1 - Teaching and Researching Africa in an ‘Engaged’ Way: The Possibilities and Limitations of ‘Community Engagement’
Corresponding Author(s) : Sally Matthews
Journal of Higher Education in Africa,
Vol. 8 No. 1 (2010): Journal of Higher Education in Africa
Abstract
An increasing number of universities around the world are making commit- ments to ‘community engagement’ or some similar term. The idea that uni- versities should engage with their contexts is related to concerns about the relevance of the knowledge being produced by universities today. Such concerns about relevance are familiar to those working in African Studies where there have long been debates about the relevance of the knowledge produced by Africanists. In this article, I draw on some of these debates in African Studies to explore the possibilities and limitations of the idea of community engagement. I argue that it is not possible to produce knowledge that is broadly relevant to ‘the community’ as a whole. Rather, we need to identify for whom exactly we wish to produce relevant knowledge. In order to do this, questions around the politics of knowledge, which have been highlighted in many of the debates about African Studies, must be given further attention.
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- Asante, M.K., 1995, ‘More Thoughts on the Africanists’ Agenda’, Issue: A Journal of Opinion XXIII (1).
- Association of African Universities (AAU), 2011, ‘Project 11: Implementing the Third Mission of Universities in Africa (ITMUA)’, available at http://www.aaumrci.net/files/PROJECT%2011_MRCI%20304.pdf, accessed 31 January 2011.
- Association of Commonwealth Universities, 2001, ‘Engagement as a Core Value for the University: A Consultation Document’, available at http://www.acu.ac.uk/policyandresearch/research/engagement.pdf, accessed 9 March 2009, p. i, iii.
- Association of Public and Land Grant Universities (APLU), 2011, ‘University Engagement’, available at http://www.aplu.org/NetCommunity/ Page.aspx?pid=224, accessed 5 February 2011.
- Barker, D., 2004, ‘The Scholarship of Engagement: A Taxonomy of Five Emerging Practices’, Journal of Higher Education Outreach and Engagement 9 (2):123-137.
- Black Caucus, 1968, ‘Statement’, Africa Today, 16 (5/6): 19.
- Black Caucus, 1969, ‘Statement of the Black Caucus made to ASA Plenary Session’, October 16, Africa Today, 16 (5/6): 18.
- Boyer, E.L., 1990, ‘Scholarship Reconsidered: Priorities of the Professoriate, A Special Report of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching’, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
- Boyer, E.L., 1996, ‘The Scholarship of Engagement’, The Journal of Public Service and Outreach 1(1): 11-20.
- Boyer, E., 2003 [1996], ‘The Scholarship of Engagement’, in Introduction to Service Learning Toolkit, Providence: Campus Compact.
- Brookfield, S., 2003, ‘Putting the Critical Back into Critical Pedagogy: A Commentary on the Path of Dissent’, Journal of Transformative Education, 1:141-149.
- Burawoy, M., 2010, ‘A New Vision of the Public University’, concluding address at the Stakeholder Summit on Higher Education Transformation held at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, April 22-23, 2010, available at http://publicsphere.ssrc.org/burawoy-a-new-vision-of-the-public-university/, accessed 3 February 2011.
- Calhoun, C., 1998, ‘The Public Good as a Social and Cultural Project’, in Powell, W.
- W. and Clemens, C.C., eds., Private Action and the Public Good, New Haven (CT): Yale University Press.
- Challenor, H.S., 1969, ‘No Longer at Ease: Confrontation at the 12th Annual African Studies Association Meeting at Montreal’, Africa Today, 16 (5/6): 4-7.
- Checkoway, B., 2001, ‘Renewing the Civic Mission of the American Research University’, Journal of Higher Education, 72 (2): 125-147.
- Council on Higher Education (CHE), 2006, ‘Community Engagement in Higher Education’, Pretoria: Council on Higher Education. Available at http:// www.che.ac.za/documents/d000153/, accessed 3 February 2011.
- Cox, R.W., 1996 [1981], ‘Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory’, in R.W. Cox and T.J. Sinclair, eds., Approaches to World Order, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Dragne, C., 2007, ‘Background document for the University of Victoria Task Force on Civic Engagement’, available at http://www.tufts.edu/talloiresnetwork/downloads/Background_UVic_Task_Force_CE.pdf, accessed 19 February 2009.
