, C., Mohan, G. and Power, M., 2003, ‘Towards a Critical Political Geography of African Development’, Geoforum, Vol. 34, pp. 419-436.
MESCT., 2000, Strategic Plan of Higher Education in Mozambique 2000-2010, Maputo, Mozambique.
Mkandawire, T., 2002, ‘Globalisation, Equity and Social Development’, African Sociological Review,Vol. 6, No 1, pp. 115-137.
Negrão, J., 2002, ‘The “PARPA”: Towards Achieving Results. An Epistemological Reflection on aBurning Issue’, (hhttp://www.iid.org.mz/Para_que_o_PARPA_ resulte -_Ingles.pdf).12 October 2004.
Olssen, M. and Peters, M.A., 2005, ‘Neo-liberalism, Higher Education and the Knowledge Economy:From the Free Market to Knowledge Capitalism’, Journal of Education Policy, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp.313-345.
Otieno, W., 2007, ‘Private Provision and Its Changing Interface with Public Higher Education: The Case of Kenya’, Journal of Higher Education in Africa, Vol. 5, No. 2&3, pp. 173-196.
Pitcher, M.A., 1998, ‘Disruption Without Transformation: Agrarian Relations and Livelihoods in Nampula Province, Mozambique 1975-1995’, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp.115-140.
Plank, D.N., 1993, ‘Aid, Debt, and the End of Sovereignty: Mozambique and Its Donors’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 407-430.
Porter, P. and Vidovich, L., 2000, ‘Globalization and Higher Education Policy’,Educational Theory, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 449-465.
Rizvi, F., 2007, ‘Postcolonialism and Globalization in Education’, Cultural Studies?Critical Methodologies, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 256-263.
Robertson, R., 1992, ‘Globalisation as a Problem’, in R. Robertson, Globalisation: Social Theory and Global Culture, London: Sage. pp. 8-31.
Sall, E. and Mangu, A.M.B., 2005, ‘The Quest for Academic Freedom Today’, Journal of Higher Education in Africa, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 1-16.
Saul, J., 1993, ‘Rethinking the Frelimo State’, Socialist Register, Vol. 29, pp. 139-165.
Scheuerman, W., 2006, ‘Globalization’, (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/globalization). 12 August 2007.
Slater, D. and Bell, M., 2002, ‘Aid and the Geopolitics of the Post-colonial: Critical Reflections on New Labour’s Overseas Development Strategy’, Development Challenges, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 335-360.
Sylvester, C., 1999, ‘Development Studies and Postcolonial Studies: Disparate Tales of the “Third World”’, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 703-721.
Tikly, L., 1999, ‘Postcolonialism and Comparative Education’, International Review of Education,Vol. 45, No. 5&6, pp. 603-621.
Tomlinson, J., 1999, Globalization and Culture, Cambridge, UK: Polity.
World Bank, 1994, Higher Education: Lessons of Experience, Washington, D.C. World Bank, 2000,Higher Education in Developing Countries: Peril and Promise, Washington, D.C.
World Bank, 2002, Constructing Knowledge Societies: New Challenges for Tertiary Education, Washington DC: World Bank.
World Bank, 2004, Striking a Better Balance. The World Bank Group and Extractive Industries: The Final Report of the Extractive Industries Review, Washington D.C.: World Bank.
Zeleza, P. T., 2003, ‘Academic Freedom in the Neo-liberal Order: Governments, Globalization,Governance and Gender’, Journal of Higher Education in Africa,o. 1, pp. 149-194.