- Dunn, K.C., 2001, ‘MadLib #32: The (Blank) African State: Rethinking the Sovereign State in International Relations Theory’, in K.C. Dunn and T.M. Shaw, eds., Africa’s Challenge to International Relations Theory, Basingstoke: Palgrave,pp. 46-63.
- Falbo, M., 2006, ‘Dare American Higher Education Build a New Social Order? In the Service of Whom and the Promotion of What in the Education’, in B. Holland & J. Meeropol, eds., A More Perfect Vision: The Future of Campus Engagement, Providence, RI: Campus Compact, available at http://www.compact.org/20th/ papers, accessed 25 January 2009.
- Foucault, M., 1977, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, translated by Alan Sheridan, New York: Pantheon Books, p. 27.
- Freire, P., 1976, Education and the Practice of Freedom, London: Writers and Readers Publishing Cooperative Society.
- Freire, P., 1989, Learning to Question: A Pedagogy of Liberation, Geneva: WCC Publishers.
- Freire, P., 1996 [1970], The Pedagogy of the Oppressed, Harmondsworth: Penguin.
- Freire, P., 1998, The Paulo Freire Reader, New York: Continuum.
- Gibbons, M., 1998, ‘Higher Education Relevance in the 21st Century’, World Bank Report available from http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/mainpagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID= 000094946_9912220532351, accessed 23 January 2009.
- Gibbons, M., Limoges, C., Nowotny, H., Schwartzman, S., Scott, P., and Trow, M., 1994, The New Production of Knowledge: The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies, London: Sage.
- Giroux, H., 1988, Schooling and the Struggle for Public Life: Critical Pedagogy in the Modern Age, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- Giroux, H., 1997, Pedagogy and the Politics of Hope: Theory, Culture and Schooling, Boulder: Westview Press.
- Giroux, H., 2006, The Giroux Reader, Boulder: Paradigm Publishers.
- Hagan, G., 1993, ‘Academic Freedom and National Responsibility in an African State’, in M. Diouf and M. Mamdani, eds., Academic Freedom in Africa, Dakar: CODESRIA.
- Haraway, D.J., 1991, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature, London: Free Association Books, p. 191.
- Hollander, E. and Meeropol, J., 2006, ‘Engagement in Teaching and Learning’, in L.S. Percy, N.L.
- Zimpher and M. J. Bruckardt, eds., Creating a New Kind of University: Institutionalizing Community-University Engagement, Bolton, MS: Anker Publishing Co, pp.68-79.
- Kagisano, CHE Higher Education Discussion Series, no.1. 2001, Council on Higher Education, South Africa.
- Keller, E.J., 1998, ‘Globalization, African Studies and the Academy’, Centre d’Etudes d’Afrique Noire, University of Bordeaux, France, Working Papers. No. 57.
- Kellogg Commission on the Future of State and Land Grant Universities, 2001, ‘Returning to Our Roots: Executive Summaries of the Reports of the Kellogg Commission on the Future of State and Land-Grant Universities’, available at http://www.aplu.org/NetCommunity/Document.Doc?id=187, accessed 5 February, 2011, p. 1.
- Mamdani, M., ed., 1993, The Intelligentsia, the State and Social Movements in Africa, Dakar: CODESRIA.
- Martin, W. and West, M., 1995, ‘The Decline of the Africanists’Africa and the Rise of New Africas’, Issue: A Journal of Opinion, XXIII (1): 24.
- McClaren, P., 1994, Between Borders: Pedagogy and the Politics of Cultural Studies, New York: Routledge.
- McClaren, P., 2003, Critical Pedagogy: A Look at the Major Concepts, New York: RoutledgeFalmer, pp. 69-70.
- McClaren, P., 2005, Teaching against Global Capitalism and the New Imperialism:A Critical Pedagogy, Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.
- Mhone, G., 1972, ‘The Case against Africanists’, Issue: A Journal of Opinion 2 (2): 8-13.
- Mkandawire, T., 1997, ‘The Social Sciences in Africa: Breaking Local Barriers and Negotiating International Presence’, The Bashorun M. K. O. Abiola Distinguished Lecture presented to the 1996 African Studies Association Annual Meeting, African Studies Review, 40 (2): 15-36.
- Mkandawire, T., 2005, ‘African Intellectuals and Nationalism’, in T. Mkandawire, ed., African Intellectuals: Rethinking Politics, Language, Gender and Development, Dakar: CODESRIA.
- Resnick, I.N., 1969, ‘Crisis in African Studies’, Africa Today, 16 (5/6): 14-15.
- Rice, R.E., 2002, ‘Beyond Scholarship Reconsidered: Toward and Enlarged Vision of the Scholarly Work of Faculty Members’, New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 90: 7-17.
- Said, E., 2003 [1978], Orientalism, London: Penguin, p. 12.
- Sandmann, L.R., 2007, ‘Conceptualization of the Scholarship of Engagement in Higher Education: A Ten-Year Retrospective’ in Learning in Community: Proceedings of the Joint International Conference of the Adult Education Conference and the Canadian Association for the Study of Adult Education, ed. by L. Servage and T. Fenwick.
- Singh, M., 2001, ‘Re-Inserting the “Public Good” into Higher Education Transformation’, Kagisano, 1: 7-21.
- Talloires Declaration on the Civic Roles and Social Responsibilities of Higher Education, 2005, available at http://www.tufts.edu/talloiresnetwork/downloads/TalloiresDeclaration2005.pdf, accessed 10 March 2009.
- Talloires Network, 2009, ‘What is the Talloires Network?’, available at http://www.tufts.edu/talloiresnetwork/?pid=35, accessed 10 March 2009.
- Talloires Network, 2009b, Home page, available at http://www.tufts.edu/ talloiresnetwork/, accessed 31 January 2011.
- Turner, J. and Murapa, R., 1969, ‘Africa: Conflict in Black and White’, Africa Today, 16 (5/6): 13-14.
- Uchendu, V.C., 1977, ‘Africa and the Africanist: The Challenge of a Terminal Colonial Order’, Issue: A Journal of Opinion 7 (1): 5-11.
- Wallerstein, I., 1969, ‘Africa, America and the Africanists’, Africa Today, 16 (5/6):12.
- Wallerstein, I., 1995, ‘Africa in the Shuffle’, Issue: A Journal of Opinion 7 (1): 22-23.
- Yapa, L., 1996, ‘What Causes Poverty?: A Postmodern View’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 86 (4):707-728.
- Yapa, L., 2002, ‘How the Discipline of Geography Exacerbates Poverty in the Third World’, Futures, 34: 33-46.
- Yapa, L., 2006, ‘Public Scholarship in the Postmodern University’, New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 105: 78.
- Yesufu, T.M., ed., 1973, Creating the African University: Emerging Issues of the 1970s, Ibadan: Oxford University Press.
- Zeleza, P.T., 1997, ‘The Perpetual Solitudes and Crises of African Studies in the United States’, Africa Today, 44 (2): 193-210.
- Zeleza, P.T., ed., 2006, The Study of Africa, Volume II: Global and Transnational Engagements, Dakar: CODESRIA.
- Zeleza, P.T., 2006b, ‘Introduction: The Internationalisation of African Knowledges’, in Zeleza, P.T., ed., The Study of Africa, Volume II: Global and Transnational Engagements, Dakar: CODESRIA.
References
Asante, M.K., 1995, ‘More Thoughts on the Africanists’ Agenda’, Issue: A Journal of Opinion XXIII (1).
Association of African Universities (AAU), 2011, ‘Project 11: Implementing the Third Mission of Universities in Africa (ITMUA)’, available at http://www.aaumrci.net/files/PROJECT%2011_MRCI%20304.pdf, accessed 31 January 2011.
Association of Commonwealth Universities, 2001, ‘Engagement as a Core Value for the University: A Consultation Document’, available at http://www.acu.ac.uk/policyandresearch/research/engagement.pdf, accessed 9 March 2009, p. i, iii.
Association of Public and Land Grant Universities (APLU), 2011, ‘University Engagement’, available at http://www.aplu.org/NetCommunity/ Page.aspx?pid=224, accessed 5 February 2011.
Barker, D., 2004, ‘The Scholarship of Engagement: A Taxonomy of Five Emerging Practices’, Journal of Higher Education Outreach and Engagement 9 (2):123-137.
Black Caucus, 1968, ‘Statement’, Africa Today, 16 (5/6): 19.
Black Caucus, 1969, ‘Statement of the Black Caucus made to ASA Plenary Session’, October 16, Africa Today, 16 (5/6): 18.
Boyer, E.L., 1990, ‘Scholarship Reconsidered: Priorities of the Professoriate, A Special Report of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching’, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Boyer, E.L., 1996, ‘The Scholarship of Engagement’, The Journal of Public Service and Outreach 1(1): 11-20.
Boyer, E., 2003 [1996], ‘The Scholarship of Engagement’, in Introduction to Service Learning Toolkit, Providence: Campus Compact.
Brookfield, S., 2003, ‘Putting the Critical Back into Critical Pedagogy: A Commentary on the Path of Dissent’, Journal of Transformative Education, 1:141-149.
Burawoy, M., 2010, ‘A New Vision of the Public University’, concluding address at the Stakeholder Summit on Higher Education Transformation held at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, April 22-23, 2010, available at http://publicsphere.ssrc.org/burawoy-a-new-vision-of-the-public-university/, accessed 3 February 2011.
Calhoun, C., 1998, ‘The Public Good as a Social and Cultural Project’, in Powell, W.
W. and Clemens, C.C., eds., Private Action and the Public Good, New Haven (CT): Yale University Press.
Challenor, H.S., 1969, ‘No Longer at Ease: Confrontation at the 12th Annual African Studies Association Meeting at Montreal’, Africa Today, 16 (5/6): 4-7.
Checkoway, B., 2001, ‘Renewing the Civic Mission of the American Research University’, Journal of Higher Education, 72 (2): 125-147.
Council on Higher Education (CHE), 2006, ‘Community Engagement in Higher Education’, Pretoria: Council on Higher Education. Available at http:// www.che.ac.za/documents/d000153/, accessed 3 February 2011.
Cox, R.W., 1996 [1981], ‘Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory’, in R.W. Cox and T.J. Sinclair, eds., Approaches to World Order, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dragne, C., 2007, ‘Background document for the University of Victoria Task Force on Civic Engagement’, available at http://www.tufts.edu/talloiresnetwork/downloads/Background_UVic_Task_Force_CE.pdf, accessed 19 February 2009.
Dunn, K.C., 2001, ‘MadLib #32: The (Blank) African State: Rethinking the Sovereign State in International Relations Theory’, in K.C. Dunn and T.M. Shaw, eds., Africa’s Challenge to International Relations Theory, Basingstoke: Palgrave,pp. 46-63.
Falbo, M., 2006, ‘Dare American Higher Education Build a New Social Order? In the Service of Whom and the Promotion of What in the Education’, in B. Holland & J. Meeropol, eds., A More Perfect Vision: The Future of Campus Engagement, Providence, RI: Campus Compact, available at http://www.compact.org/20th/ papers, accessed 25 January 2009.
Foucault, M., 1977, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, translated by Alan Sheridan, New York: Pantheon Books, p. 27.
Freire, P., 1976, Education and the Practice of Freedom, London: Writers and Readers Publishing Cooperative Society.
Freire, P., 1989, Learning to Question: A Pedagogy of Liberation, Geneva: WCC Publishers.
Freire, P., 1996 [1970], The Pedagogy of the Oppressed, Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Freire, P., 1998, The Paulo Freire Reader, New York: Continuum.
Gibbons, M., 1998, ‘Higher Education Relevance in the 21st Century’, World Bank Report available from http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/mainpagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID= 000094946_9912220532351, accessed 23 January 2009.
Gibbons, M., Limoges, C., Nowotny, H., Schwartzman, S., Scott, P., and Trow, M., 1994, The New Production of Knowledge: The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies, London: Sage.
Giroux, H., 1988, Schooling and the Struggle for Public Life: Critical Pedagogy in the Modern Age, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Giroux, H., 1997, Pedagogy and the Politics of Hope: Theory, Culture and Schooling, Boulder: Westview Press.
Giroux, H., 2006, The Giroux Reader, Boulder: Paradigm Publishers.
Hagan, G., 1993, ‘Academic Freedom and National Responsibility in an African State’, in M. Diouf and M. Mamdani, eds., Academic Freedom in Africa, Dakar: CODESRIA.
Haraway, D.J., 1991, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature, London: Free Association Books, p. 191.
Hollander, E. and Meeropol, J., 2006, ‘Engagement in Teaching and Learning’, in L.S. Percy, N.L.
Zimpher and M. J. Bruckardt, eds., Creating a New Kind of University: Institutionalizing Community-University Engagement, Bolton, MS: Anker Publishing Co, pp.68-79.
Kagisano, CHE Higher Education Discussion Series, no.1. 2001, Council on Higher Education, South Africa.
Keller, E.J., 1998, ‘Globalization, African Studies and the Academy’, Centre d’Etudes d’Afrique Noire, University of Bordeaux, France, Working Papers. No. 57.
Kellogg Commission on the Future of State and Land Grant Universities, 2001, ‘Returning to Our Roots: Executive Summaries of the Reports of the Kellogg Commission on the Future of State and Land-Grant Universities’, available at http://www.aplu.org/NetCommunity/Document.Doc?id=187, accessed 5 February, 2011, p. 1.
Mamdani, M., ed., 1993, The Intelligentsia, the State and Social Movements in Africa, Dakar: CODESRIA.
Martin, W. and West, M., 1995, ‘The Decline of the Africanists’Africa and the Rise of New Africas’, Issue: A Journal of Opinion, XXIII (1): 24.
McClaren, P., 1994, Between Borders: Pedagogy and the Politics of Cultural Studies, New York: Routledge.
McClaren, P., 2003, Critical Pedagogy: A Look at the Major Concepts, New York: RoutledgeFalmer, pp. 69-70.
McClaren, P., 2005, Teaching against Global Capitalism and the New Imperialism:A Critical Pedagogy, Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.
Mhone, G., 1972, ‘The Case against Africanists’, Issue: A Journal of Opinion 2 (2): 8-13.
Mkandawire, T., 1997, ‘The Social Sciences in Africa: Breaking Local Barriers and Negotiating International Presence’, The Bashorun M. K. O. Abiola Distinguished Lecture presented to the 1996 African Studies Association Annual Meeting, African Studies Review, 40 (2): 15-36.
Mkandawire, T., 2005, ‘African Intellectuals and Nationalism’, in T. Mkandawire, ed., African Intellectuals: Rethinking Politics, Language, Gender and Development, Dakar: CODESRIA.
Resnick, I.N., 1969, ‘Crisis in African Studies’, Africa Today, 16 (5/6): 14-15.
Rice, R.E., 2002, ‘Beyond Scholarship Reconsidered: Toward and Enlarged Vision of the Scholarly Work of Faculty Members’, New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 90: 7-17.
Said, E., 2003 [1978], Orientalism, London: Penguin, p. 12.
Sandmann, L.R., 2007, ‘Conceptualization of the Scholarship of Engagement in Higher Education: A Ten-Year Retrospective’ in Learning in Community: Proceedings of the Joint International Conference of the Adult Education Conference and the Canadian Association for the Study of Adult Education, ed. by L. Servage and T. Fenwick.
Singh, M., 2001, ‘Re-Inserting the “Public Good” into Higher Education Transformation’, Kagisano, 1: 7-21.
Talloires Declaration on the Civic Roles and Social Responsibilities of Higher Education, 2005, available at http://www.tufts.edu/talloiresnetwork/downloads/TalloiresDeclaration2005.pdf, accessed 10 March 2009.
Talloires Network, 2009, ‘What is the Talloires Network?’, available at http://www.tufts.edu/talloiresnetwork/?pid=35, accessed 10 March 2009.
Talloires Network, 2009b, Home page, available at http://www.tufts.edu/ talloiresnetwork/, accessed 31 January 2011.
Turner, J. and Murapa, R., 1969, ‘Africa: Conflict in Black and White’, Africa Today, 16 (5/6): 13-14.
Uchendu, V.C., 1977, ‘Africa and the Africanist: The Challenge of a Terminal Colonial Order’, Issue: A Journal of Opinion 7 (1): 5-11.
Wallerstein, I., 1969, ‘Africa, America and the Africanists’, Africa Today, 16 (5/6):12.
Wallerstein, I., 1995, ‘Africa in the Shuffle’, Issue: A Journal of Opinion 7 (1): 22-23.
Yapa, L., 1996, ‘What Causes Poverty?: A Postmodern View’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 86 (4):707-728.
Yapa, L., 2002, ‘How the Discipline of Geography Exacerbates Poverty in the Third World’, Futures, 34: 33-46.
Yapa, L., 2006, ‘Public Scholarship in the Postmodern University’, New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 105: 78.
Yesufu, T.M., ed., 1973, Creating the African University: Emerging Issues of the 1970s, Ibadan: Oxford University Press.
Zeleza, P.T., 1997, ‘The Perpetual Solitudes and Crises of African Studies in the United States’, Africa Today, 44 (2): 193-210.
Zeleza, P.T., ed., 2006, The Study of Africa, Volume II: Global and Transnational Engagements, Dakar: CODESRIA.
Zeleza, P.T., 2006b, ‘Introduction: The Internationalisation of African Knowledges’, in Zeleza, P.T., ed., The Study of Africa, Volume II: Global and Transnational Engagements, Dakar: CODESRIA.